Indiana Pedagogy Test, Secondary Indiana Pedagogy, Indiana CORE 006 Secondary Pedagogy, Pedagogy: Indiana Core, Indiana Pedagogy Vocab (Secondary), Indiana Licensing Pedagogy Exam for Teaching, Indiana Core Pedagogy Exam- set 1, Indiana Core Pedagogy...
Orthopedic impairments
Disabilities in this area are those involving the bones or limbs, such as clubfoot or lack of a digit.
Learning Disabilities
Disorder of the brain - affects the way information is transmitted 4 Main Affected Parts of the Brain 1. Language (reading and writing) 2. Muscle (depth and distance) 3. Thinking (problem solving or info processing) 4. Organizational (keeping track of possessions and assignments)
Motivating through communication.
Repetition Visual aids Use logical thinking Students reflect and give feedback Creating a link to prior knowledge
Universal Design for Learning involves making learning more accessible for all learners via (3)
Representation Action and expression Engagement
In group discussions, make sure students know their input is valued by giving (2)
Response time Cues to respond
At the end of a unit of instruction, the teacher is MOST likely to
Review content
cognitive development
growth & maturity of the mind. This includes thinking skills, problem-solving, and language development among other things.
Manipulatives
hands-on, physical objects used to help students understand difficult concepts. They can be used to introduce, practice, or cement a particular concept.
Paulo Friere Critical Pedagogy
heavily endorses students' ability to think critically about their education situation; this way of thinking allows them to "recognize connections between their individual problems and experiences and the social contexts in which they are embedded."
Advocacy programs
help children, families, and the community by creating greater stability among individuals, which creates a more stable community.
Elkonin boxes
help students make grapheme-phoneme connections.Students use chips to represent phonemes or use letters to identify the sound.
Scope and sequence is useful for
helping teachers present content in a meaningful order
Phonemic awareness
helps students make connections between sounds and letters or phonemes
Professional development
helps teachers keep current on the many changes in education. it can help teachers improve in an area of weakness
When reading a text, students with Specific Learning Disabilities benefit from
highlighting or color coding essential words and phrases
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
his law entitles disabled students to a free and adequate education designed to meet their specific needs. Ten to fifteen percent of students are classified as disabled under this law as a result of emotional and behavioral disorders.
Howard Gardner
his theory of multiple intelligences impacted the educational world. Traditionally, education focused on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences but neglected the other six. But this is slowly changing, in large part due to his work. Courses involving music and other arts are becoming more and more popular as people realize that they matter, too. Not only that but activities like sports can increase a child's interpersonal and bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, so his theory validates them, as well.
Rubrics are
how assessments are scored
affective domain include
how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, enthusiasms and attitudes. When students participate in a discussion, they are expressing how they feel emotionally, while also interpreting how the other person is conveying their thoughts, feelings, and opinions.
Task analysis
identifies what the learners already knows and what they need to know. A task analysis does not evaluate or test or assess proficiency
Curriculum mapping is done primarily to
identify gaps, redundancies, and misalignments in instruction across a curriculum
language disorder
impairs the individual's ability to express and/or understand the system of communications associated with the language.
humanistic movement
in psychology, this movement focuses on the individual and places the responsibility for meeting needs and achievements on him or her.
psychological environment
in the classroom, this is how students feel about their learning.
When considering prior knowledge, don't confuse students' familiarity with a topic with
in-depth knowledge and understanding
Verbal questioning encourages students to develop
independent learning
Digital resources are helpful in appealing to students'
individual needs
Observation of student performance is a type of
informal assessment
Verbal questioning is a great way to
informally assess
Declarative knowledge
informational or what students will understand. (New Taxonomy)
directed instruction
instruction given where the teacher supplys the answers
Logical-mathematical
intelligence in math and science. People who are high in this skill set, as well as those gifted in linguistic intelligence, usually do well in school.
Section 504 Rehabilitation Services Act
level the playing field protects qualified individuals with disabilities with reasonable accommodation (does not cause employer undue hardship) can perform essential functions of job.
Social learners
learn most effectively in groups or with other people. They are sometimes also called interpersonal learners
Classical Conditioning
learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a newly learned response in a person or animal. John Watson proposed this process of conditioning (based on Pavlov's observations).
To differentiate with students for their long-range classroom experience, students can design a
learning contract
high-incidence (HI) disabilities
learning disabilities, which are present in about 10% of American students.
operant conditioning
learning is de ned as changes in behavior as a result of experiences that occur after a response. When sounds are made by a child and then reinforced by their parents' reactions. An example of this reinforcement would be an excited smile, hugs and attention whenever a sound resembling a word is made. This makes the child more likely to repeat the word and associate it with a corresponding object or event.
Behaviorism
learning is defined as the new behavior that we acquire through our experiences observable behavior social interaction physical exertions
Behavioral learning theory is based on the theory that
learning is demonstrated by an observable and relatively permanent change in behavior
A high school classroom includes students who exhibit significant variation in their physical development. It is important for the teacher to consider this range in development when planning learning experiences that: A) involve extensive interactions with peer partners B) require a high degree of coordination C) involve frequent transitions between tasks D) require extended periods of quiet work. 4
B
In general, students with specific learning disabilities are more likely than their peers without disabilities to develop: A) speech problems such as stuttering B) conduct disorder C) unrealistic fears of certain objects or situations D) low self-esteem 8
D
Students in a middle school science class come from diverse socioeconomic circumstances. Some students have limited access to enrichment opportunities while other students from more affluent circumstances have much greater access to such opportunities. In this situation the teacher can best promote students' success as learners by: A) using grouping strategies that promote interaction between students with different background experiences. B) arranging for all students to participate in learning experiences that extend beyond the classroom. C) establishing a resource library in the classroom that includes materials on a wide-range of content-area topics. D) ensuring that all students have the necessary background knowledge to benefit from instruction 6
D
early in the school year, a teacher learns that a new student will be joining the teachers first-period class. the student has mild hearing loss and specific learning disabilities in reading. the teacher wants to provide a supportive learning environment for the student. which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in helping the teacher achieve this outcome? A) engaging the students in a class discussion of the student's disabilities before the first day of class B) setting aside time on the student's first day of class for the student to introduce himself and share his interests with the class C) inviting the student's parents to observe classroom activities on his first day of class D) arranging a brief meeting before the student;s first day of class to get to know the student and discuss any concerns he may have. 26
D
teaches in a MS are planning instruction for a new health and wellness curriculum their recently adopted. the teachers have received training but are unsure about the most effective methods for providing instruction related to a few of the new curriculum's components. which of the following approaches would be the teachers' best first step in addressing this issue? a) focusing their efforts on areas of the new curriculum that are easily addressed b) searching online for activities targeting specific curriculum content c) examining resources related to health curricula in the school professional library d) seeking advice from teachers in districts who use the curriculum 98
D
HS teachers are implementing a project-based learning experience for 11th grade students as part of an interdisciplinary unit on the theme of sustainable communities. after conducting preliminary research on the theme, students will choose a topic within the theme that sparks their interest. students will choose a topic within the theme that sparks their interest. students will then research the issue they selected in-depth to identify what has been done in the past and what is currently being done to address the issue they have research and present it to the class. the teachers can best use this project-based experience to promote students' understanding of global connections by: a) challenging students to include a local, national, and global component in their proposed solution b) stipulating that students selected issue must be relevant to more than one world nation c) submitting students' proposed solution to organizations with chapters around the world d) facilitating students access to global resources during the research phase of the project 51
a
High/low grouping is one way of
differentiating
Small group reteaching is one way of
differentiating
Presenting information through a variety of means is a good example of
differentiation
#1 positive influencer of ability to learn a concept
Prior knowledge and experience with targeted concept
Making testing modifications/accommodations
Directions Adapted expectations Time constraints Essay questions Additional tools
Neuromotor issues
Disabiliteis in this area are caused by damage or deformity of the brain, spinal cord, or nervous system.
Independent Thinking and Learning
- Allowing students to choose topics - Encourage work outside of structural time
A 4th grade teacher is establishing student learning goals for an upcoming science unit. Data from which of the following sources would be most helpful to the teacher in this process?
- An ungraded pre-assessment of unit content
Project Based Learning
- Analyze an issue - Use creative thinking and innovative approaches to solve problems - Inquiry response open ended question many possible answers
Intellectual aptitude
Each person's ability to think, problem-solve, and reason.
A good question to ask students with exceptionalities is
"what do you need the most?"
An example of a comprehension question is
"what does it mean?"
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(often represented as a pyramid with five levels of needs) is a motivational theory in psychology that argues that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a pyramid.
Which of the following statements by a 1st grade teacher best illustrates the principle of positive guidance?
- "Use a quiet voice in the hallways so you do not disturb the other classes."
Cognitive Development
- 6-9- Brain processing speed increases dramatically - Comprehending reading text...learning to read to reading to learn
Perspective Thinking
- Ability to view a situation from another's point of view - Handling difficult social situations - Anticipate others needs and respond effectively
Formal Operational
- Abstract reasoning, In their own minds - Formulate hypotheses
Which of the following features of online environments is likely to be most effective in promoting learner autonomy in elementary school students?
- Anytime availability and links to resources.
The parents of a 5th grader question the teacher about the discrepancy between their son's performance in the 80th percentile on a recent aptitude test and his performance in the 68th percentile on the standardized achievement test. The teacher can best respond to the parents' questions by explaining that:
- Aptitude tests are designed to predict future performance while achievement tests reflect a students current performance level.
Teachers in an elementary school are planning a multimedia presentation for an assembly during School Safety Week. To help ensure that the presentation is effective in helping students learn the targeted safety concepts, the teachers should adhere to which of the following guidelines when designing the presentation?
- Avoiding the use of extraneous words, pictures, sounds.
Emotional Intellignece
- Be aware and control or express emotions - K- recognizing and labeling feelings in themselves
Which of the following statements best describes current thinking about second language learning without instruction during childhood?
- Childhood is a sensitive period of development when children are particularly responsive to second language learning.
Addressing Concerns
- Class meets if concern is whole class - Problem and solution suggestions - Take ownership of the problem
Which of the following outcomes is the most important goal of providing students with feedback during their performance of a learning task?
- Communicating to students how their performance compares with learning targets and what can be done to close the gap
To promote students ability to function effectively in emerging digital learning environments, teachers should place the greatest emphasis on helping students develop and practice their skills in which of the following areas?
- Communication and collaboration.
A 3rd grade teacher gives her students quizzes halfway through a unit on division. Many of the students perform poorly on the quiz. Which of the following actions should the teacher take first in addressing this situation?
- Conducting an error analysis to determine how best to adjust instruction
Novel Learning Ways
- Connect concepts in new ways and consider alternate outcomes - Rewriting a story with a different outcome
A 5th grade class includes students whose religious practices have clear guidelines for interactions between male and female students. In this situation, the most appropriate and responsible approach for the teacher to adopt is:
- Consider the students religious practices when arranging classroom seating and assigning students to small groups.
Constructivist Classroom
- Construct their own meanings onto new pieces of knowledge - Direct interaction and hands with real objects
Assessment Data
- Cover learning objectives - Most reliable when implementing and scoring assessments in a fair consistent manner - Reliability- Relatively large number of questions generally increases reliability - Different type of questions test the same trait
Assessment Guided Approach
- Create assessment first based on curriculum objectives - Then plans objectives to promote students achievement
A 2nd grade teacher has established a goal of improving students' reading fluency. The teacher is considering ways to encourage students and their parents/guardians to read together and a regular basis. Which of the following is likely to be the most effective first step for the teacher to take in achieving this outcome?
- Creating a classroom collection of students' favorite books that they can take home and share with their parents/guardians
A 2nd grade teacher seizes natural opportunities to encourage students to be helpful toward each other and then praises students who willingly offer assistance. For example, when a student spilled a large tub of crayons, the teacher said, "It looks like Joe could use some help. Thank you Mario and Cheryl for helping him." Besides promoting helpful behaviors, this approach is likely to have which additional benefit?
- Creating a supportive and caring learning environment.
Within the context of curriculum mapping, decisions to change or modify instructional practices should be made only when?
- Data-based proof exists to do so
Teachers in an elementary school want to improve their teaching practices to better promote students' mathematics learning. They have arranged to observe instruction in each other's classrooms on a regular basis and discuss their observations afterwards. The teachers can best help ensure the effectiveness of this process by:
- Demonstrating receptiveness to constructive feedback
Which of the following approaches represents the most effective way to differentiate instruction for a class of fifth-grade students who perform at a wide range of skill levels?
- Designing tiered assignments for students that address the essential concepts being taught.
(frequency charts to document the specific behavior being observed) This process of observation and documentation is likely to be most useful for helping the teacher:
- Detect patterns or trends in a student's behavior
Error Analysis
- Determine specific skills or steps of re-teaching to class or small groups - Identify areas in which students would benefit from practice.
Which of the following technologies would best facilitate student learning in the sciences?
- Digital probe
A 5th grade teacher observes students who have difficulty concluding one activity and proceeding to the next in a timely manner. The teacher wants to maximize learning time by helping the students learn to anticipate and make effective transitions between activities. Which of the following actions would be the teacher's best first step in achieving this goal?
- Discussing with students each morning a posted schedule of class activities for that day.
Which of the following skills is typically last to emerge for English Language Learners?
- Understanding academic language.
A first-grade teacher has led students through a number of activities in which they practice locating information sources on a specific topic. The teacher would like to take students a step further by helping them evaluate the information they found. The teacher can promote this outcome by helping students develop the habit of considering which of the following questions first?
- Does the information answer the question I have?
A team of 3rd grade teachers is evaluating instructional plans for an upcoming social studies unit. Which of the following questions would best help the teachers determine whether the unit is appropriately rigorous?
- Does the unit include inquiry based activities that require students to form their own answer?
Inductive Reasoning
- Draw conclusion from data
Which of the following features of the elementary environment is likely to have the most significant positive influence on students' learning?
- Effective classroom management by the teacher.
Supporting Learning Environment
- Encourage students with praises for assistance - Reinforce positive doings
Case Method
- Engages students in active discussion about issues and problems
Which of the following strategies is most important in providing student-centered instruction that is tailored to students' individual strengths and needs?
- Engaging students in an ongoing cycle of goal setting and reflection.
Student Engagement
- Enhances self-motivation - More likely to purse learning if interested - Task must have value for the student to induce participation
An elementary school teacher has students complete an interest survey at the beginning of the year. The teacher uses the results to create classroom-learning centers related to the students' interests. The teacher changes the learning centers regularly to ensure all students' interests are incorporated. This strategy is likely to be particularly effective in helping the teacher achieve which of the following goals?
- Enhancing student's engagement and motivation.
When constructing classroom assessments at the conclusion of instruction, the teacher's approach has which of the following advantages?
- Enhancing the teachers ability to select the most appropriate strategies for achieving instructional objectives
A second-grade grade teacher discovers that students' current knowledge about the topic of an upcoming social studies unit is quite limited. In this situation, the teacher's unit plans should include provisions for?
- Ensuring that students have a foundation of background information on which to build new learning.
A 4th grade teacher makes a point of welcoming individual students as they arrive each day and takes the time to talk with students about their interests and activities on a regular basis. The most important benefit of this practice is that it allows the teacher to:
- Establish a pattern of positive interaction with students.
An elementary school teacher can best provide relevant and responsive instruction by taking which of the following actions before beginning to planning process?
- Examining carefully students' characteristics and experiences.
A 3rd grade teacher notifies a student's parents that their child needs focused reading interventions to improve comprehension skills. The parents express concerns that their child might moss other important instruction due to this intervention. In responding to these concerns, the teacher's most important responsibility is to:
- Explain to the parents how the intervention will be integrated into their child's reading instruction
A parent expresses concerns to a teacher about a student in the class he believes may be experiencing neglect at home but is unsure of how to address the issue. Which of the following actions represents the teacher's legal and ethical obligation in this situation?
- Explaining to the parent that Indiana law requires individuals to report suspected abuse or neglect to the relevant authorities
A team of 5th grade teachers has established a goal of making greater use of online environments such as virtual museums and laboratories and real time observations of natural events. This approach can be expected to benefit students' learning by:
- Facilitating students' access to a wide range of learning experiences.
The most important benefit of a school sponsored event between teacher and parents/guardians is that it enables the teachers to:
- Gain insight into the broader school community in which students participate
Engaging kindergarten students' families in processes such as completing developmental checklists and implementing systematic observations in a particularly effective method for achieving which of the following goals?
- Gathering the most comprehensive information possible about students
Third-grade students have finished writing a three-paragraph essay. The teacher plans to have students read their essay to the class but is aware that some students are reluctant to read aloud. The teacher wants to accommodate these stundets' needs while increasing their comfort level with reading aloud. Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in achieving this goal?
- Giving students the option of making an audio recording of their essay to play for the class.
Time on Task
- Have high interest activities ready for after an assignment - Engaged the entire time...Do not waste time - Discussing each morning a posted schedule of class activities - Anticipate what is coming next - Labeling centers and materials students can move with limited instruction
Which of the following teacher strategies is likely to be most effective in supporting the development of 3rd graders' time management skills?
- Helping students establish a habit of recording projects and assignments on a planning calendar.
A students' goal is "to get better at research." The teacher can best help the student achieve success with this goal by taking which of the following steps first?
- Helping the student break the goal into it's component skills
Pre Assessments
- Ungraded - Established learning goals
Students in the kindergarten class are beginning a unit on the senses, and the teacher wants to implement a project-based learning experience related to this topic. Which of the following guiding questions related to the unit topic would be suitable for the purpose?
- How de we use our senses to discover our world?
A teacher uses formative assessments during instruction to gather information about student learning. In the context of this assignment approach, the teacher's decisions should be guided primarily by which of the following questions?
- How should I adjust my instruction to address students' needs?
Students in a 6th grade language arts class have finished reading John Steinbeck's Travels with Charlie. This is a memoir of his journey across the US with his dog. The teacher wants to encourage students' higher order thinking about the text. Which of the following questions would be most effective for this purpose?
- If you followed Steinbeck's route today, what do you think you would see along the way?
Students in an elementary classroom have varied learning preferences. In this situation, the teacher can best promote learning for all students by emphasizing which of the following approaches?
- Implementing activities that address multiple learning modalities as a regular part of instruction.
Data from classroom assessments are likely to be most reliable when teachers emphasize which of the following processes?
- Implementing and scoring assessments in a fair and consistent manner.
Which of the following techniques would be most effective in helping a teacher gain insight into kindergarten students' development in a particular area?
- Implementing systematic observations of students' performance in the targeted area
A kindergarten teacher has a goal of promoting students' global awareness. Which of the following approaches would best support this outcome?
- Incorporating literature, songs, games from various world cultures into students' learning experiences.
A new teacher is planning the classroom-learning environment before the beginning of the school year. The teacher is aware that the students are likely to have varied learning preferences and needs and wants to make sure the learning environment is responsive to these variations. The teacher can best begin to achieve this goal by ensuring that the learning environment includes which of the following features?
- Instructional materials and student resources in multiple formats.
Metacognition
- Learn how to process own thoughts
Cognitive Approach
- Learning becomes organized and logical - System of thinking that is tied to realitiy - 6-9 years old reading comprehension
Which of the following pieces of information is most important for a teacher to consider when determining what to include on a classroom assessment?
- Learning objectives for the selected instructional sequence
Sensory Motor Stage
- Looking and listening physical interactions/environment
Which of the following cognitive advances typically occurs between the ages of 6 & 9?
- Making the transition from learning to read to reading to learn.
A student who has physical disabilities will soon be joining a 4th grade classroom. The teacher wants to provide a welcoming environment that fosters the student's sense of belonging. Which of the following initial approaches by the teacher is most likely to promote this outcome?
- Modeling behaviors that affirm the student's importance as a class member.
As part of a Tier 2 intervention in mathematics, three second-grade students will receive small-group instruction to improve their addition and subtraction computation skills. The teacher can best ensure that the intervention is achieved the intended outcome by using which of the following strategies?
- Monitoring and documenting the students' progress frequently.
Audience Response System
- Monitoring students understanding of key concepts - Everyone is engaged in response
A teacher assigns research projects related to students' study of Indiana's natural resources. As a first step, students will submit proposals describing the focus of their research and the final product they plan to create. The development of the proposals is likely to benefit the students most by:
- Motivate them to take responsibility for their own learning.
6th Graders
- Motivated and engaged by social interaction - Adolescent stage is more peer centered
A 6th grade teacher's instructional plans routinely include 15-20 minutes of direct instruction and the remainder of the class period for cooperative activities in which groups of students explore and apply science concepts. The teacher's approach is particularly appropriate because students at this age generally are:
- Motivated by learning environments that rely on social interaction.
Project Proposals
- Motivates students to take responsibility - They chose how to do something - Personal investment
In general, students with specific learning disabilities are more likely than their peers without disabilities to develop:
- Negative academic self-concepts.
Students with conduct disorder are more likely to demonstrate which of the following characteristics?
- Persistent patterns of anti social and aggressive behavior.
Conduct Disorder
- Persistent patterns of antisocial and aggressive behavior - Overt, disruptive acting out as well as stealing, lying
Elementary school teachers can best support students in handling difficult situations by engaging them regularly in activities designed to promote which of the following?
- Perspective taking.
A teacher wants to encourage students to consider their reading in greater depth. Which of the following questioning strategies during discussions would be most effective in promoting this outcome?
- Posing probing questions that allow for multiple responses
Concrete Operational
- Possess a system of thinking still tied to physical reality - Turning point - Logical and organized - Draw a picture
During the concrete oppositional phase of cognitive development as described by Piaget, students benefit from frequent opportunities to manipulate and test objects primarily because students at this stage:
- Possess a system of thinking that is still tied to physical reality.
A 5th grade teacher develops a series of language arts lessons he believes might be useful for other teachers in the district the teacher wants to share the lessons and invite feedback for other teachers. Which of the following approaches is likely to be most effective for accomplishing the teacher's goal?
- Posting the lessons and related materials on an interactive blog
In applying the principles of observational learning, the teacher's most important first step is to:
- Present clear and interesting cues to engage students' attention.
Deductive reasoning
- Principals supported by specific examples
A 6th grade social studies teacher creates an assortment of content related activities that the students can perform independently when they finish class assignments. The teacher selects high interest topics and requires students to turn in activities they complete. The teacher provides feedback but does not count the activities as a grade. This approach is likely to be most effective in achieving which of the following outcomes?
- Prompting students' engagement in productive learning for the full class period.
Effective Learning
- Provide a foundation and background of knowledge of a topic
Informal Assessments
- Provides a broad base of evidence for evaluating student learning - Qualitative and quantitative data - Make inferences on students learning and development with evidence - How should I adjust my instruction to address needs - Evaluate instruction - Make changes- alternate strategies for better learning
A 6th grade social studies teacher allows ELL's to submit a graphic organizer or an outline for open response assessments. This practice is an appropriate assessment adaptation for ELL primarily because it:
- Provides the English learners with an alternate way to demonstrate their learning
5th grade teacher uses tools such as quizzes, student self-assessment, informal observations, and participation charts as essential elements in their assessment plan. The most important benefit of this approach is that it:
- Provides the teacher with a broad base of evidence for evaluating student learning
Which of the following approaches is likely to be most effective in facilitating kindergarten students' knowledge construction?
- Providing direct interactions and experiences with real objects whenever possible.
A number of students in a sixth-grade language arts class read well below grade level. The class will be studing three literature selections during the course of the semester. In this situation, the teacher can best apply the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) by taking which of the following actions?
- Providing students with access to digital versions of the literature selections with text-to-speech capability.
Unpacking curriculum standards is an important strategy in helping teachers achieve which of the following instructional goals?
- Providing students with integrated learning experiences.
Students in a fourth-grade class like to use word processing software for their assignments whenever possible. However, they often become frustrated by formatting by formatting issues and are sometimes unhappy with how their finished work looks. The teacher can best help students overcome these problems by implementing which of the following strategies?
- Providing students with templates to use for different types of assignments.
Which of the following adaptations to the learning environment would likely be responsive to the needs of a 5th grade student with a specific learning disability in reading?
- Providing the student with audio versions of reading materials whenever possible.
A 3rd grade teacher wants to involve students' parents/guardians in the ongoing assessment of their children's learning. Which of the following strategies by the teacher would best facilitate this outcome?
- Providing tools such as checklists and data sheets that parents/guardians can use to document their children's school related activities
Which of the following skills is most important to emphasize first in helping kindergarten students to develop emotional intelligence?
- Recognizing and labeling feelings in themselves and in others.
Time Mangement
- Recording assignments in agendas - Planning out what they have to do
4th grade teachers have developed several new social studies lessons. Each teacher volunteers to implement one of the lessons first in his or her classroom while the other teachers observe. The most important advantage of this process is that it enables the teachers to:
- Refine elements of the lessons to better address students' needs
A 6th grade science teacher had been experiencing ongoing difficulty in running short of class time before lesson objectives have been met. The teacher is concerned that students will be unable to achieve all of the 6th grade science standards if this continues. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping the teacher address this problem?
- Reflecting on instructional plans to identify areas in which pacing can be adjusted
A 2nd grade teacher provides students with many hands on activities related to the concepts presented in a lesson about triangles. This approach is particularly appropriate because students at this age level generally:
- Require concrete support to facilitate cognitive processing.
High Expectations
- Returning students work that is not up to standard with suggestions of improvement - Believe in the student and they can do better
Which of the following instructional practices is most likely to communicate high expectations for student learning?
- Returning students' work that is not up to standards with specific suggestions for improvement.
Traditional Instructional Design
- Uses curriculum to plan activities to promote student achievement - Then assess learning
Students in a 3rd grade class have been studying fairy tales. They have learned the common elements of fairy tales and read fairy tales from other cultures. The teacher wants to prompt students to think about fairy tales in novel ways. Which of the following assignments would meet this goal?
- Rewrite a popular fairy tale in a modern setting with a different outcome for the main character.
Social Problem Solving Skills
- Rule based games - Teams, negotiation, conflict resolution
Giving students in the upper elementary grades regular opportunities to participate in rule based games is likely to be most effective in promoting students' development in which of the following areas?
- Social problem solving skills.
Positive Guidance
- Stating the rules in positive terms - Help students understand why their actions are concerning - Your voices may disturb another class
Critical Thinking Skills
- Student can apply knowledge in multiple areas
Positive interaction
- Students build trust and view future reactions in a positive way
A 6th grade teacher focuses on the use of praise when providing feedback, the teacher uses standard comments such as "good job," "nice work," and "Great." Which of the following statements describes the most significant problem with the teacher's approach to providing feedback?
- Students may come to perceive the teacher's praise as unrelated to their actual performance
When planning lessons that involve services of volunteers, the teachers should make which of the following tasks their most important priority?
- Students may come to perceive the teacher's praise as unrelated to their actual performance
Discovery Learning
- Students solving problems using their own experiences
Teaching with enthusiasm
- Students view the content as important and valuable
Which of the following statements describes the most likely outcome when teachers consistently exhibit enthusiasm for the content they are teaching?
- Students will view the content as important and valuable.
A 4th grade teacher observes that one student demonstrates exceptional abilities in the area of written expression. However, the student is very shy and has difficulty expressing ideas through discussions. The student shows depth of thinking and a strong grasp of concepts, and the teacher believes the student's ideas would enhance the class discussions. Which of the following actions by the teacher would best help the student overcome this issue?
- Suggesting that the student write down comments about a discussion topic in advance and read them aloud when appropriate.
At the beginning of a unit on transportation, a 1st grade teacher leads students in listing transportation related questions they want to answer. The teacher writes each question on a sentence strip and posts it on the bulletin board. Throughout the unit, the teacher encourages the students to investigate these questions whenever they have free time and post the answers on the bulletin board. This practice is likely to be most effective in helping the teacher achieve which of the following goals?
- Supporting students in becoming independent thinkers and learners.
A kindergarten teacher arranged the classroom at the beginning of the school year. The teacher defines areas for specific purposes such as literacy development, science discovery, and dramatic play. The teacher also takes care to create safe walkways and clearly labels center materials with storage areas with matching pictures. These actions can be expected to benefit students at this age level by:
- Supporting students in managing their own learning and behavior.
As a self esteem task, 6th graders review the work in their writing journals and reflect on their strengths and weaknesses as writer. The most important benefit of this process is that it:
- Supports in identifying personal writing goals
Direct Instruction
- Teaching method - Well developed lesson plans with small learning increments
A kindergarten teacher who wishes to create a classroom environment that promotes good health and wellness should emphasis which of the following strategies?
- Teaching students appropriate hand washing skills.
A DVD would be a particularly effective instructional resource for which of the following purposes?
- Teaching students the sequence of steps in a process.
Assessment Bias
- Test scores will not provide a valid picture of students abilities - Students have different life experiences, learning styles and culture backgrounds
Which of the following statements describes the most important consideration to keep in mind when communicating through e-mail or text messages?
- The inability to use facial expressions and tone of voice to help interpret messages can lead to misunderstanding.
Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)
- The learner can do it with guidance
Systematic observation provides the clearest picture of a student's skills under which of the following conditions?
- The observations are conducted in multiple contexts over a period of time
A student is most likely to demonstrate a high level of motivation for and engagement in a learning task under which of the following conditions?
- The student perceives the task to be interesting and useful
Which of the following statements describes the most important implication of assessment bias for teaching and learning?
- The test scores will not provide a valid pictures of students' abilities
Social Theory
- Theoretical framework to explain analyze social patterns and large scale social structures - Makes predictions
Which of the following statements describes the most significant weakness of binary-choice (e.g., true-false) assessments?
- There is an even chance of students guessing the correct answer to binary choice questions without knowing the content
Binary Choice
- True or false - Students have an even chance of guessing the right answer without knowledge
A 4th grade teacher has been having a consistent problem with student talking during independent work time. The teacher has tried giving students more work to do and implementing stricter consequences for talking, but these efforts have been unsuccessful in fixing the problem. Which of the following methods is likely to be the teacher's next step in addressing this issue?
- Using a class meeting to engage students in discussing the problem of excessive talking and general possible solutions.
A first-grade teacher is introducing the concept of wants and needs. The teacher has explained the concept to students and has written a list of common wants and a list of needs on the board, but the students are having difficulty grasping the concept. The teacher can best promote students' understanding by adapting instruction in which of the following ways?
- Using a different strategy and familiar examples to present the concept.
Adapting Instruction
- Using different strategy and familiar examples - Link new concepts to ones they already know
Which of the following assignments would be most effective in promoting third graders' higher-order thinking?
- Using the information in a bar graph to answer word problems.
The mastery learning approach to instruction is based on which of the following principles?
- With sufficient time and appropriate instruction, all students can attain lesson and unit objectives.
Motivating through communication
- repeating key terms visual aids to reinforce and explain abstract concepts encourage students to use logical thinking have students give feedback create a link to prior knowledge
Reg Revan's Theory of Action Learning
- small coop learning groups - discuss real life issues - action/learning must coincide - solutions for problems that don't necessarily have a right or wrong answer
Preparation Stage
- words and pictures represent objects - Struggle to see things from the perspective of others - Memory/Imagination
Problem Based Learning (PBL)
-All learning experiences with __________ begin with an essential question. This question is one that doesn't have a right answer and needs deep understanding of content to be answered. -Learning is self-directed, meaning students are responsible for finding a solution to the problem. Students work in cooperative groups to find a solution. -The team of students presents their findings, called a culminating project, to the class. -Teachers are active in PBL, guiding students through their research and providing support.
Concepts of Collaborative Learning
-Children learn most by being active. Collaborative learning focuses on active participation, like moving around, drawing, creating, and performing. -All learning should be student-focused, not content-focused. This means that when planning for instruction, Ms. Tyler should consider how her students learn and what methods she can use to enhance that learning. -Children sometimes learn more easily and readily from a peer or group of peers. Creating opportunities for this dynamic in a classroom adds to traditional teacher-led instruction. -Students need to be offered chances to solve problems. Working with other students to and solutions to problems, like a word problem in math or a long-term collaborative group project, gives children a chance to solve problems in tandem or with other group members. This gives them positive skills in appropriate social interaction, like cooperation, listening to others, formulating opinions, and compromise.
A sixth-grade science teacher regularly uses tools such as idea webs and Venn diagrams to support content instruction. This practice is likely to be most effective in facilitating students' ability to?
-analyze relationships between concepts.
Different instruction is characterized primarily by which of the following processes?
-creating learning experiences that are responsive to students' varied interests and needs.
Goodman's five areas are:
1) print awareness in situational contexts (environmental -- signs, menus etc.) 2) print awareness in discourse (print in books, websites, etc.) 3) functions and forms of writing (representing letters or words) 4) oral language to talk about written language (describes a book or story) 5) metacognitive and metalinguistic awareness about written language (understanding print terms such as letter, page etc.)
3 ways of differentiating instruction
1. Adjusting the Content: what is being taught. 2. Adjusting the process: how it is being taught. 3. The product/Application: how students demonstrate learning. Instructors can differentiate content by providing a variety of materials of different levels, languages, and views for students to access. They can differentiate process by offering multiple modes of learning in their lessons. Finally, instructors can differentiate the product of learning by offering modi ed or open assessments to students.
Madeline Hinter Direct Instruction Model
1. Anticipatory Set -THE HOOK 2. Objectives 3. Teaching 4. Guided practice 5. Checking for understanding 6. Independent practice 7. Closure
Developing Interdisciplinary lessons
1. Clear objectives 2. Selecting content that will serve as basis for lesson 3. Identify other disciplines related to original idea 4. Determine how the two or more disciplines correspond with objectives
The Three Domains of Learning
1. Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge) 2. Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self) 3. Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
DAP Guidelines
1. Creating a caring community of learners. This includes making the classroom a safe space for children to express themselves, ask questions, and try out ideas. 2. Teaching to enhance development and learning. This includes acknowledging each student's strengths and challenges and helping to support them. 3. Planning curriculum to achieve important goals. To do this, Andrew will likely create a curriculum by thinking about the end result first. What does he want his students to accomplish? Once he's answered that, he can plan everything that comes before it and how to get his students to that goal. 4. Assessing children's development and learning. Throughout the semester, Andrew will want to observe, talk to, and look at the work of each student to see how they're moving forward and where they need additional help. 5. And lastly, establishing reciprocal relationships with family. Andrew will want to get students' families involved in the learning process for the best outcomes.
Motivating Students to learn
1. Ensure they know what they are doing and how to know when they have achieved a goal in order to build self esteem and awareness. 2. Satisfy students basic needs of safety, esteem and belongingness. 3. Encourage students to take risks 4. Direct learning experiences toward feelings of success 5. Encourage self confidence and self direction 6. Make it relevant
Problem solving
1. Identify the problem 2. Look for possible causes of the problem 3. Come up with as many ideas as possible for solving problem 4. Decide best way to deal with it 5. Develop action plan 6. Monitor bowers problem solving is going 7. Finalize how problem has been solved and if it has been done so clearly
The major behaviorists theorists/ Psychologists
1. John Watson, known as the father of behaviorism 2. Ivan Pavlov, best known for classical conditioning 3. B.F. Skinner, known for operant conditioning 4. Edward Thorndike, known for the law of effect.
The three elements of a well-written instructional objective according to Robert Mager are:
1. Performance - what the learner is expected to be able to do (a product or result) 2. Conditions -- the conditions under which the performance is to occur 3. Criterion -- a description of acceptable performance
Steps to effectively structure cooperative learning groups
1. Positive interdependence. Importance of group cooperation 2. Doing real work together. See strengths and weaknesses and support each others learning. 3. Individual and group accountability must be instilled. 4. Students equipped with necessary small group skills.
Project Based Learning Components
1. Significant content: The problem must involve students working with essential content. This content is usually based off of designated state standards. 2. 21st century skills: The projects students participate in need to allow them to problem-solve and engage in critical thinking. Projects should push students to be creative and require them to collaborate in order to be successful. 3. In-depth inquiry: A good project will last more than a day or two. Teachers need to give students the time to really investigate, ask the important questions, and construct their own answers. 4. Driving question: A quality project will be framed around a question that both engages students and helps focus their inquiry. 5. Need to know: A project should entice students to want to complete research to nd the answer. Quality projects motivate students to learn and investigate. 6. Voice and choice: In order to give students ownership over the project, teachers need to allow students to make decisions about how to investigate the problem and how to work together. (Of course, the teacher can help facilitate this). 7. Reflection and revision: Before students complete their work, there should be time for students to receive feedback about their progress. 8. Public audience: Students should be given the opportunity to deliver their final project to an authentic audience that will either use or bene t from the work.
Motivating Students to Learn
1. Students know what they are doing and when they've achieved their goals. 2. Satisfy the basic needs of the student (esteem, safety and belonging) 3. encourage students to take risks 4. direct learning experiences toward feelings of success 5. encourage development of self-confidence and self-direction 6. make learning relevant
3 steps of Matching Instruction
1. make sure our assessments match our instruction. 2. Our assessments must be valid. In order to be valid, an assessment must be a true measurement of student progress toward the learning outcome. In other words, your assessments need to actually evaluate what you set out for your students to learn. 3. Our assessments must have depth. This means they must evaluate all aspects of the learning objective.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (in the shape of a pyramid, bottom up)
1.Psychological: ex., food sleep 2.Safety: ex., health job body 3.Love/belonging: ex., family intimacy 4.Esteem: ex., self others 5.Self actualization: "I can do this attitude"
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
1.Sensorimotor 0-2 years old 2.Preoperational 2-7 years old 3.Concrete operational 7-11 years old 4.Formal operations 11+ years old
Kolb's Learning Process
4 CONTINUOUS STAGES when learning takes place Observation and Reflection --> Abstract Conceptualization --> Active Experimentation --> Concrete Experience
Erikson's Stages of Social-Emotional Development
8 Stages Conflict Event Outcome
English Learners at the middle school and high school levels are likely to be most successful in their learning when they receive explicit instruction and support in which of the following areas? A) academic language development B) English phonemes C) Conversational language skills D) English idioms 10
A
Midway through a lesson, a 9th grade teacher sees two students passing notes. the teacher pauses instruction, identifies the students by name, and collects the notes. the teacher then restates the relevant classroom rule and proceeds with the lesson. which of the following statements describes the most significant problem with the teachers approach to the students off task behavior. a) in responding to the students' behavior, the teacher unnecessarily disrupted instruction b) the teacher did not have the students move to different desks to prevent further note passing C) in responding the the students' behavior, the teacher did not apply immediate consequences. D) the teacher collected the notes, which were the students' private property 38
A
Which of the following statements best describes Piaget's ideas about the role of disequilibrium in cognitive development? A) Cognitive growth results when an individual realizes that his current ways of thinking are not effective in solving a problem. B) Cognitive development progresses most rapidly when development in other domains in a state of relative balance C) CG increases when an individual recognizes that a newly learned concepts can be generalized to other contexts D) CD is enhanced by frequent exposure to stimulating environments that contain dissonance. 1
A
Which of the following statements describes a significant limitation in the application of behavioral learning theory? A) processes such as students' grasp of concepts and problem-solving strategies are difficult to observe directly B) students' backgrounds experiences with regard to any given topic are likely to vary greatly C) the amount of content that can be taught must be reduced to facilitate all students' skill development D) tangible reinforcers can distract students from processing information into long-term memory 11
A
a HS FACs teacher provides parents/guardians with biweekly reports on students' progress. the reports show students current grade average and learning targets. the teacher can best enhance communication with parents/guardians about their children's performance by including which of the following additional information in the reports A) rubrics and scoring criteria for students' assignments B) summary of the student's performance in relation to the class C) performance goals individualized for each student D) strategies for monitoring students' homework completion 79
A
a HS history teacher is concerned that time is being wasted while some students wait for further directions or for other classmates to finish their work. occasionally, the students who are waiting engage in disruptive behaviors. the teacher can best begin to address this issue by taking which of the following steps? A) designing instruction so that students have a series of tasks instead of one task at a time B) implementing additional consequences for behavior infractions C) encouraging students who finish early to assist their peers in completing assigned tasks D) revisiting the classroom behavior guidelines with the class 39
A
a HS is implementing PLCs. the LCs are likely to be most productive if the teachers make which of the following goals their most important priority? a) maintaining a consistent focus on student learning b) practicing the principles of conflict resolution c) developing positive interpersonal communication d) identifying students who may have specific learning needs 95
A
a Hs science teacher subscribes to several blogs written by state and national experts in science education. this strategy is most likely to have which of the following benefits for the teacher's professional development? a) facilitating the teacher's ability to interact with other professionals in science education b) enabling the teacher to identify appropriate goals for his/her professional growth plan c) facilitating the teachers ability to participate effectively on school improvement committees d) enabling the teacher to stay aware of new research in science education 94
A
a MS homeroom teacher helps students set up a binder with dividers for subject areas, homework, and planning calendars. the teacher can best ensure the effectiveness of this approach in promoting students' organizational skills by taking which of the following additional steps? A) setting aside a regular time each week for students to put their binders in order and then periodically conducting a binder check B) asking content-area teachers for a weekly list of assignments that students should include in their binders C) assigning each student a partner and encouraging students to check their partners' binders on a regular basis D) assisting individual students in putting the material in their binders in order according to their class schedules. 21
A
a MS math teacher is implementing a unit on word problems involving multiple steps. the teacher notes that a number of students are turning in assignments that are only partially completed. when the teacher discusses the situation with students, they state that the assignments are too boring to read. the teacher an best begin to enhance students' engagement in and motivation to learn how to solve word problems involving multiple steps by: a) ensuring that the word problems reflect situations students are likely to encounter in real life b) reducing the number of word problems students are required to complete in classroom assignments c) reinforcing to students that being able to solve the word problems is essential to success in school and life d) asking students' teachers in other content areas to provide feedback on the scenarios used in word problems 82
A
a math teacher wants to enhance students' ability to analyze statistics and decides to instruct students in the use of a Web-based statistics tool that allows students to display data in various types of graphs . which of the following outcomes is the most important benefit of this approach for students' learning? A) providing students with visual and numeric representations of data B) improving the complexity of students' interpretations of data C) building students' confidence in the accuracy of their interpretation of data D) enabling students to examine data in-depth in a short period of time 25
A
a new 9th grade teacher has desinged an end-of-unit test but is not sure if the test will effectively measure students' mastery of unit concepts. the teacher can best begin to address this issue by taking which of the following steps? a) examining the test questions in relation to the unit objectives b) comparing the test with end-of-chapter tests in the book c) analyzing the cognitive levels of the test questions d) reviewing unit tests developed by a more experienced 63
A
a new HS teachers classes include students with a wide range of strengths and needs. the teacher's goal is to help all students achieve the desired learning outcomes. the teacher can best achieve this goal by focusing on which of the following principles when planning the learning enviroment A) emphasizing the use of materials and displays that provide students with a variety of ways to process information B) allowing students to play a significant role in the development of instructional displays and learning centers C) using seating arrangements that allow students with similar academic strengths to learn together D) developing a large number of independent activities and assignments to keep students engaged and on task 31
A
collaborative learning
A technique teachers use to group students together to impact learning in a positive way. Proponents of ____________ believe it helps students work together to increase learning outcomes. It can occur between just two students or within a larger group, and it can take a variety of forms.
a team of 6th grade teachers notes that one student is behind all content areas. screening indicates that the student in struggling with reading fluency and comprehension. according to RTI model, the teachers should take which of the following actions next a) providing the student with differentiated instruction and monitoring the students progress frequently b) arranging for the student to take a grade-level standardized assessment to gather more data c) assigning the student a peer tutor and having them work together before and after school d) having the student complete assignments in the school library or other setting that is free from distractions 83
A
a team of MS teachers is reviewing the schools new science curriculum to determine the content and skills that should be taught in each grade level. which of the following curriculum components would provide the teachers with the most useful information in this area? A) scope and sequence B) assessment and evaluation C) rationale and goals D) strategies and interventions 41
A
once a week, a MS teacher engages students in an activity that requires them to consider a variety of possibilities in a given situation: teacher assigns students to groups of three and asks each group to consider alternate uses for a water hose if they were stranded on a deserted island. activities like this are likely to be most effective in enhancing students' ability to: A) use fluent thinking to generate new ideas B) evaluate the usefulness of new ideas for a stated purpose C) organize creative ideas into a framework D) apply proven ideas in different problem areas 19
A
students in a HS class are writing cause and effect essays. the teacher reviews the first drafts and provides feedback on areas of strength and aspects of their essays that need improvement. which of the following steps should the teacher take next to promote students' ability to write effective cause and effect essays a) discussing with students specific strategies for addressing areas of need in their cause and effect essays b) providing students with a list of helpful transition words to use in the next draft of their cause and effect essays c) suggesting that students search online for examples of high-quality causes and effect essays d) assigning students a partner to review the revised cause and effect essays before students turn them in 80
A
which of the following practices is likely to be most effective in facilitating a teachers ability to provide effective instruction? a) implementing systematic and comprehensive assessment of student learning b) seeking student feedback about the performance incentives they find most motivating c) developing a standard approach for presenting new content to students d) including affective learning objectives in unit and lesson plans 65
A
which of the following teacher practices reflects a central principle of universal design for learning (UDL)? A) a HS history teacher provides students with cognitive supports such as concept webs and study guides B) a MS LA teacher uses primarily cooperative activities rather than independent activities C) a HS math teacher adjusts academic expectations according to students' past performance D) a MS science teacher uses a variety of question formats on classroom assignments 49
A
James Marcia
A Psychologist who focused on teen identity development and expanded on Erikson's concepts of identity crisis and identity confusion during adolescence. He explained that teens go through four unique stages in their quest toward forming an identity and called each stage an identity status. Each status describes where an adolescent is in the process of exploring values, beliefs and goals that will make up their self-concept.
Normal distribution
A bell-shaped symmetrical frequency plot showing the distribution of scores is called a normal distribution. Sometimes it's also called a bell curve.
culturally responsive classroom
A classroom that respects all students and families, their backgrounds and beliefs. Teachers can make their classrooms this way by learning her students' backgrounds and trying to understand their culture.
nativist theory
A theory developed by Noam Chomsky. This approach views language as biological and instinctive to a newborn. Chomsky argues that all children have what is called an innate language acquisition device (LAD). Infants have an innate ability to learn language. From a very early age, we're able to understand the basics of language.
Jerome Bruner
A cognitive psychologist who felt the goal of education should be intellectual development, as opposed to rote memorization of facts. He held the following beliefs regarding learning and education: He believed curriculum should foster the development of problem-solving skills through the processes of inquiry and discovery. He believed that subject matter should be represented in terms of the child's way of viewing the world. That curriculum should be designed so that the mastery of skills leads to the mastery of still more powerful ones. He also advocated teaching by organizing concepts and learning by discovery. Finally, he believed culture should shape notions through which people organize their views of themselves and others and the world in which they live.
ecological assessment
A comprehensive process in which data is collected about how a child functions in different environments or settings. Sometimes, students eligible for special education perform or behave well in some environments but have difficulty in others.
reciprocal teaching
A contemporary educational application of Vygotsky's theories is ______________________ used to improve students' ability to learn from text. In this method, teachers and students collaborate in learning and practicing four key skills: summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting. The teacher's role in the process is reduced over time. (Clarify Ask questions Predict Summarize (CAPS)
online learning management system (LMS)
A digital system that handles the way teachers can teach on the internet. This platform uses electronic textbooks that enabled teachers to replace the heavy books used before. Electronic textbooks quickly open on a tablet, smartphone, laptop, or computer.
patrifocal families
A family consisting of a father and his children.
matrifocal family
A family consisting of a mother and her children
blended family
A family unit made up of people who are not all blood relatives. This type of family may involve adopted children/parents, fostered children, step-parents, step-siblings, and/or half-siblings.
David Kolb
A four-stage cyclical theory of learning, his experiential learning theory is a holistic perspective that combines experience, perception, cognition, and behavior. He believed "learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience". One may begin at any stage, but must follow each other in the sequence: CONCRETE EXPERIENCE (OR "DO") The first stage, concrete experience (CE), is where the learner actively experiences an activity such as a lab session or field work. REFLECTIVE OBSERVATION (OR "OBSERVE") The second stage, reflective observation (RO), is when the learner consciously reflects back on that experience. ABSTRACT CONCEPTUALIZATION (OR "THINK") The third stage, abstract conceptualization (AC), is where the learner attempts to conceptualize a theory or model of what is observed. ACTIVE EXPERIMENTATION (OR "PLAN") The fourth stage, active experimentation (AE), is where the learner is trying to plan how to test a model or theory or plan for a forthcoming experience. He identified four learning styles which correspond to these stages. The styles highlight conditions under which learners learn better[3]. These styles are: -assimilators, who learn better when presented with sound logical theories to consider -convergers, who learn better when provided with practical applications of concepts and theories -accommodators, who learn better when provided with "hands-on" experiences -divergers, who learn better when allowed to observe and collect a wide range of information
Response to Intervention (RTI)
A framework for prevention and early intervention which involves determining whether all students are learning and progressing adequately when provided with high quality instruction and intervention. A multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. The RTI process begins with high-quality instruction and universal screening of all children in the general education classroom. Struggling learners are provided with interventions at increasing levels of intensity to accelerate their rate of learning. These services may be provided by a variety of personnel, including general education teachers, special educators, and specialists. Progress is closely monitored to assess both the learning rate and level of performance of individual students.
co-teaching model
A general education teacher and special education teacher collaborate and teach in the same classroom.
language family
A group of languages with related origins that share some traits. Such may consist of a handful or dozens of languages, and smaller languages may be part of larger group of this. It also consists of languages with common constituent elements. These elements represent the historical roots from where the language originated. Some are huge and consist of dozens of languages. Some maybe smaller in number. For instance, the Indo- European languages consists of most of the languages in Europe and the Middle East. This family also includes the Romance languages such as French and Spanish. The Indo-European family gave rise to Latin, the common linguistic ancestor of both French and Spanish.
Snellen chart
A group of letters that are used to test vision. This has several lines of letters. When a person is able to read all required lines of the letters from a distance of 20 feet, they are said to have 20/20 eyesight, or perfect vision. Some people are capable of reading extra lines and that is said to be better than perfect vision.
Interactive learning
A hands-on, real-world approach to education. According to Stanford University School of Medicine, this type of learning style actively engages the students in wrestling with the material. It reinvigorates the classroom for both students and faculty. Lectures are changed into discussions, and students and teachers become partners in the journey of knowledge acquisition.'
Ecological systems theory
A theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner that divides the environment into different systems that interact to influence the development of an individual in some way.
spina bifida
a neuromotor impairment of the spinal cord that can limit normal movement and cognitive functioning.
Braille
A language for the vision impaired that uses raised dots to represent letters. With braille textbooks, instead of using their eyes to read, students use their fingers to go over the dots and translate them to words.
Child-directed speech (CDS)
A language style that adults use to speak to young children. They usually use short-sentences and speak in a high-pitched voice, with exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation and distinct pauses between speech segments. In addition, adults will pair speech with understandable gestures in order to express their message. When caregivers repeat new words to children in a variety of contexts, it creates a zone of proximal growth which helps a child's vocabulary expand.
Dyslexia
A learning disorder that affects the way students process written information (letters, spelling, vocabulary, etc.). Let's look at an example. Compared to her classmates, Abby is a very slow reader. She also struggles with spelling and vocabulary. She knows the correct words and can say them, but she mixes up words and letters when writing. Abby tries to compensate for her problems by making fun of herself in front of the class.
Constructivism
A learning theory that uses prior knowledge as the main factor in learning. we actively construct, or create, our own learning. We use the information we already know to try to make sense of new information. We don't just gain knowledge, we create it by giving it our own meaning. That is why learning is different for all of us, even if we have been taught the same way. We all have different experiences, attitudes, skills, and knowledge that we bring to the experience; therefore, we all make sense of the new information differently.
the triadic reciprocity model
A model in which behavior, personal traits and the environment interact.
cerebral palsy
A neuromotor disorder resulting from brain injury that impairs movement control. Students with this disorder have limited use of their arms and legs and rely on a wheelchair for support.
self-efficacy
A person's belief in his or her ability to produce desired results by his or her own actions.
Sigmund Freud
A pioneer in the psychoanalytic theory of personality and psychosexual development theory.
zero-tolerance policy
A policy where teachers make it clear to students in their classroom that they will not allow any culturally insensitive behavior to happen in their classroom.
Standardized testing
A practice by which exams are administered and scored in a uniform way, meaning they are administered and scored in the same way in every school and classroom. These tests are used to gauge student learning and hold schools and teachers accountable for student success.
A sentence frame
A sentence with missing words that the student can fill in, often using a word bank. For example, if students are writing about the differences between an apple and an orange, the teacher might provide students with a sentence starter, such as An apple is _____, but an orange is _____. This takes pressure off of English learners to produce an original sentence in a new language while also modeling how to write a complete sentence.
Dyscalculia
A similar disorder to dyslexia, except students struggle with numbers instead of letters.
No Opt Out
A student who claims not to know the answer may be off the hook for the rest of the class. However, with ______ the teacher has a number of options available. A teacher can offer a bit of a hint to push the student's understanding, or simply offer to come back after making the question a teaching moment. It is crucial, however, that the teacher does come back to the student. Simply saying 'I'll get back to you' and then forgetting is letting the student o the hook without checking for understanding.
Primary research
A study that was conducted and includes all the steps of the scientific method, along with a statistical analysis of the data findings.
referential style language learning
A style of early language learning in which toddlers use language mainly to label objects. This is beneficial to young learners because it is a way that children expand their comprehension of words.
project-based learning
A teaching strategy that allows students to engage with projects in order to solve real-world problems. Teachers should use the eight components of __________________ to create tasks for students in the school or community. Those eight essential components are: 1. Significant content 2. 21st century skills 3. In-depth inquiry 4. Driving question 5. Need to know 6. Voice and choice 7. Reflection and revision 8. Public audience. In this learning method, a teacher poses a problem to students and then coaches them through the process of a project to solve the problem. Students learn the necessary knowledge and skills they need by taking ownership and responsibility for their learning.
psychoanalytic theory
A theory that explains the factors that motivate behavior by focusing on the unconscious and the importance of early development. However, this theory is hard to test and does not have enough research to back it up. Sigmund Freud & Erick Erickson support this theory.
Language
A tool used by people to communicate with one another. A systematic form of communication that can take a variety of forms.
integrated curriculum
A type of curriculum that connects different areas of study by cutting across subject-matter lines and emphasizing unifying concepts. It focuses on making connections for students, allowing them to engage in relevant, meaningful activities that can be connected to real life.
Venn Diagram
A type of graphic organizer with two intersecting circles. Your students can use this diagram to compare the similarities and differences between two concepts, characters, objects, or stories.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences. Key concepts include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment.
stimulants
A type of medicine that produces a calming effect in children, but maybe used to "rev up" adults.
high-level thinking skills
A type of thinking that requires students to analyze, create, defend, or evaluate, rather than passively receive information or be told what they should think. Students are socially active and learn to work as part of a group, asking and answering questions and supporting others' thoughts. They also find problem based learning experiences more engaging, motivating, and fun.
A sociogram
A visual depiction of the relationships among a specific group. The purpose of a this type of map is to uncover the underlying relationships between people. It can be used to increase your understanding of group behaviors. A visual representation or map of the relationships between individuals. The charting of the inter-relationships within a group. Its purpose is to discover group structure: i.e., the basic "network" of friendship patterns and sub-group organization. The relations of any one child to the group as a whole are another type of information which can be derived from a this type of information.
interest inventory (for ESL students)
A way to match ELLs to peers with similar interests, such as sports or music.
Linguistic diversity
A way to talk about varied types of traits including language family, grammar, and vocabulary. It's also a specific measure of the density of language, or concentration of unique languages together. This diversity covers varied types of traits including language family, grammar, and vocabulary.
Prior Knowledge
ATTITUDES, EXPERIENCES AND KNOWLEDGE that already exist. understanding is derived from prior knowledge ACCURATE AND RELEVANT prior knowledge ACTIVATING PRIOR KNOWLEDGE - assessing student prior knowledge through word association and activities. key in learning planning
language acquisition
Ability to internalize and conceptualize language. For example, an infant learning a language...
three aspects of Cultural Relevent Teaching (CRT)
Academic Success: having high expectations & working to help students achieve their own success Cultural competence: Teachers having knowledge about their student's cultures and understanding their views. Critical consciousness: Having critical consciousness means that students are able to identify how inequities in society make it more difficult for people of color to succeed and how that larger structure can be changed to make a fairer world for everyone.
reciprocal causation model (reciprocal determinism)
According to psychologist Albert Bandura, this is a model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. According to this theory, an individual's behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics.
theory of universal grammar
According to this idea, all languages have the same basic grammatical structure. This means that while children aren't genetically designed to understand English or Mandarin, they are genetically designed to understand the universal grammar that underlies all language. To linguists who follow this theory, this explains how infants first begin learning language. However, not everyone agrees, and opponents point out that many languages do not share anything in common with the supposed theory. Still, what this theory illustrates is a dominant idea that human children are somehow genetically predisposed to language acquisition, an idea that is both widely supported and deeply debated to this day.
Building prior knowledge
Activating what students are already are familiar with to begin to bridge the gap between what they know and don't know.
Erikson Stage 5
Adolescence (12 to 18 yrs) Identity vs. Role Confusion Social Relationships - develop a sense of self and personal identity (+) Identity - true to oneself (-) Role Confusion; weak sense of self
Acceleration of gifted students
Advancing students by skipping kindergarten or another grade, providing dual enrollment or testing out early from a class. For gifted students, this involves advancing them when they have learned or proven mastery of the material. This is considered a vertical move and allows students to skip assignments or whole grades. Students are pretested and often can move past a lesson if they can demonstrate they already know the information. Some students accelerate by skipping kindergarten or another grade, participating in dual enrollment or testing out early from a class.
Accredited with defining self-efficacy
Albert Bandura
Pre-Production (language acquisition)
Also called the silent receptive stage, the amount of time spent in it tends to vary from child to child. During this phase, young learners have minimal comprehension of the new language. Due to this, they will draw or point rather than try to verbalize in the new tongue. Experts in linguistics report this stage includes familiarity with about 500 words but applying these words independently is still not in the child's toolbox.
A High School includes several lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students. Teachers in the school's history department have a goal of providing a positive educational experience. Which of the following initial strategies is likely to be most effective in helping the teachers achieve their goal? A) using gender-neutral language in direct interactions with LGBT students B) incorporating the contributions and accomplishments in LGBT individuals into the curriculum C) assigning LGBT students leadership roles in the classroom D) having a school counselor review lesson plans to identify content that may be sensitive for LGBT students 7
B
Lawrence Kohlberg
American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. Even though it was considered unusual in his era, he decided to study the topic of moral judgment, extending Jean Piaget's account of children's moral development from twenty-five years earlier. His work reflected and extended not only Piaget's findings but also the theories of philosophers George Herbert Mead and James Mark Baldwin.
Maria Montessori
An Italian teacher and physician, she developed "The Montessori Method", which is an approach to learning that emphasizes active learning, independence, cooperation, and learning in harmony with each child's unique pace of development. Children discover the world around them through a hands on approach, rather than the information being landed upon them from above. This promotes enthusiasm and curiosity driven learning. The Montessori Method is an approach to education which emphasizes individuality and independence in learning.
Experiencial Learning
An education philosophy based on the idea that learning occurs through experience and requires hands-on activities that directly relate to the learner's life. Learning happens by having students do things (hands on experience), reflect on what's being done, and learn from it. Active learning with concrete experience and reflection. Examples include work internships, service learning, and adventure learning.
Self-directed learning (SDL)
An instructional strategy where the students, with guidance from the teacher, decide what and how they will learn. It can be done individually or with group learning, but the overall concept is that students take ownership of their learning.
Virtual labs
An online platform that provides safe ways to conduct scientific experiments or perform dissections.
Skills needed for group discussion (5)
Analysis Persuasion Emotional control Communication Functional language
the law of effect.
Any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped. Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949) is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that leads to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism. Operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of our behavior. He experimented with cats, who were locked up in cage, but there was a lever that they could push and it would let them be free to go catch the fish. After the cat found the lever once to escape, it was able to get the fish. After the cat escaped, it was put back into the cage again. It was able to find the lever quicker and quicker.
routines
Any established student responses for certain situations.
Scaffolding
Anything that can help move students forward towards independence, such as sentence starters, a word bank, questions to specifically guide their thinking, or graphic organizers to help them organize their thoughts.
reciprocal teaching
Approach for teaching comprehension. Ask, summarize clarify, predict.
Highly creative students are most likely to demonstrate which of the following characteristics A) short attention span B) frequent experimentation with materials and ideas C) slow empathetic response D) strong desire for the approval of respected adults 9
B
Which of the following factors is likely to have the most significant positive effect on adolescent identity development? A) Explicit instruction on the use of social problem-solving strategies. B) local communities rich in educational and vocational options and opportunities for exploration C) relaxed parents who adopt a permissive approach to parenting D) frequent opportunities to practice a range of communication skills in authentic contexts 2
B
Measuring students' affective learning is difficult because it is not
directly observable
Ways to encourage students to engage (3)
Asking students to write on the board Asking students open-ended questions Involving students in evaluation
autonomous speech
At around 12 months of age, the child begins to invent words. The child's invented syllables are an effort to communicate with adults. These pseudo-words are useful, because they indicate an object in plain sight, and they can also facilitate limited communication with adults who understand the meanings. For example, a child may initially say 'ba' for bottle, and then as she develops, 'ba' becomes the word 'bottle'.
Benchmark tests are given to students when?
At varying intervals throughout the year
Preconceptions/Barriers
Attention to PRIOR KNOWLEDGE/CULTURAL DIFFERENCES *assessing classroom culture differences and student expectations and preconceptions
which of the following personal factors has the greatest positive influence on students' success as learners? A) regular participation in a hobby or past time B) prior knowledge and experience with targeted concepts C) well-developed abstract reasoning abilities D) effective interpersonal communication skills 22
B
a 6th grade student receives a grade-equivalent score of 8.0 on an end of year standardized reading assessment. which of the following conclusions best supports this grade-equivalent score? a) the student performed significantly higher in reading than grade-level peers b) additional information is needed to gain an accurate measure of the student's reading abilities c) the student has achieved mastery of 7th grade reading skills d) acceleration to an 8th grade reading class is clearly indicated by the students performance 62
B
a 9th grade English teacher is beginning a unit on writing persuasive essays. the teacher wants to communicate high expectations for students' performance during this unit. which of the following initial strategies by the teacher is likely to be most effective for this purpose? A) providing students with a template or organizer to use when writing the first drafts of their persuasive essays B) reading aloud a well-written persuasive essay to students and guiding students in examining the key elements of the essay C) assigning students to draft a persuasive essay and using selected students' essays to model the revision process for the class D) having students write and revise based on peer feedback one paragraph of their persuasive essays at a time 30
B
a MS SS teacher wants to promote students' ability to become independent thinkers and learners. the teacher can best support this process by taking which of the following actions? A) assigning a different student each week to choose a topic for class discussion B) instructing students on how and when to use a variety of learning strategies C) implementing highly structured projects designed to be completed by individual students D) having students maintain journals to record their progress in achieving learning goals 18
B
a MS science teacher wants to informally assess students' safety practices in the lab setting. which of the following assessment methods would be most appropriate for this purpose? a) reviewing regularly the procedures section of students' laboratory reports b) observing students as they perform experiments during lab classes c) assigning students an essay on appropriate lab procedures d) giving students an impromptu quiz at the end of a lab class 68
B
a MS science teacher who has been teaching for five years is considering enrolling in a course at a local university for professional development. the teachers course selection should be guided primarily by which of the following questions. a) which course will help develop my general pedagogical knowledge? b) which course will address my greatest area of need as a science teacher? c) which course will help me earn an advanced teaching teaching degree? d) which course will provide an overview of recent discoveries in the field of science? 97
B
a MS teacher makes a practice of including a closure activity in each lesson in the form of an exit ticket. this approach requires students to summarize key points about the lesson topic on a sticky note or slip of paper, which is their ticket for leaving the classroom. this practice can be expected to contribute to the effectiveness of the lesson primarily by: A) reinforcing to students that they are accountable for the content of the lesson B) prompting students to reflect on and synthesize what they learned in the lesson C) facilitating the teachers ability to provide students with appropriately differentiated lessons. D) reducing the amount of review students will need at the beginning of each new lesson 44
B
a history teacher will be assigning several informational articles about the causes and effects of the US civil war. helping students identify which of the following transitions words and phrases would best enhance their comprehension of this text structure. a) conversely, similarly b) because, consequently c) incidentally, particularly d) initially, not long after 87
B
a new MS teacher is aware that many incoming students may be apprehensive about beginning middle school. the teacher makes a point of learning each student's name within the first two days of school. this action is the most effective first step in achieving which of the following goals A) prompting students to recognize the teacher's authority in the class B) helping students feel a sense of belonging in the class and the school C) creating a respectful and accepting learning environment D) promoting positive personal interactions between students 28
B
a new middle school teacher in a culturally diverse school makes an effort to learn about students' cultures and languages. this approach is likely to be most useful in promoting the teachers achievement of which of the following goals? A) supporting students' understanding of and adherence to classroom norms for communication B) implementing effective adaptations to the classroom enviroment to facilitate students' learning C) identifying appropriate and effective measures for managing student discipline issues D) fostering in students a sense of accountability for their own progress and learning 32
B
a team of 8th grade teachers are designing a multidisciplinary, project-based learning assignment that will focus on the issue of poverty. which of the following focus questions for the project is likely to be most effective in prompting students to analyze the complexities of the issue? A) is there a relationship between population density and high levels of poverty? B) what actions can be taken at the local, state, and national levels to address global poverty? C) what regions of the world have the highest levels of poverty? D) how do poverty levels compare in industrialized and nonindustrialized regions of the world 47
B
an 8th grade science teacher plans to have students write a technical report explaining an experiment they conducted in class about the boiling and melting points of various elements. for this writing assignment, it is most important for the teacher to provide students with instruction on which of the following processes? a) integrating dialogue into descriptions b) utilizing precise content-specific vocabulary c) developing an attention-getting introduction d) constructing a detailed bibliography
B
as students record assignments in their planners, a 5th grade teacher always takes a few minutes to discuss with students how long they think it will take to complete the assignment. the teacher then has the students note an estimate next to each assignment and compare them to the amount of time it actually took. this approach is likely to promote student learning and achievement primarily by: A) helping students identify content areas that are most challenging for them B) supporting students in developing the ability to manage their time effectively C) prompting students to make efficient use of their time at school D) communicating to students that they will be held accountable for their work 20
B
at the beginning of the school year, an 8th grade LA teacher asks students to identify areas of strength and areas in need of improvement in their writing. this process is likely to be particularly useful in helping students perform which of the following tasks? a) providing peers with effective feedback on their writing b) generating personal writing goals and action plans c) establishing and maintaining a writing portfolio d) managing extended writing assignments 76
B
early in the school year, a 6th grade teacher surveys students about their interests. the teacher then gathers a variety of resources on the topics students identified and designs several independent tasks applicable to any topic for students to perform if they finish classwork early. this approach is likely to be most effective in promoting which of the following outcomes? a) communicating high expectations for student achievement b) enhancing students' motivation to pursue learning for its own sake c) helping students apply learned skills in new contexts d) providing students with an individualized curriculum 60
B
in which of the following situations is a high school teacher most clearly applying logical consequences as a behavior management strategy? A) students who work quickly to finish assignments in class may use extra time to read or draw B) a student who repeatedly talks and distracts classmates must complete his or her work at a study carrel C) students who have perfect attendance during a grading period are awarded two points to their grade average D) a student who breaks a classroom rule more than one time in a single week must apologize to the class 36
B
marisa observes that Paul, a class in her homeroom who is usually outgoing, has become withdrawn and seems depressed. marisa asks the teacher if something is wrong with Paul. the teacher responds by explaining that paul's father has recently moved out of the home and is seeking a divorce. which of the following statements following statements provides an accurate assessment of teacher's response? A) the teacher's response was ethical because the teacher facilitated Marisa's ability to provide Paul with appropriate support b) the teacher's response was unethical because the teacher failed to maintain confidentiality regarding Paul's personal circumstances c) the teachers response was ethical because the teacher only provided Marisa with factual information about Pauls situation d) the teachers response was unethcial because the teacher did not provide Paul with the opportunity to participate in the conversation 100
B
over a period of 4 weeks, a MS student has received both small-group and individualized reading interventions to address specific learning challenges. monitoring data show that the student has not met the required improvement goal. according to RTI a teacher should a) allow the student to access the school library and computer lab on an as needed basis b) refer the student for a formal educational evaluation c) provide the students with additional homework that target particular reading skills d) assign the student a peer partner to assist with assignments 71
B
providing instruction that integrates multiple disciplines is most likely to have which of the following benefits for student learning? a) prompting students in-depth reflection on their thinking processes b) promoting students ability to recognize applications of concepts across content areas c) encouraging students' independent exploration of new concepts and ideas d) developing students' skills in using a range of content-area information resources 53
B
students in a 7th grade SS class want to interview local candidates for an upcoming election for their school newspaper but they have no experience conducting interviews. the teacher can best support students' efforts with this activity by: A) having students view excerpts of video interviews and analyze the content B) helping students develop specific questions and role-play the interview process C) arranging to be present when students are conducting the interviews D) assigning students to work in groups to conduct the interviews 45
B
students in a high school history classes are designing projects to document community members' reactions and experiences on a particular day in history. the teachers plans to collaborate with students in defining the criteria that will be used to evaluate their projects. this collaboration is most likely to promote which of the following outcomes. a) students' projects will reflect their individual learning styles b) students will demonstrate increased commitment to achieving projects goals c) student's ability to communicate project results will be enhanced d) students will be more willing to modify their approach as needed to achieve project goals 75
B
students in english class are studying "freedom vs security" the teacher poses the question "should students be allowed to leave during lunch?" the teacher then divides the students into two groups and assigns each group a position on the issue. each group must develop five points to support its assigned position and then present the group's points to the class. this activity most clearly demonstrates the teachers understanding of how to: A) enhance the development of student's collaborative skills B) design learning experiences that are relevant to students' lives. C) facilitate students' application of content-area concepts D) promote learning for students with diverse characteristics and needs 16
B
the parents of a 7th grade student inform the students math teacher that they plan to take their child out of school for an extended family vacation. the parents ask the teacher to provide upcoming assignments so that the student does not fall behind in math. in this situation, the teachers first responsibility is to: a) suggest to the parents that the student complete math assignments missed as homework after the vacation b) make sure that the parents are aware of the schools attendance policy and have secured administrative approval as needed c) inform the school principal and gather upcoming math assignments for the parents as requested d) review the parents the students current math grades to ID specific skills the student should practice while on vacation 99
B
the use of digital tools such as concept mapping and spreadsheet software supports student learning primarily by: A) requiring students to examine information critically B) facilitating students' ability to organize and manipulate information C) preparing students for participation in the workplace D) providing students with an alternative to traditional instruction 24
B
to help students find meaning in reading assignment a 7th grade LA teacher asks them to compare characters, settings, and plots in their reading to familiar people, places, and events. this strategy is most directly related to which of the following theories. a) automaticity b) schema c) metacognitive d) situation model 81
B
which of the following steps is most important for a teacher to take in establishing appropriate learning goals for students? a) ensuring that planned instruction follows a logical sequence b) analyzing assessment data to identify areas of need c) surveying the content covered in the relevant textbook d) selecting assessment methods when planning instruction 73
B
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Bad Ass Kid - negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile toward figures of authority that last for at least 6 months manifested through ARGUING, REFUSING TO FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS, DELIBERATELY ANNOYING OTHERS, BLAMING OTHERS FOR THEIR ACTIONS. does not include aggression towards animals or people of destructive nature.
B. F Skinner Role of reinforcement in learning and behavior
Behavior relationship to Consequence (+) consequence reinforces behavior; behavior is repeated (-) consequence discourages; behavior ceases tangible consequences -> criticized as to rigid. quantifies behavior vs. qualifies
Personal factors
Behaviors or beliefs specific to a student, like interests and personality. By knowing and understanding a student's ___________________, a teacher can design instruction to ensure success.
Maladaptive behaviors
Behaviors that do not allow a person to reach harmony with the environment. Often, they are a way of dealing with the stress of change that is so much a part of adolescence. Daisy's cutting is an example of a maladaptive behavior, but it's not the only one. Some of her friends skip meals or make themselves throw up. Besides cutting, eating disorders are sadly common issues in adolescence.
a HS history teacher wants to provide with a body of factual knowledge to support their learning in an upcoming until on the Korean conflict in the early 1950s. which of the following instructional approaches is likely to be most effective for this purpose? A) guided discovery B) cooperative learning C) direct instruction D) inquiry learning 46
C
which of the following approaches is likely to be most effective in facilitating middle school students; knowledge construction? A) ensuring that students have access to information resources on a broad range of topics B) quizzing students frequently on new topics and vocabulary C) providing students with opportunities to use new learning in authentic and meaningful contexts D) allowing students to establish their own goals and pace for learning 13
C
Teachers can encourage creativity by doing this before starting a new topic or assignment:
Brainstorming
In teaching self-regulation, provide opportunities for
Breaks
MS teachers are planning an interdisciplinary unit about freshwater ecosystems. the teachers want to ensure that all students' learning needs are addressed in this unit and that students benefit fully from instruction. which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping the teachers achieve this goal? a) developing an equal number of learning activities for each unit objective b) gathering periodic feedback from students about learning activities during the unit c) including in the unit multiple formative assessments of student progress and learning d) allowing students to choose which classmates to work with on small-group learning tasks
C
Teachers in a middle school provide students with opportunities to participate in regular activities designed to introduce them to a variety of specialized subjects. These activities are likely to be most effective in helping students begin to address which of the following challenges? A) developing a sense of self-efficacy as learners B) forming an accurate perception of their abilities C) making decisions about their future education and careers D) becoming independent and goal oriented in their learning 5
C
a 5th grade teacher creates a display for each instructional unit that is titled "who knew?" on which students are encouraged to post interesting facts related to unit topics. each week, the teacher engages students in a brief discussion on the information posted, giving students a chance to discuss what they have learned as well as what else they want to learn. the most important outcome of engaging students in this activity is: A) enabling students to recognize their peers' academic strengths B) motivating students to pursue knowledge beyond the classroom C) promoting a classroom culture that is focused on and values learning D) providing an academically enriched learning environment 29
C
a 5th grade teacher has the goal of helping students not only learn the meanings of new SS vocab but also understand the new vocab at a conceptual level. which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in achieving this outcome a) using new terms repeatedly when introducing key concepts to students b) ensuring students have access to resources such as a dictionary and thesaurus c) guided students in construction concept webs for new topics d) having students maintain a personal dictionary of social studies terms 85
C
a HS history teacher assigns students to read a textbook chapter about branches of the US gov't. which of the following post-reading activities would require students to demonstrate the highest level of comprehension of the textbook chapter. a) using the text to answer the end-of-chapter questions about the branches of government. b) defining the responsibilities and duties of each branch of government c) creating a diagram illustrating the relationships between the branches of government d) matching a list of vocabulary terms to the relevant branches of government 86
C
a HS physics class includes a number of students who have difficulty staying on task and maintaining attention during instruction. the teacher can best create a learning enviroment that is responsive to these students' needs by: A) posting key instructional points and directions for activities in a prominent location in the classroom B) providing brief breaks during lessons for students to move freely about the classroom C) establishing a well-organized classroom that is free from external distractions to the greatest extent possible D) minimizing the use of visually stimulating elements in classroom displays 33
C
a MS principal has asked a team of teachers to collaborate on the development of a new after-school enrichment program for the school. which of the following strategies by the teachers would best enhance the quality of this collaboration? a) developing standard evaluative criteria for the team to apply throughout the decision making process b) choosing a team member whose primary responsibility will be facilitating discussions and mediating conflict c) defining a clear and common goal for the teach and acknowledging the value of all team members contributions d) requesting that the principal lead the teams first few meetings in order to set an appropriate tone 91
C
a hs science teacher is planning tier 2 instruction for a small group of students who did not master two skills in a unit on chemical elements. which of the following guideline is most important for the teacher to adhere to in planning tier 2 instruction a) instruction in the targeted skills should be delivered in a self-paced independent study format b) the teacher should provide students with tools for monitoring their own progress in achieving instructional objectives c) instruction in the targeted skills should be explicit and systematic and incorporate mulitsensory experiences d) the teacher should incorporate opportunities for students to use digital resources to achieve instructional objectives 52
C
a teacher is reviewing a classroom assessment administered at the end of a science unit. the teacher notes that a large number of students missed the same three questions on the test. in reflecting on this situation, the teacher should consider which of the following questions first? a) did the students who missed the three questions sit near each other? b) do the three questions address a major concept from the unit? c) was the content addressed by the three questions taught to students during the unit? d) what percentage of the whole test do the three questions represent? 61
C
a teacher who makes a practices of activating students' background knowledge as a regular part of instruction is most clearly applying which of the following ideas about knowledge construction A) setting the stage for new learning by conveying to students the objectives and intended outcomes of a lesson B) facilitating students' ability to use information in a different context from which it was learned C) engaging students in accessing mental networks of related concepts to help them understand new information D) providing scaffolding to support students' ability to internalize new information and skills 12
C
assessments that are implemented before beginning an instructional unit are most appropriately used to answer which of the following questions? a) what type of feedback will be most helpful to students during the unit? b) which students are likely to need the most individual attention during the unit? c) what is the extent of students' knowledge of the unit topic? d) which techniques will best promote students' engagement with the unit topic? 66
C
compared with computer-assisted learning (CAL) that features tutorials and interactive software, online learning environments generally feature which of the following additional elements A) an infusion of educational technologies into classroom instruction B) a set of commercially produced study materials C) a provision for two-way communication and collaboration D) a teacher centered model of instruction 34
C
one goal for a MS is to establish partnerships with local businesses to enhance student learning. several businesses have agreed to participate in this initiative. the teachers would like to identify how each of the businesses can best become actively involved in students learning. which of the following steps should the teachers take first in this effort. a) arranging for representatives from each of the businesses to visit the school and observe instruction in several classrooms b) requesting the each business submit to the school a list of the resources and services they are prepared to offer c) meeting with reps from each of the businesses to examine the curriculum and discuss specific ways they may be able to support its implementation d) scheduling field trips for students to some of the businesses that have offered help so that the students can meet employees and learn about the businesses activities 92
C
teachers in a middle school want to promote the development of students' information literacy skills. which of the following approaches is likely to be most effective in achieving this outcome a) incorporating weekly demonstrations of specific information literacy skills or digital tools into long-range instructional plans b) establishing a classroom learning center that enables students to learn and practice information literacy skills at their own pace c) designing learning activities that require students to apply targeted information literacy skills in real-world contexts related to current topics of study d) arranging for the school librarian to provide information literacy instructions to small groups of students as needed to accomplish lesson or unit objectives 55
C
the most important advantage of instructional materials in a digital format compared with instructional materials in a print format is that the digital format A) increases students' overall level of engagement in learning b) can be used by students multiple times c) can be easily modified for students with specific learning needs d) promotes students' technological proficiency 54
C
the process of curriculum mapping is used primarily for which of the following purposes? A) assigning responsibilities to teachers for implementing various aspects of a curriculum B) communicating with stakeholders about students' progress in achieving curriculum goals C) gaining insights into gaps, absences, and repetitions in a school's curriculum D) identifying appropriate materials and resources to support specific curriculum 42
C
when planning the physical organization of the classroom, a MS teacher can most effectively maximize student learning by considering which of the following questions first? A) what types of classroom displays will best support students' understanding of content? B) where should the teacher's desk by located to best monitor student behavior? C) what types of instructional activities will students be engaged in most frequently? D) where should resources materials be located to best facilitate students' access to information 40
C
which of the following assessment strategies is the most appropriate and effective method for monitoring students' progress toward achieving grade level content standards a) rating scales b) oral questioning c) benchmark tests d) portfolio conferences 69
C
which of the following assignments during a unit on anatomy would best promote high school students higher-order thinking skills? A) construct a diagram of body's musculature, illustrating the major muscles and describing the movements associated with each muscle B) describe the major types of joints in terms of the tissues that hold them together C) distinguish between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions and discuss how forces generated in muscle contractions are amplified by the use of levers D) explain the biochemical mechanisms that provide energy for muscle contraction and relaxation 17
C
which of the following school factors is likely to have the most significant negative effect on middle school students' learning? A) strict student behavior and dress codes B) limited number of elective courses C) cramped and overcrowded classrooms D) lack of individual student lockers 23
C
which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective for supporting MS students in the process of self-assessment a) including a prompt at the end of each classroom test asking students to predict how they will perform b) writing at least one positive comment on students' homework and written assignments c) providing students with materials such as checklists and rating scales to guide their thinking about learning d) having students record the grade they earn for each assignment on a chart in their binder 77
C
which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in involving the families of 5th grade students in their children's literacy development a) creating a family newsletter that includes information about the LA standards and skills the students are currently studying b) inviting students' families to visit the classroom and participate in a LA lesson c) implementing a program in which students and families select books from the classroom library to ready together and maintain a log of their reading d) establishing an after-school or Saturday book club for interested students and families 90
C
Lee and Marlene Canter
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT control student behavior through discipline
Piaget Learning Theory
COGNITIVE (the act or process of knowing, reasoning) structure develops in order to respond to experiences in their environment
Piaget's 4 Stages of Development Stage 3
CONCRETE OPERATIONS (7 to 11) after having more physical experiences, able to conceptualize and solve abstract problems
Vygotsky Learning Theory
CULTURE main influence factor in human development cultural influences include family, school, media, and community
Cultural and Social Development of Children
CULTURE provides main medium from which most children acquire knowledge WHAT and HOW to think -children learn most of their experiences through interaction with parents, teachers, siblings and peers - Language
Humanistic Approach (Facilitation Theory)
Carl Rogers Importance of learning is upon the person who is facilitating the learning. safe environment in order for risks to be taken and new ideas explored TEACHERS: able to question their own beliefs and values, listen to student experiences, open to positive and negative feedback in order to examine teaching style and behavior STUDENTS: responsible for the content of their learning, self evaluation important, examine own progress in achieving results and solving problems
Linguistic traits
Certain aspects of language that may be compared among language groups including vocabulary and grammar.
The units studied require the sequencing of _____.
Chapters
Concept maps are helpful in showing students how to (3)
Classify Categorize Connect information
Ways to enhance safe and healthy classrooms (5)
Clean and orderly room Resources easily accessible Allow space for movement Teach conflict-resolving strategies Establish consistent rules
Classroom Reward Structures
Competitive Goal Structures - curve grading Individual goal structure - students work alone Cooperative goal structures - students work together to achieve shared goals.
What do teachers need to establish in order to encourage students to be responsible for their own behavior?
Consistent consequences and routines
#1 negative influencer of ability to learn
Cramped and overcrowded classrooms
Critical thinking skills (6)
Creativity Classification Categorization Connections Learner autonomy Collaboration
Categorization and classification are examples of skills that promote what?
Critical thinking
Which of the following social behaviors typically appears first in early adolescence? A) viewing friendships as a mutual relationship based on trust B) organizing peer groups based on proximity and similarity in gender and ethnicity C) demonstrating awareness of gender stereotypes in personality traits D) forming small groups of peers with similar family backgrounds, attitudes, and values.3
D
a 10th grade science teacher has a goal of improving students' retention of information presented during instruction. which of the following communication strategies is likely to be most effective in achieving this outcome? a) pausing during explanations to define content-specific vocabulary b) repeating important content several times in a row c) minimizing gestures and movement when introducing content d) explaining the same content more than one way 58
D
a 6th grade LA class includes three students with specific learning disabilities that affect their reading comprehension. the teacher can best begin to differentiate instruction for these students in a lesson that includes written material by implementing which of the following strategies a) allowing the students as much time as they need to complete the same learning tasks as their peers B) providing the students with shorter texts covering the same content that are written for younger students C) developing a different set of criteria for evaluating the students' performance of assigned learning tasks D) using highlighting, underlining, or color coding of written texts to emphasize essential words and phrases. 48
D
a 7th grade teacher has taught three differentiated lessons on a particular mathematics concept. in analyzing the results of a classroom assessment given after the lessons, the teacher notes that 5 students did not master the concept. at this point, the teacher should take which of the following actions with regard to these students? a) designing extra homework related to the concept b) giving the students an opportunity to retake the classroom assessment c) having peers who passed the classroom assessment reteach the concept to the students d) providing the students with additional small group instruction on the targeted concept 72
D
a MS teacher who wants to provide parents/guardians with a comprehensive picture of students' academic progress should emphasize which of the following strategies a) implementing a system in which parents/guardians sign and return students graded work b) using various communication formats to encourage parents/guardians to talk with students about what they are learning c) inviting parents/guardians to visit the classroom to observe student learning activities d) meeting regularly with parents/guardians to share student performance data collected from a variety of sources 78
D
a high school math class includes students who are performing at a range of achievement levels. which of the following instructional practices is most likely to have a significant negative effect on the learning of low achieving students A) providing students with tools to monitor their own progress and learning B) engaging students in regular peer tutoring activities C) recognizing students who demonstrate progress in their learning D) placing students into long-term groups according to ability 15
D
a new 8th grade teacher wants to take a proactive approach to classroom management and prevent student misbehavior to the greatest extent possible. which of the following strategies would best help the teacher achieve this goal A) rewarding students who demonstrate appropriate classroom behavior with weekly free time B) designing a system of student monitors to promote appropriate classroom behavior C) reviewing classroom behavior guidelines with students at the beginning of each class period D) ensuring that students have clear understand of the teachers expectations for classroom behavior 37
D
a new math teacher has a goal of planning learner-centered instruction. the teacher is planned introductions to the unit best represents a learner-centered approach? A) the teacher posts a list of the solid shapes students will be studying. students then use information from their textbooks to describe and make a drawing of each shape in their mathematics journals for future reference B) the teacher can show students a block in each of the solid shapes that will be taught. students then work as a large group to brainstorm as many familiar objects as they can that illustrate each shape C) the teacher presents foundational information about solid shapes while students take notes. students then have an opportunity to ask questions to clarify their understanding of the information D) the teacher displays a diagram of each of the solid shapes students will be learning about. students then work in small groups to examine blocks of the shapes and write down their observations about each shape to share with the class 50
D
a students in a 5th grade class has been having difficulty keeping up with assignments, finishing and turning in homework, and studying for tests. the teacher has met with the parents, who agree that their child would benefit from extra help in several areas. together, the teacher and the parents identify supports for the student that will be implemented at home at and at school. which of the following additional steps should the teacher take to facilitate the parents involvement in addressing their childs challenges? a) asking the parents to take responsibility for explaining to their child the supports that will be implemented b) recommending that the paretns investigate private tutoring for their child should the supports prove unsuccessful c) suggesting that the parents visit the classroom to observe their child during various instructional periods d) establishing a daily dialogue journal to communicate with the parents about their childs progress and any issue that arise 93
D
a teacher is reviewing entries he recorded in his teaching journal during a recently completed instructional unit. in reflecting on the journal entries, the teacher should be most concerned about improving his performance in relation to which of the following issues? a) some students spent more time on enrichment tasks than their peers because they completed their assigned classwork quickly b) two of the planned learning activities had to be modified significantly to address the needs of ELLs in the class c) some lessons took longer than planned because class discussions occasionally revealed student misconceptions that needed to be addressed d) two students with learning disabilities were unable to participate meaningfully during some of the small-group activities 96
D
according to Indiana's RTI model, students at the secondary level are most likely to receive instruction at the tier 2 level through which of the following avenues a) summer classes b) peer tutoring c) self-paced tutorials d) basic skills classes 74
D
Tiered activities are a helpful way to implement what?
Differentiated instruction
after reviewing students recent writing assignments, a HS English teacher determines that students are using adverbs and adjectives to modify the same word, mixing verb tenses in a single sentence, and using erratic sentence structures. the teacher can best address this issue by showing students how to use which of the following techniques? a) foreshadowing b) analogy c) hyperbole d) parallelism 89
D
an 8th grade SS teacher has noticed that students to use the same adjectives over and over in their essay assignments. as one strategy for addressing this situation, the teacher plans to teach students how to use an online thesaurus to enhance their vocab. which of the following skills would be most important for the teacher to include when teaching students how to use this tool effectively a) identifying as many places as possible in their work to insert new words b) having another student verify that they have used new words in a grammatically correct way c) using word analysis skills to link new words to familiar vocab and ideas d) verifying the meanings of new words in a dictionary to make sure the words make sense in context 84
D
constructing a class sociogram is an appropriate technique for gathering which of the following types of information a) students level of social-emotional development b) students' preferred learning styles c) students' attitudes toward school and learning d) students interrelationships within the class 70
D
throughout the school year, students in an 8th grade science class conduct internet research on a wide range of topics. the teacher wants to facilitate students' ability to determine the credibility of the information they find. which of the following strategies would be support students in this area? a) encouraging students to explore each of the links provided by a web site before using information from the site b) pre-selecting several reputable web sites for students to use in information searches c) requiring students to use a general reference source, such as an encyclopedia, to verify online information d) helping students develop a checklist of criteria to use when evaluating online information sources 56
D
when designing a virtual learning environment for students, teachers can best facilitate the learning process by adhering to which of the following guidelines. A) providing open ended timelines for assignments that enable students to work at their own pace B) using a modular approach for organizing content and related assessments to help students manage their time C) including a rating scale that allows students to provide feedback on the effectiveness of each activity D) linking supplemental resources directly from content pages to streamline students' access to information 35
D
which of the following characteristics must be present in an authentic assessment? a) students have a minimal, set amount of time to respond to test questions b) student learning is evaluated through the examination of one or more student products c) students have an opportunity to examine exemplary products or responses prior to the test d) students must use knowledge to perform a task that is grounded in real-world contexts. 67
D
which of the following elements is most essential for an instructional unit to be effective in promoting all students' learning? A) a comprehensive bibliography of resources that support the targeted objectives B) a structured time frame that allots an equal amount of time for teaching each concept or skill C) a list of questions to guide teacher reflections after implementing each lesson D) a wide range of strategies and activities that address students' characteristics and specific learning needs 43
D
which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in promoting a physically safe learning environment for a class of sixth-grade students? A) ensuring that the students have an adequate amount of personal space within the classroom B) encouraging students to establish and maintain a personal journal for expressing their feelings C) allowing students as a group to develop the classroom rules and consequences D) providing students with instruction in skills and techniques for resolving conflicts verbally 27
D
which of the following teacher practices during class discussions wold best communicate to students that their contributions are important and valued? A) redirecting students' comments to the larger group for feedback B) encouraging students to make a habit of elaborating their responses to questions C) awarding students extra grade points for particularly insightful comments D) providing students with ample response time and cues as needed to answer questions 14
D
Ways to enhance supportive and inclusive classrooms (4)
Differentiating instruction/assessments/assignments Grading learning, not behavior Forming relationships with students Asking students for feedback
Ways to encourage students to belong (3)
Decoration should echo student interests Assigning students roles Tracking student progress
Strategies for using prior knowledge (3)
Describe the familiar KWL Brainstorm webs
The SAMR model
Developed by Ruben Puentadora, categorizes the use of instructional technology along four levels: substitution, augmentation, modi cation, and redefinition. The ultimate goal is for teachers to use technology to accomplish a learning objective that can't be done without technology.
"Choice Theory" or the "Control Theory"
Developed by William Glasser. Proposed that teachers should focus on students' behavior, not the students, Teachers use classroom meetings to change behaviors. Students have a say in rules, curriculum, and classroom environment. This gives them a greater sense of ownership and promotes intrinsic motivation for learning and behavior.
John Dewey
Dewey applied his pragmatic beliefs to education, and his ideas forever changed the landscape of education. His impact even earned him the name 'The Modern Father of Experiential Education.' This education philosophy is based on the idea that learning occurs through experience and requires hands-on activities that directly relate to the learner's life.
Achievement Behavior Atkinson
Differences in achievement behavior are due to the differences in the need for achievement that each person feels. Those that need HIGH ACHIEVEMENT -> more focus on success than failure, high effort, positive experience Those that have LOW need for achievement -> little to no effort, stop before starting encourage participation/challeng to have positive experience
Choice boards are a good way to implement what?
Differentiated instruction
Scoring guides
Documents that detail learning behaviors and corresponding grades, are given to students before work begins. This nonverbal communication method allows them to check in often with the learning expectations and acts as a guide
Logical consequences for student behavior do what?
Draw a direct connection between the behavior and the consequence
Think Aloud
During a this activity, the teacher reads to the students and model their thought process while reading, so students can see interactive reading in action.
inner speech
During the preschool period, egocentric speech becomes increasingly abbreviated. Vocalization eventually ends, and egocentric speech moves inward as _____________________ or communicative speech. This is defined as the process of talking to oneself mentally rather than out loud. It is a silent form of verbal thinking. However, it does not become fully functional until after age 12. The psychological nature of ____________________ is important because it represents the most advanced level of the relationship between speech and thinking.
Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years)
During this stage, young children can think about things symbolically. This is the ability to make one thing - a word or an object - stand for something other than itself. But at this stage the child cannot use logic or transform, combine or separate ideas.
Formal Operational Stage (11 years and over)
During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses.
Lau vs. Nichols (Lau Remedies)
ESL rights as outlined by the U.S office of civil rights - students should be taught in their native language until they can benefit from instruction on the english language.
Four Corners
Each corner of the room is assigned an answer choice, and students congregate in the corner of the room that aligns with their own thinking. Once there, they can discuss how they arrived at that particular answer. The opportunity to get up and get moving will be an added treat for many students. Finally, you could select a member of each group to present their findings for why they went to a particular corner of the room, reinforcing understanding by hearing the correct answer as well as common remedies to mistakes made by others.
Holistic Learning Theory
Each student has different personality, imaginations, feelings and intelligence that all need to be stimulated for learning to be achieved.
Erikson Stage 2
Early Childhood (2-3 yrs) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toilet Training - develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of independence (+) Autonomy (-) shame and doubt
Conduct Disorder (CD)
Early onset of sexual behavior, smoking, drinking, taking unnecessary risk taking. violates the basic rights or others or significant social norms and rules specific to age group harm to others and animals
culture
Elements of knowledge, ideas, beliefs, etc., that are passed along from one generation to the next.
All classrooms should encourage students to (3)
Engage Collaborate Belong
Multicultural Education
Enrich student's perspective by valuing pluralism and studying a variety of cultures. lessen prejudices and increase tolerance fair and equal education for minorities celebrates differences criticized for eradication of common traditions difficult success for ELL that do not have parental support
By asking students to determine whether an ad message uses sound reasoning to convince its viewers to buy a product, a teacher is requiring students to use what thinking skill?
Evaluation
Prior Knowledge can come from (5)
Everyday experiences Student culture Pop culture Previous school experiences Other current classes
modeling
Examining mentor texts or examples that lets students see how proficient writers/readers approach explaining, arguing, and narrating. The teacher writing with and in front of students is a powerful method of ____________________
Gestalt Approach
Experience is the most importance!
Instruction in targeted concepts should be (3)
Explicit Systematic Multisensory experience
Developing higher-order thinking skills in students involves giving students
Explicit instruction in a variety of learning/thinking strategies
implicit teaching
Exposing children to certain things (such as vocabulary words by using them in a sentence) without telling them what it means. Giving them the context but not the exact meaning of something.
Piaget's 4 Stages of Development Stage 4
FORMAL OPERATIONS (11 to 15) Cognitive skills are like those of an adult to include conceptual reasoning
Direct instruction involves the teaching of (3)
Facts Rules Action sequences
What critical thinking skill can be taught when students are being exposed to content?
Finding patterns
intermediate fluency
Finding themselves in this stage about three to five years after being introduced to the new language, learners have about 6,000 words or more under their belts. Adding to this, they have excellent comprehension of their new language. Their grammar even looks good! During this stage, it's reported that some students even begin to think in the new language.
With a Grade-Equivalent Score, a teacher should do what next in order to determine students' reading level / readiness?
Get more information
Differentiating assessment
Give students choice Natural differentiation
Ways to encourage students to collaborate (3)
Flexible seating Room for movement Recognizing student strengths
External pressure
For gifted students, this comes from parents, peers, or other adults. This kind of pressure might make gifted students feel like they always have to perform in accordance with others' high expectations. Gifted students might feel, for instance, that because they are 'supposed' to be gifted at math, their parents expect them to perform exceedingly well on every single math assignment or assessment. These expectations can be stressful because even for gifted students, material can be new or confusing.
congenital blindness
For some people, vision impairment is present at birth due to genetics or toxins in the womb.
Ways to encourage students to have responsibility for their own learning (5)
Give students choices Model learning behavior Ask for feedback and input Let students set goals and reflect Don't assume a busy student is an engaged student
Positive Reinforcement
Giving something pleasant to enforce a certain behavior. This increases the chances that the behavior will continue. For an example, a teacher compliments students when they answer correctly.
scaffolding technique
Giving the student lots of instructional support in the beginning and then slowly removing the support as the learner acquires the skills to write independently.
Teachers can encourage students to be responsible for their own behavior by praising
Good behavior
self-direction
Having students set their own goals, working toward achieving them, and maintaining motivation.
George Herbert Mead
He believed that the sense of self is developed through social interaction, and in the early twentieth century, he identified three sequential stages that led the child to develop a sense of self. These stages are play, game, and generalized other.
Ernst von Glasersfeld
He coined the term "radical constructivism" (RC) in 1974 in order to emphasize that from an epistemological perspective any constructivism has to be complete (or "radical") in order not to relapse into some kind of fancy realism (The idea that reality exists independently from the observer). The basic tenet of RC is that any kind of knowledge is constructed rather than perceived through senses. As such, RC does not present a metaphysics (The theory of reality) in the strict sense as it does not make statements about an outside reality.
Albert Bandura
He considered the effects of behavior modeling in his social learning theory.
Albert Bandura
He discovered the importance of behavioral models when he was working with patients with snake phobias. He found that the patients' observation of former patients handling snakes was an effective therapy. The patients in treatment abstracted the information that others who were like them handled snakes with no ill effects. These patients considered that information in re effecting on their own behavior. He found that these observations were more effective in treating their phobias than persuasion and observing the psychologist handle the snakes. His most famous experiment was the 1961 Bobo Doll study. Briefly, he made a video in which an adult woman was shown being aggressive to a Bobo doll, hitting and shouting aggressive words. The lm was shown to groups of children. Afterwards, the children were allowed to play in the room with the same doll. The children began imitating the model by beating up the doll and using similar, aggressive words. The study was signi cant because it departed from behaviorism's insistences that all behavior is directed by reinforcement or rewards. The children received no encouragement or incentives to beat up the doll; they were simply imitating the behavior they had observed. Through the Bobo doll experiment and others, He grounded his understanding of a model's primary function, which is to transmit information to the observer. His social learning theory stresses the importance of observational learning, imitation and modeling. His theory integrates a continuous interaction between behaviors, personal factors - including cognition - and the environment referred to as reciprocal causation model.
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner
He examined the effects of reinforcement and punishment in his theory of operant conditioning.
Erik Erikson
He expanded on Freud's theory and helped form the psychosocial theory.
Jean Piaget
He revolutionized the way we look at child development by proposing the idea that children think differently than adults. Piaget's stages of cognitive development look at the sequential steps that take place in children's intellectual development. He was a psychologist and developmental biologist, who recorded the intellectual development and abilities of infants, children, and teens.
Ivan Pavlov
He studied learning through association in his theory of classical conditioning.
Higher Order Thinking
High Expectations Risk Taking Grouping Students Flexibly Engaging Multiple Intelligences Allow students voice and choice Allow students to ask questions to which I don't have the answer vary Assessments
Grammatical development
How people learn how to properly talk through syntax and morphology.
Before a group discussion, make sure to decide (5)
How students will be evaluated Who will sit where How to prepare students What language or "code" will be used Rules of the discussion
Syntax
How words are arranged into sentences
punishment
If administered to a model, this tends to convey three primary effects: 1. The outcome conveys information about behaviors that are likely to have a negative result and are, therefore, inappropriate. 2. A restraining in uence on imitative, aggressive actions is also likely to occur. 3. Because the behavior was unsuccessful, the model's status is likely to be devalued.
No Child Left Behind
In 2001, this law was formed and stated that if schools didn't perform well on standarized tests, they could be restructured, taken over by an outside agency, or, as a worse case scenario, closed.
Person (P in Bandura's reciprocal causation model)
In Bandura's model, it refers to cognition, but also factors such as self-efficacy, motives and personality.
environment (E in Bandura's reciprocal causation model)
In Bandura's model, it's comprised of the situation, roles, models and relationships
Culturally competent instruction encourages students to do what with their own cultures? (3)
Reflect on them Interact with them Share them with others
Robert Marzano, Debra Pickering and Jane Pollock
In the early 2000s, three educators that looked at decades of research done on providing feedback to students to figure out what makes feedback most effective. they determined that there are four traits of effective feedback, and feedback which possesses those traits will be most beneficial to students. They determined that e ective feedback is corrective, informing students of the right and wrong parts of their performance. It's timely, given to the students as soon as their work is submitted. It's criterion-referenced, comparing their performance to a fixed standard and not the performance of other students. And, wherever possible, effective feedback is student-facilitated, allowing students the tools and opportunities to critique their own work.
Reality therapy
In this classroom management approach, a misbehaving student discusses his or her infraction with the teacher. Together, the teacher and student come up with a discipline plan, or a way for the student to make things right. Students have input into their discipline, and are consistently asked to reflect on their behavior.
visual processing disorder
In this disability, students struggle to correctly receive and process information from the eyes. For example, Chelsea just can't seem to copy her letters correctly. She frequently confuses letters and loses her place while working. Her eyes sometimes ache, and she just can't keep her writing neat. She misbehaves sometimes in class because the other kids tease her.
Think-Pair-Share
In this example, the sharing portion allows for pairs to present what they think, and how they got there, to the class as a whole. instead of checking for the active understanding of one or two students per question, you can now check for the active understanding of a much higher percentage of the classroom in a given moment.
preoperational stage
In this stage, children cannot mentally problem-solving activities. They cannot imagine what they would look like if they were put end-to-end. She actually has to put them end-to-end to realize that they'd look like a long stick.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
In this stage, the child can work things out internally in their head (rather than physically try things out in the real world)
ADHD
Inappropriate amounts of INATTENTION, IMPULSIVENESS AND HYPERACTIVITY HYPERACTIVITY - fidgety, squirmy or restless on a regular basis INATTENTION - distracted by visual and auditory stimuli. IMPULSIVENESS - inability to think before they act. unable to learn from prior experiences DSM-IV - 5 step declaration evaluation may over extended period of time and treatment may be medication and/or therapy
Higher-order thinking skills (5)
Independent thinking and learning Reflection Compare/contrast Analyze Synthesize
personality profile
Individual characteristic aspects that make each of them unique.
Performance based assessment
Individually driven Requires a lot of thought from teacher to make sure that all choices are relevant to topic and can be graded on a scale.
Persuasive Models Social Learning Theory
Individuals will pay attention to positive experiences that they observe and strive to repeat the same experience for themselves. Discrepancies in behavior/reward will leave the student unclear of what the teacher wants
Erikson Stage 1
Infancy (0 to 18 mos) Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding - develop sense of trust/reliable care and affection (+) experience - > Trust (-) experience - > Mistrust
Cognitive view of motivation
Influences... 1. People need to make sense of their experiences 2. Knowing expectations for completing a task 3. Factors that one believes account for success and failure. 4. One's beliefs about their own ability to solve problems and think critically.
developmentally appropriate
Instruction or learning that is given at a student's level
What kinds of differentiation are possible? (4)
Instructional delivery Assessment type and process Projects In-class participation
Perception Disabilities
Interruption in the input process from the eyes or ears to the neurons in the brain. VISUAL Perception - affect READING or GROSS MOTOR SKILLS (difficulty with distance or hand/eye coordination) AUDITORY Perception - determining differences in SOUND (determining differences or hearing a voice in a room with many voices) SENSORY perception - tactile activity can cause discomfort or even pain
English Language Learners
Introduce aspects of ELL students culture and language to the students to encourage interaction. Dictionary Pictures
Discussions of debate
Involve addressing opinions about a specific issue
Problem-solving discussions
Involve analyzing a problem and brainstorming solutions
Decision-making discussions
Involve coming to a group consensus on a course of action
Creative discussions
Involve planning or assigning roles to complete a project
Inquiry Method
Involvement in learning leads to understanding. Involves possessing and severing skills that are you to find solutions to problems and issues Involves: Context existing where questions can be asked Structure to questions Different levels of questions Taking data and putting into useful knowledge. Allows: Multiple intelligences to be Learned
secondary research
Looks more like literature review summaries and describe the findings of one or more examples of primary research conducted by others.
Text Telephone (TTY)
It converts language to text. A simple tool like this provides much needed support to people with hearing loss.
Inclusive classroom
It is a general education classroom in which students with and without disabilities learn together. It is essentially the opposite of a special education classroom, where students with disabilities learn with only other students with disabilities.
Critical thinking
It is a mode of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. It is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking.
anecdotal notes
Notes that teachers take on a student's progress over a period of time.
Naturalist intelligence
It is about understanding the natural world. People who are very good with plants and have a green thumb are often high in naturalist intelligence.
Physical accessibility
It is achieved when structures are accessible to those with special needs. A ramp is an example of this because it allows access to individuals who require a wheelchair. An elevator would be another example of this.
Radical constructivism
It is both a type of learning theory and a pedagogical model. It is learning through the process of dynamic adaptation towards viable interpretations of experience. The knower does not necessarily construct knowledge of a "real" world. Knowledge is therefore a result of a self-organized cognitive process. The emphasis in this way of thinking focuses on the individual learner as a constructor. The focus is not on how the human environment affects learning because it is regarded as part of the total environment.
wait time 2
It is the time period after the student's initial response and before the teacher's reaction.
expository instruction
It is the use of an expert to explain a concept or give information to the student. The expert could be an instructor, a textbook, or an educational video, just to name a few.
Intelligence
It is traditionally defined as scholastic aptitude. That is, it is about how well a person will do in school at subjects like math and language arts.
Journal of Secondary Gifted Education
JOAA publishes articles that feature strategies for programs that promote high levels of academic achievement and programs that prepare students to engage in high-level and rigorous academics. It was originally published as The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education until 1999, when educators began to expand the field of gifted and talented and created a new set of guidelines for the classroom
The major developmental theorists
Jean Piaget, but also include Erik Erikson, who proposed the stages of psychosocial development; Lawrence Kohlberg, best known for his stages of moral development; and James Marcia, known for the theory of identity achievement.
The major cognitive psychologists
Jean Piaget, who developed Piaget's theory of cognitive development and stages of cognitive development; Lev Vygotsky, best known for his sociocultural development theory; Noam Chomsky, referred to as the father of modern linguistics; and Jerome Bruner, who coined the term 'scaffolding.'
The major constructivist psychologists
John Dewey; Maria Montessori, best known for her philosophy of education and schools; David Kolb, known for experiential learning; and Ernst von Glasersfeld, known for his model of radical constructivism.
In planning a group discussion, make sure the topic is (2)
Relevant Complex
To help keep easily-distracted students on task, teachers can (2)
Keep the classroom as distraction-free as possible Have predictable routines
Project Based Learning elements (8)
Key knowledge, understanding, and success skills Challenging problem or question Sustained inquiry Authenticity Student voice and choice Reflection Critique and revision Public product
Curriculum should be clear about what students need to (3)
Know Understand Be able to do
early production
Lasting about six months, this stage sees the child begin to learn and speak in short phrases. During this stage, they have a vocabulary of about 1,000 words and very little understanding of grammatical rules. For this reason they tend to stick with short, familiar phrases like 'Where is the bathroom' or 'Thank you very much.' Despite these limitations, they are beginning to make the language their own.
speech emergence
Lasting from about one to three years, comprehension of the new language takes off during this phase. As evidence of this, our young learners will begin to independently form simple sentences. Rather than simply regurgitating memorized phrases, they will begin to manipulate them. Rather than saying the rehearsed, 'Thank you very much,' they might say, 'Thanks for doing that' or 'Thanks for your help.' Yes, their grammar will still be quite a disaster, but they will be able to sound out words phonetically with an inventory of about 3,000 words.
Factors that need to be considered in planning for individualized instruction (3)
Learner readiness Learning profiles Learner interests
Independent Learning
Learners acquire knowledge solely through their own efforts Develop ability for inquiry and critical thinking. Students required to self monitor, persevere through problems, held accountable for their actions (+)Valuable life skills, able to use learning style that suits them best. (-) discouraged by the lack of structure and need direction from teacher. Teacher must provide a supportive and encouraging environment. Ensure that student are adequately prepared to successfully launch.
Direct instruction
Led by the teacher followed by the students Quick and easy for simple one right answer content. Control over timing of lessons, how it is taught (-) minimizes prior experiences. Caters to one learning strategy.
inter-curricular lessons
Lessons in one field that incorporate other fields of learning. For example, Students using reading, writing, math, or other subjects to answer questions.
Jones model
Like the Kounin model, this model is named for the person who invented it. The teachers make sure that expectations for different situations are made clear, use body language to communicate to off -task students, implement rewards and punishments, and avoid wasting too much time disciplining students during class.
advanced fluency
Like the name implies, learners in this stage have a near native grasp of the language. In other words, other than their accents, they may just sound like they were born speaking the language. This stage can take up to ten years to reach. However, once attained, our young learners can easily navigate their new language. Yes, they still need support, but just like the rest of us, their language development and vocabulary should continue to grow as they do.
Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic*, musical, logical-mathematical*, spatial, bodily Kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal and intrapersonal 9th intelligence (existential) - emphasis placed on learning skills in context/apprenticeships vs. textbooks - assessment differentiation to foster students to work in their area of intelligence and skill
How to make content "rigorous and relevant" (2)
Link prior knowledge to new content Apply abstract concepts to the concrete/relatable
Bloom's Taxonomy
Lower Thinking Skills: knowledge, comprehension, application KNOWLEDGE: memorization, terms: list, define, tell, describe, collect, examine, tabulate, quote, name, label, who, when, where COMPREHENSION: ability to grasp the meaning of material, terms: summarize, describe, interpret, contrast, predict, associate, distinguish, estimate, differentiate, discuss, extend APPLICATION: use learned info in new situations through rules, concepts, theories. Terms: apply, demonstrate, calculate, complete, discover, illustrate, show, solve, examine, modify, relate, change, classify, experiment Higher Thinking Skills: ANALYSIS: break down material into parts so its organization can be looked at. Terms, analysis, separate, order, explain, connect, classify, arrange, divide, select, infer SYNTHESIS: putting parts together to form a new whole. Terms, combine, modify, rearrage, substitute, plan, create, design, invent, compose, formulate, prepare, generalize and rewrite EVALUATION: ability to judge the value of a material for a certain purpose. Terms: assess, decide, rank, grade, test, measure, recommend, convince, judge, explain, discriminate, support, conclude, compare, summarize
What should students be encouraged to do with minimal guidance from the teacher in order to develop critical thinking skills?
Make decisions
classroom organization
Managing classroom materials and having a plan for their use and the techniques teachers use to keep their classrooms humming smoothly along.
Different ways students process information
Manipulatives Charts/graphs/maps Text Audio
trade languages
Many of these type of communication linguistics exist among different neighboring groups of people. Since the purpose of this language is for commerce, terms and features are borrowed from one group or another for how many trade goods or how much money is exchanged. One wouldn't want to talk philosophy with someone in a this type of business language. However, this type of communication linguistic isn't expansive enough to say everything one might want to say on a topic, but it is enough to communicate.
Erikson Stage 8
Maturity (65 to Death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on life (+) Ego Integrity - wisdom (-) Despair - regret and bitterness
Erikson Stage 7
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Generativity vs. Stagnation Work and Parenthood - Create or nurture things that will outlast them (+) Generativity - usefulness and accomplishment (-) Stagnation - shallow involvement in the world
K-W-L chart
One activity that can help activate prior knowledge, consisting of three columns, where students share information on what they know, want to know, and what they learned.
Performance based assessment
Problem solving and understanding of a topic Provides a measure of achievement as well as teacher progress with an individual student Self reflection
Bloom's Cognitive Domain (from lowest to highest)
Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, Creating
William Glasser's Control Theory
Motivations, behaviors and actions are attempts to satisfy needs such as love, survival, power and freedom. Teacher's can use this intrinsic motivation with their students in order encourage behaviors that are beneficial to learning. Such as group work which satisfies a built in need to be with friends or community in small groups.
Kounin model
Named for the man who first described it. In this approach, the focus is on preventing misbehavior from happening. Teachers can do this through being alert and aware of what's going on in class, encouraging on-task behavior, and making sure students are continually working, among other things.
What kind of questions induce critical thinking?
Open-ended questions
Piaget's 4 Stages of Development Stage 2
PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7) operate best in concrete situations may recognize abstract concepts but don't fully grasp
In teaching self-regulation, point out to the student (2)
Positive alternatives The outcomes of different choices
Reasons Students Misbehave
Power Attention Inadequacy Revenge
In planning long-range, teachers should be aware of students' (3)
Prerequisite classes Past performance on tests and in class Attitudes toward learning
Erikson Stage 3
Preschool (3 to 5 yrs) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration - asserting control and power over environment (+) sense of purpose; Initiative (-) too much power exerted, disapproval; Guilt
Creative Thining
Process by which one derives a new idea ACCIDENTALLY - chance encounter process. can take a long time to develop. one tries something DELIBERATE used to create new ideas from a structure ONGOING develops through education and self awareness. seeking improvement never ends
Fluid Thinking is the ability to
Produce many ideas in response to an open-ended question/problem
STEM programs
Programs that focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
Displaying data in a variety of formats helps do this:
Promote students' comprehension of data
'academic rationalism' curriculum orientation
Promotes teaching reading, writing and arithmetic to ensure students measure up to the state or national standards Social adaptation and social reconstruction evaluate the needs of society and then aims to teach students the skills needed to survive as an adult
To facilitate knowledge construction for middle school students,
Provide opportunities to use new learning in meaningful contexts
Critical Thinking
Pursuit of relevant, reasonable and reliable knowledge about the world that is focused on what one should believe or do. Must be taught PROS question info thinking for themselves challenge traditional believes discover new informtion investigate problems CONS rebellion challenging authority question everything
Primary sex characteristics
Refer to the sexual organs. In boys this is an increase in the size of the prostate gland, testes, seminal vesicles, and penis. The most noticeable change that occurs for young men is their first ejaculation, which often occurs during sleep. They may also experience spontaneous erections. In girls, it's the uterus and vagina. The uterus begins to build a lining, and the vagina starts to produce discharge. The most noticeable change that occurs for young women is their first menstrual period. This occurs when the uterus sheds its first lining of tissue and blood. In adult women, this lining is shed about every 28 days.
Secondary sex characteristics
Refers to other visible changes that mark adult maturation. These include body hair growth, body odor, and a sudden increase in height. Also, changes to body shape or voice may occur.
Systematic
Refers to the fact that language is composed of rules.
After a group discussion, help students to (4)
Reflect Evaluate Summarize Respond
Piaget's Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (BIRTH TO 2 YEARS OLD): The infant builds an understanding of himself or herself and reality (and how things work) through interactions with the environment. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4) The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations. CONCRETE OPERATIONS (AGES 7 TO 11) As physical experience accumulates, accomodation is increased. The child begins to think abstractly and conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his or her physical experiences. FORMAL OPERATIONS (BEGINNING AT AGES 11 TO 15) Cognition reaches its final form. By this stage, the person no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgements. He or she is capable of deductive and hypothetical reasoning. His or her ability for abstract thinking is very similar to an adult.
All classrooms should be (5)
Safe Healthy Supportive Inclusive Learning-centered
Erikson Stage 4
School Age (6 to 11) Industry vs. Inferiority School - coping with new social and academic demands (+) Industry; sense of competence (-) Inferiority;
middle childhood
School age children between the ripe age of 5-12
Learning Theories
Scientific ideas of how people learn their behavior
Motivation
Selection, direction and continuation of behavior. Comes from within the student.
Phonics
The understanding that the written letters of the alphabet represent different sounds, and these sounds make up words. Once students hear the sounds in the word ''cat,'' they then need to learn that the letters ''c,'' ''a,'' ''t'' blend together to spell the word ''cat.''
The levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization - includes morality, creativity, problem solving, etc. Esteem - includes confidence, self-esteem, achievement, respect, etc. Belongingness - includes love, friendship, intimacy, family, etc. Safety - includes security of environment, employment, resources, health, property, etc. Physiological - includes air, food, water, sex, sleep, other factors towards homeostasis, etc.
Intuition
Sensitivity to what others are thinking and feeling. For instance, Mrs. Roberts notices that some of her gifted students can tell she is angry before she even knows it herself! These students are deeply empathic, but their empathy can lead to worry and stress at times.
Piaget's 4 Stages of Development Stage 1
Sensorimotor (0 to 2 yrs) concepts built through physical environment no sense of object permanence
Piaget's Theory
Sensorimotor (0-2 years); Preoperational (2-7 years); Concrete Operational (7-11 years); Formal Operations (11+ years)
Gloria Ladson-Billings
She coined the term culturally relevant teaching. Ladson- Billings described this approach as a way that would empower students to excel because the way in which they experience the curriculum makes sense in the context of their lives and helps them to develop con dence as learners. Ladson-Billings found that students were put more at risk for academic failure if they did not see themselves or their culture represented in the classroom or felt they had to assume another culture (that of their mostly white, middle-class teachers) to be able to t in and excel in school. From this research, she created a framework which teachers can incorporate to make learning relevant to students, particularly students of color.
What kind of class configuration encourages students to think critically by giving them multiple viewpoints?
Small groups
language-based learning disabilities
disabilities that have an impact on their reading, writing, and language production.
Carl Rogers classroom management theory
Socioemotional climate importance. Having positive j ter personal relationships between students and teachers fosters positive classroom.
Aplications (Apps)
Software programs specifically for mobile devices. You can find software and resources to help you with classroom management such as ClassDojo, in which you can assign or take away points based on behavior. Other apps such as Quizlet help with assessment by allowing teachers to create and assign quizzes. Several easy-to-use and customizable platforms such as Google Classroom and Edmodo are available for teachers to integrate into their classrooms. These platforms are similar to LMS platforms.
In order to encourage critical thinking, teachers should be careful not to do what when a student needs help?
Solve the problem for them
Second Language Acquisition
Stage 1: Pre-production - repeating what you say and copy from the board. Observing body language is important in judging student progress. Stage 2: early production. 6months, student speaks in one or two word phrases. Progress may be slow to appear. Exhaustive for student
Quantitative Measurement
Standardized systems/multiple choice Ensure concepts are being tested and not just facts and ideas
word wall
Students are encouraged (and even given points of some kind) when they write a new word they have learned on the wall and explain where they had seen or heard the word.
Interdisciplinary instruction
Students are taught and able to understand the underlying relationships that connect what is taught in each subject.
Whole group discussion
Students are usually contributing comments that are directed by the teacher. Teacher facilitator Avoid any one student dominating discussion. All students desired to participate.
Adolescents
Students between the ripe age of 13-18. This is where middle and high school students fall.
Gifted students
Students who have great academic, artistic, creative, or other abilities and talents, setting them apart from the crowd.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Students who have this tend to be very inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive, or can't manage his or her time well. upon a time, it was just called 'ADD,' but now the two are differently diagnosed. It is estimated that as many as 3-5% of the population in the United States may have it, but many cases of which are undiagnosed.
learning transfer
Students who lack this ability seem to learn a strategy in one context but can't seem to apply it anywhere else? This is an important aspect of critical thinking. The ability to take what you learn in one area and use it in another area of your life. One way to practice and help students apply this is to group your students in clusters of 3-5 and ask each group to consider one skill or concept you have worked on this week. Challenge them to come up with two or three real life situations where this concept might be useful. Then, have them draw a poster or create a comic to show how they would transfer their learning in real life and put what you have worked on to use!
nonverbal learning disability
Students with this disability usually struggle to read the body language of others and often offend people. They also have poor coordination and motor skills and may get confused when asked to follow directions. These types of students do better when given extra time and practice with new concepts and ideas.
Richard and Patricia Schmuck
Teacher establishing and maintaining an effectively controlled classroom with COOPERATION being the key skills needed in order to have groups work effectively together
Formal assessments
Teachers give specific data points, like test scores or an IQ, that teachers use for a few reasons. They may apply this information as a baseline to compare later scores. They can also look closely at the information gathered from the assessment and plan overarching goals and objectives for each student.
Discovery Learnjng
Teaching approach that is based on inductive thinking. Learning is student directed Learn through their own experiences and thought processes. Teacher is facilitator Encourages curiosity, develop problem solving skills
explicit teaching
Telling students what certain things exactly are; for example what certain vocabulary means
auditory processing
The ability to understand what's being said. Students who have a disability in this area are not able to process the sounds and words correctly. This interferes with the student's ability to understand what is being said in class. Cognitive delays or impairments may cause issues with this.
higher level of thinking.
The ability to use different types of skill sets unprompted, along with application and adapting to problems along the way, shows if a student can process
student readiness
The academic level of students
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
The aptitude to control the movement of your body. Remember that Trent is very good at sports. Gardner would say that he is high in bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
Intrapersonal intelligence
The aptitude to understanding yourself and what makes you tick. The pre x 'inter' means 'between' and the pre x 'intra' means 'within,' so interpersonal intelligence is about understanding others, while intrapersonal intelligence is about understanding yourself.
Puberty
The transformations that occur as a child undergoes physical developmental changes, resulting in the sexually mature body of an adult.
Learner-centered instruction is built around the process of
discovery
phonemic awareness
The awareness of the vowels and consonants of a language. Once this is developed within children, those sounds dominate language acquisition.
stages of development
The blueprint that describes the stages of normal intellectual development, from infancy through adulthood. This includes thought, judgment, and knowledge. Sensorimotor. Birth through ages 18-24 months Preoperational. Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7) Concrete operational. Ages 7 to 12 Formal operational. Adolescence through adulthood
Haim Ginott
The congruent communication theory was developed by him. He is a professor of psychology and a former elementary school teacher. His theory of congruent communication avoids confrontation and seeks to validate the feelings of others. His theory is based on his belief that the behavior and language of the instructor sets the tone for learning in the classroom. The theory is founded on the principles of humanistic psychology that focus on acceptance and validation as essential for healthy self-esteem. Ginott's approach assumes that for effective or congruent communication to occur, students must feel accepted and valued in the classroom. In order for this to occur, teachers must abide by three tenets for classroom behavior.
In teaching self-regulation, help students think about
The consequences of their actions
Self-socialization
The developmental process that allows you to reflect upon yourself. This allows us to reflect and argue with ourselves, which helps to develop an accurate self-image. For example, have you ever talked yourself out of wearing your pajamas to a job interview? Your self-image is one of hard work and dedication, and you don't want to be perceived as being lazy.
identity diffusion
The first phase of Marcia's identity status for teens where the teen has not explored any particular path or chosen to follow it. Her parents might be putting pressure on her to go to college, but she is not sure what she thinks about continuing school. She doesn't know what she wants to do with her future, and she isn't interested in giving it much consideration.
The Play Stage
The first stage of Mead's identified three sequential stages that lead children to develop a sense of self. In this stage, pre-kindergarten children think and act like the people they frequently see. For example, imagine a three-year-old girl playing dress up by putting on her mother's shoes and lipstick. The girl is actively assuming the role of the mother and viewing her world as her mother does.
multidisciplinary approach
The focus is primarily on the disciplines. Teachers who use this approach organize standards from the disciplines around a theme.
linguistic diversity index
The linguistic diversity of a place, like a country or locale, can be rendered as a numerical measurement,. This gives the probability that any given people will not share a first language. The number then ranges from 0, meaning everyone speaks the same language, to 1, meaning no languages are shared.
Grammar
The manner in which words are combined into sentences and larger units in order to have a meaning.
social learning theory
This theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.
3 tenets of Haim Ginott's congruent communication theory
The following 5 tenets are the basic philosophy of this theory. 1) Teachers should communicate with their students in harmonious ways. This means communication that sets brief yet clear expectations for behavior in the classroom. For example, a teacher might tell students that they are permitted to use their textbooks to complete an assignment, but that they are not allowed to use the Internet to do so. This represents harmonious communication. It also means that we focus on the problem at hand, not the person. By focusing on the problem behavior rather than on the student who is demonstrating it, teachers avoid more conflict. 2) teachers should demonstrate behaviors that invite and encourage cooperation in the classroom. teachers should use what Ginott refers to as ''I statements.'' ''I statements'' keep the focus of the statement on the speaker, rather than the child. For example, instead of raising his or her voice, the teacher should say ''I am hearing a lot of noise in this classroom.'' Or for the student that isn't paying attention, ''I would like you to focus on what I am saying.'' These I statements promote communication by demonstrating appropriate ways of behaving that do not promote a critical or accusatory tone. Conversely, ''you statements'' such as ''why can't you be quiet'' place the focus on the child rather than the behavior, which can create a hostile classroom environment. 3) teachers should always discipline rather than punish students in the classroom. Where punishment is punitive, giving the student a negative experience in response to negative behavior, discipline teaches, redirecting the student's understanding toward a positive goal.
Socio-emotional development
The growth and maturity with how we work & interact with others, as well as how we handle our emotions. This is how we develop socially and emotionally.
Socioemotional development
The growth in social and emotional skills people go through. It can be influenced by many factors, including culture, school, and media.
low vision
The individual can usually see some things but may struggle to see things at certain distances, or in different levels of light.
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2 yrs)
The infant develops an understanding of the world through trial and error using their senses and actions. Through the processes of assimilation and accommodation actions become progressively adapted to the world. The main achievement during this stage is object permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.
Spatial intelligence
The intelligence aptitude to understanding how things fit together and move in three dimensions. People like sculptors and those who can solve 3-D puzzles are high in aptitude in this area
Reaction Time
The length of time it takes to react to stimuli. This decreases over time.
Social cognitive psychology
The perspective in which learning by observing others is the focus of study. Key assumptions of social cognitive perspective are: 1. Learning occurs through observation. Social cognitivists believe learning can occur by simply observing the behaviors of others. 2. Learning is an internal process, which may or may not lead to a behavioral change. Specifically, theorists conclude that learning may occur without the behavior being displayed immediately or even ever. 3. Behavior is directed toward a particular goal. Theorists believe learners set goals and direct their behaviors toward meeting those goals. 4. Behavior eventually becomes self-regulated. Observing punishment and rewards can indirectly impact the behavior of the observer.
short-range planning.
The planning of smaller goals
Human development
The process of change that all humans go through.
emotional regulation
The process of controlling our emotions and how we react to things.
Differentiation
The process of modifying instruction to meet the needs of diverse learners. When this type of strategy is used in the classroom, each student has their own personalized instruction and materials.
interactive notebook
The purpose of the __________________ is to enable students to be creative, independent thinkers and writers. Students use them for class notes, to express ideas, or process different information or ideas they come up with inspired by the class. These are a great way to get students involved in the learning process and to think about the subject matter in a different way.
pragmatics
The rules for appropriate and effective communication., involving three skills: 1. Using language for greeting, demanding etc. 2. Changing language for talking differently depending on who it is you are talking to 3. Following rules, such as turn taking and staying on topic
identity foreclosure
The second phase of Marcia's identity status for teens where a teen has has not explored what it is she wants, but has committed to what is presented to her. Her mother and father went to the University of Florida, so she has decided to go there. Her parents want her to be pre-med, so she is set on doing that.
Game Stage
The second phase of Mead's identified three sequential stages that lead children to develop a sense of self. In this stage, children between the ages of five and eight begin to take account of their own actions and the actions of others. For example, imagine a group of second graders wanting to start a kick ball game. In order for the game to be fair, the players will have to know the rules of the game, be held accountable for their position, and hold all the other players accountable for their participation.
Twice exceptional (2e)
The seemingly contradictory conundrum of a person having both advanced academic abilities and a learning/development difficulty at the same time. These are students who have an exceptional ability in some academic areas, yet lack basic living, social or developmental skills in other areas. Albert Einstein is a famous, undocumented, example of a possible twice exceptional person.
dominant culture
The shared culture of the largest and usually most powerful group. In the United States, for example, this group has historically been white, English-speaking people of European ancestry and Judeo-Christian faiths. As a result, this group enjoys a considerable amount of power when it comes to establishing the social norms and expectations of a society.
working backward strategy
The students start with the end goal and work backward until reaching the original problem to be solved.
Developmental psychology
The study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and relationships change as they grow.
Culminating project
The team of students presents their findings, called a culminating project, to the class.
response set
The tendency for people to approach problems in a rigid, habitual manner or persistent pattern. If you always respond to a problem the same way, you're not going to be very creative. For example, I work as a university professor. Whenever there's a club on campus that wants to do a fundraiser, it always sell T-shirts. I have so many T-shirts; I will never buy another one! In order to make more money, the clubs should come up with a new, creative way to earn money, and they would probably be more successful. If they always approach fundraising with the same idea, they are working from a _________________ that is not going to be very successful. If a campus club tried something like a puppy parade through the middle of campus, they might raise a lot more money, because they had gone outside of their old habitual way of raising money.
Functional fixedness
The tendency for people to use objects or tools in only a certain, specific way. If you only think about an object in a certain way, you won't be able to think of creative ways to use that object.
Dr. A. Jean Ayre
The theory of sensory integration was first developed by this person. She defined sensory integration as the neurological process that organizes sensation from one's own body and surroundings, making it possible to use the body effectively within a given environment.
Generalized Other
The third phase of Mead's identified three sequential stages that lead children to develop a sense of self. In this stage, children and young adults interact with society and adopt the expectations of that group. For example, children learn not to litter and to put their trash in the correct recycling containers.
Level of potential development
The upper limit of tasks a child can perform with the assistance of a more competent individual.
Motherease
The way adults speak to infants because they don't talk to them in the same way they would to other adults. People typically communicate with infants by making gentle, soothing tones and use short words or phrases.
Ways in which interdisciplinary instruction can take place
Thematic units Curricular connections Thinking Skills development
Continuous theories
Theorist explain that learning and development occur in incremental processes. Learning involves gradual and ongoing changes throughout the lifespan.
discontinuous theories
Theorists propose a specific beginning and end period for each stage of the development of human learning.
Six steps that influence Self-Esteem
There are several factors that influence a child's self-esteem, and there are steps parents or caregivers can take in order to foster healthy self-esteem. These steps include: Showing attention and care Fostering safety and independence Praising abilities Encouraging communication Providing interactions with peers Teaching healthy behavior
hyperreactive and hyporeactive.
There are two general types of sensory integration dysfunction that a teacher may encounter. Any one of the senses can be overreactive (hyperreactive) or underreactive (hyporeactive), and the inability of the brain to make sense of the input can lead to difficulties in learning. The typical level of input, a ten would be hyperreactive and a one would be hyporeactive.
sequential second language learners
These are children who are fluent in one language then introduced to another. These are boys and girls who speak Spanish or Chinese then and themselves sitting in a classroom in a place like Pennsylvania. Not understanding a word of English, their journey to becoming fluent in a new tongue begins. According to those who study language acquisition, these young students will go through several stages in their climb to acquire a new language.
Emotional and behavioral disorders
These are disorders that consist of developmental or cognitive impairments that prevent normal functioning. They can cause extreme disturbances in mood or student's actions. Students who experience these type of disorders may have problems with education, social relationships, emotional balance, physical health, and these students may require special education.
Communication disorders
These are mild to severe impairments that affect the ways a person receives, processes, sends and understands information. These may include deficits in hearing, speech and language, or cognitive processing.
Summative Assessments (at the end of a unit)
These are particularly exams and tests. They can be very helpful for periodically determining ELL needs and identifying specific areas that require improvement. These assessments are used before, during, and after a course of study and can help teachers establish areas for student improvement early on and then apply appropriate teaching strategies to address these concerns. These type of assessment consist of: -Exams/tests (at the end of the unit, quarter, or semester) -Research and term papers Projects and presentations
Standard or Scaled Score
These are the scores you want to pay attention to. Let's suppose that a particular test has 100 questions, and on your students' test, the raw score was a 990. That doesn't mean much, does it? However, that raw score was converted into a score of 22. When you read the fine print on the test, you find that standard scores range between one and 25. You can therefore interpret that your student scored well above average.
formative assessment (ongoing observational)
These assessments allow teachers to incorporate observation, discussions, and a range of assignment types to design teaching strategies and modify curriculum. For instance, if students are consistently making the same language errors during class discussions, the curriculum can be designed to address and rectify these errors These type of assessments consist of: -Classroom observations -Formal and informal class discussions -Homework assignments and in-class activities
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky developed this. It is the difference between what a student can accomplish on his or her own and with teacher help or scaffolds
Basic grammatical elements
These include tense, which indicates when actions take place, whether in the past, present, or the future. Other elements can include functions like subject, who is performing the action in the sentence, or object, what the action is being performed upon. Often, these elements depend upon the purpose of a language.
curriculum standards
These instructional guidelines assist teachers in knowing when and how to teach a skill. For instance, teaching two digit addition in second grade or covering earth science concepts in fifth. Within this scope and sequence of overarching content, however, are individual students with unique skills and needs. These strengths and struggles are necessary for teachers to understand so they can plan instruction geared for each student's success.
institutional reporting
These policies require that employees report directly to a designated person or supervisor, as well comply with any state laws. Responsibility for reporting remains with the individual and not the organization itself. Failure to report can result in disciplinary action, including suspension or even termination of employment.
affective networks
These processes are what stimulate the interest of students and motivate them to learn the material. They help students understand why they are learning and why the material is important to them. If a student is not engaged in the learning process, they do not learn as effectively.
Six important aspects of reading instruction
These six areas are phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, guided oral reading, and comprehension.
systems theories
These theories look at how people interact with their environment and how their interactions relate to biological factors and behavior.
interactionist approach
These theories propose that children learn language through interaction and social experiences.
Digital and online curriculum programs
These type of programs are widely used in schools today. Some examples include Study Island, Istation, and IXL. These programs are designed to teach or reinforce curriculum standards using gamification, which is using game-like elements and other engaging features. A program may reinforce math or reading standards using video lessons and practice activities, for example. Personalized learning programs with built-in assessments, such as computer adaptive assessments, make it possible for teachers to individualize instruction to meet the unique needs of each student
Intellectual disabilities
They affect an individual's cognitive, motor, communication, and social skills. However, all students with this type of disability should still be included in the regular classroom environment to the greatest extent possible.
Developmental theories
They are a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe & explain how humans develop. By knowing how people develop and grow, we can help them in a more positive manner.
Summative assessments
They are generally associated with grades, points, or percentages. Examples are exams, graded projects, and papers. Standardized tests such as the SAT are also considered summative assessments.
mandatory reporters
They are required by law to make a share information to the child welfare agency in their state or a law enforcement agency. They are not expected to investigate any allegations. In fact, in most circumstances, they're encouraged not to do so as it may interfere with an official investigation by the child welfare agency or law enforcement. For that reason, they must provide the proper reporting authority with facts and circumstances regarding the child that allow investigators to properly address the situation.
social and political factors (language learning)
They are the set of situations that are present in a community and include behaviors, policies, organizations, and structures that impact second language learning. They can either have a positive or negative impact on second language learning. The effect depends on the type of factor but also on the learner's perceptions about it. Among those factors you have people's attitudes, relationships, school structure, and educational policy.
information-processing theorists
They assume that children make sense of complex language through instinctive cognitive abilities combined with their environmental experiences. They agree with the biological theories that infants are born with an amazing ability to analyze language. However, they also argue that these capabilities are probably not sufficient to account for all of their language development.
assessments
They can be both formal and informal ways that teachers determine student ability level and track progress over time. Teachers can assess areas that need improvement and make the appropriate teaching strategy and curriculum changes that will benefit students over time.
hard of hearing
They can usually hear some level of sound but may struggle to hear certain volumes, pitches or frequencies of sounds. Language becomes difficult for those who have this, thus depending on their level of disability, they may or may not speak.
individualized education plan (IEP)
This outlines the types of instructional support and additional services the student with special needs may need. This may include having tests and quizzes read aloud to the child, shortened class assignments or having the student complete alternate assignments. The IEP will also include student strengths, weaknesses and ability levels.
legally blind
They have 20/200 vision or less. Their vision is impaired enough that they are eligible to receive some benefits.
multiple disabilities
They have more than one disability. Individuals with this may require even more assistance for education and day-to-day living.
Examples of "reflection breaks" are
Think-Pair-Share Journals Thinking activities
Guadalupe Organization, Inc. v. Tempe School District
This 1972 decision addressed the tendency of English Language Learners to be declared learning disabled. According to this decision, students cannot be declared MR unless they were properly assessed by considering primary language and were at least 2 standard deviations below the mean.
compacting the curriculum
This allows students to move past curriculum they already know while keeping them in the same grade level
hierarchical approach to classroom management.
This approach uses a tiered system to approach discipline. The bottom tier is the most mild punishment, like simply shaking your head at a student. The top tier is the most severe punishment, like suspension from school or a visit to the principal's office.
Interpersonal aptitude
This aptitude is being skilled with other people. For example, Trent likes to listen to others and really understands what makes them tick.
Classroom accommodations
This changes how a student completes an assignment. They are frequently used with students in special education to remove some of the barriers caused by their disabilities.
discovery learning
This concept implies that a learner constructs his or her own knowledge for themselves by discovering as opposed to being told about something. According to Bruner, the teacher should facilitate the learning process by developing lessons that provide the learner with information they need without organizing it for them.
Accommodation
This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.
constructivism
This idea of discovery learning is which emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information.
Linguistic aptitude
This involves intelligence with language. People who are good at reading and writing and people who learn other languages quickly are all high in linguistic intelligence.
Adventure learning
This is a form of hybrid education that is changing the online teaching and learning experience. It emphasizes real-world, authentic learning while blending an online learning environment and multiple technologies with teacher-led classroom activities. Grounded in a strong curriculum and pedagogy, as well as an exciting adventure-based narrative, it focuses on transformative, multidisciplinary learning experiences. It has been shown to have a positive influence on student engagement, motivation and learning outcomes, and to be a successful model for teaching and learning across the curriculum.
student readiness
This is a student's ability to accomplish a given task based on their current level of understanding.
Musical aptitude
This is about understanding music, and people who are high in musical intelligence often play instruments well.
Section 504 plan
This is an educational accommodation plan that provides supportive services such as extra time to complete assignments and tests, fewer questions on quizzes or tests, or preferential seating (i.e. student sits near teacher). Administrators, teachers, parents and other relevant staff will decide collectively what is needed to meet the needs of the student.
Raw Score
This is an often unintelligible number that tells you very little about how your students scored. It does not indicate percentiles, and it does not tell you how many questions your students answered correctly. It is actually the transformation of these raw scores into stanines, percentiles, and other related groups that make it easier to interpret the test scores.
Enrichments
This is described as providing differentiated instruction to gifted students, usually by giving assignments that engage the higher order thinking levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. In theory, this might work, but in practice, this concept usually means giving extra worksheets, effectively punishing students with aptitude. Another way of putting this is providing differentiated instruction to gifted students to supplement their curriculum. Typically, this is considered a horizontal approach as it does not advance a student to a higher level or grade, rather it just adds additional content. This content is usually done by giving assignments that engage higher order thinking levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. Gifted students benefit from assignments requiring they analyze, evaluate and create, while their classmates may do an assignment on the same topic that requires them to remember, understand and apply.
percentile
This is expressed as a number between one and 99, tells you how many of your particular students scored higher than 'x' percent of students in the norming group for that test. Contrary to what many people believe, it does not tell you that they did better than 'x' percent of students who took the test when they did! Again, most students will fall within one standard deviation of the 50th number. However, you'll need to read the fine print on the test to figure out how many points the standard deviation is for that particular test.
Preintellectual speech
This is the first major stage of speech development. This begins with the infant's cry, which expresses, for example, hunger or discomfort. Soon, the infant begins babbling, laughing and gesturing. These developments function as a means of social contact.
identity achievement
This is the fourth and final stage of Marcia's teen identity theory. The teen has explored options and chosen to commit. He has already applied to college after investigating many possible schools. He has also decided he wants to continue following the religion he was brought up with after considering if it was the right one for him. Marcia believed that each status was ideally a stepping-stone to this final one. Marcia believed that a mature and healthy adolescent was one who could determine his or her own identity. This includes being willing to wrestle with beliefs, goals and other concepts with which they were raised, and start figuring out their own perspective.
identity moratorium
This is the third phase of Marcia's identity status for teens where a teen has explored a great deal of what he may want to do, but has not made any commitment yet. He has looked into many colleges, considered what he wants to do for a career and compared his parents' faith to other religions. However, he has not settled on any course of action for himself.
Positive punishment
This is used to decrease a behavior and is presenting something unpleasant after the behavior. When a student misbehaves in class, she receives a time out.
Negative punishment
This is used to decrease a behavior. It is removing something pleasant after the behavior. Ted gets a $500 fine and suspension of his driving license for driving under the influence. Money and his license were removed to decrease behavior.
Title IX
This law was a major step forward for women in education. As a groundbreaking law, it intended to end gender discrimination in education. It is most famous for requiring that schools offer girls equal opportunities in sports. It also made sexual assault and violence on school campuses a focus and required that schools take certain steps to prevent and address sexual violence. In addition, it made it illegal for schools to discriminate against pregnant students. Since the law was passed in 1972, there have been many great things that have occurred in education. Look at Annie: she's planning on attending college in the same place her brothers attend. This was less likely before this law was passed. Since it was passed, though, the number of women getting college degrees has increased dramatically, and today, women account for more than half of the bachelor's degrees conferred nationwide.
Constructivism perspective of learning
This theory of learning proposes the idea that the learner constructs, rather than absorbs, knowledge from his or her experiences. According to the constructivism perspective: 1. The learner is self-directed, creative and innovative. 2. The learner is encouraged to learn truths about the environment and the world by arriving at conclusions based on his or her background, culture or worldview. 3. The responsibility of learning falls primarily on the learner, while the teacher's role is that of a facilitator. Collaborative learning is also a key component of this perspective.
pre-conventional level of moral development
This level of development has two stages and is based on punishments and rewards. In other words, people who are functioning at this level of development make decisions on right and wrong to earn rewards or avoid punishments. Stage 1 is all about the rules. Moral decisions are based on either being good by following the rules or being bad by breaking them. For example, a child may think, 'I don't want to be spanked so I'm not going to hit my brother!' Stage 2 is about self-reward. Moral decisions in this stage are based on getting a reward that is personally meaningful. For example, a child may think, 'I want dessert, so I will eat all of my vegetables.'
post-conventional level of moral development
This level of moral development considers humanity and universal ideas of right and wrong above all else. People at this level of moral development base their decisions on ethical principles related to humanity. Stage 5 is focused on cultural norms and social contracts. For example, someone may think, 'I pay taxes because it improves the lives of all citizens.' Stage 6 is guided by justice and a moral conscience toward humanity. For example, stage 6 moral reasoning is exemplified by the work of abolitionists who fought against what was legal and accepted behavior at the time to end slavery.
teacher- centered instruction.
This method of instruction places the teacher at the center of learning. Most students find lengthy lectures boring and often report that the information goes in one ear and out the other.
identity vs. role confusion
This occurs between 12 and 18 years old. Toward the end of adolescence, the person should have assembled elements of identity that are converging and abandoned those elements that do not t. The adolescent's identity should have gradually integrated, for example, preferred capacities, significant interactions, and consistent roles. If this does not occur, the sense of who they are as a person can be hindered, resulting in confusion about themselves and their role in the world. The important event in this stage is peer relationships.
Self-reinforcement
This occurs in situations in which individuals have established standards for their behavior, and they evaluate their behavior in relation to those standards.
Equilibration
This occurs when a child's schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. It is the force which moves development along. But an unpleasant state of this occurs when new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas (assimilation). Piaget believed that cognitive development did not progress at a steady rate, but rather in leaps and bounds.
Adolescent sexual development
This period of adolescent life occurs during puberty and includes many physical, emotional, and social changes. Developmentally normal girls may experience puberty at any time between the ages of 8 to 15. For developmentally normal boys, puberty may occur at any time between the ages of 9 to 17.
Interactionist perspective
This point of view emphasizes the relationship between innate ability and environmental influences. Two main subgroups exist within this perspective: the information-processing perspective of language development and the social interaction perspective of language development.
Evolutionary developmental psychology
This psychology is the application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection to the process of human development.
Digital curriculum
This replaces traditional curriculum such as textbooks and in some cases the traditional classroom environment. Some examples include: Online courses Electronic textbooks Digital and online programs Online courses range from K-12 to university and vocational levels. It allows for a blended learning environment or an entirely online learning environment.
generatively vs. stagnation
This stage is between 40 and 65 years old. Primarily, this refers to a person's interest in establishing and guiding the next generation. Parenting is the important event in this stage. However, simply wanting or having children does not automatically lead to generatively. During this stage, people begin to settle down in their careers and relationships. They give back to society through their careers and their children. Failing to achieve these objectives leads to feelings of stagnativity and unproductiveness.
industry vs. inferiority
This stage occurs between six and 12 years old. The trend in this stage is observing how things are done and learning. In elementary school, this involves planning, working, and sharing with others. The important event in this stage is school. If children are reinforced by adults and teachers for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and con dent in their abilities. If they do not receive this reinforcement, they may begin to feel inferior and doubt their abilities. The danger in this period is the potential for developing a sense of inadequacy. The child may feel, for example, that skin color, parental status, or the cost of his or her clothes determines social worth instead of a will to learn. In these situations, permanent damage can be done to the child's sense of identity.
intimacy vs. isolation,
This stage of occurring between 19 and 40 years old, begins in young adulthood. A person pursues work or study for a career and psychological intimacy with another person. In time, this stage may include marriage and a family of one's own. The important event in this stage is love relationships. Successful completion of this stage can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of safety and commitment. Avoiding intimacy and fearing commitment can lead to loneliness and sometimes depression.
naïve psychology
This stage of speech occurs between 18 and 24 months when the child first begins to use adult words. The child learns that objects are referred to by name. As the child begins to name things, connections develop between words and objects. During this period, the young child's first expression is a simple word. For example, when the young child says 'Dada!' it may mean 'Daddy, pick me up or' 'Daddy, I'm hungry', and so on. As the child's thoughts become differentiated, she can formulate simple requests in the form of short and simple sentences.
Stanine
This term literally means 'standard nine,' and test scores on most standardized tests will fall into one of nine stanines. The first stanine is the lowest 10%, the second is the next 10%, and so on... until you reach stanine number five, which comprises the middle 20%. After number five, each stanine increases by 10% increments. Scores from the fourth through sixth stanines are considered average, with lower scores being below average and higher scores falling in the above-average ranges. Grouping scores into stanines is just a handy way of letting you know how your students scored on a scale of one to nine.
sociocultural perspective
This theory emphasizes the importance of society and culture for promoting cognitive development.
The Looking-Glass Self
This theory has three elements. The first element is how we imagine we appear to others. The second element is the judgment we imagine that other people may be making about us, and the third element is our self-image based upon the evaluations of others.
Constructivism
We construct our own comprehension due to our experiences We create mental rules and values Learning is how we adjust our "rules" to include new experiences.
Ginott's congruent communication theory
This theory seeks to eliminate barriers to communication and learning in the classroom. The theory was developed by Haim Ginott, a professor of psychology and a former elementary school teacher. His theory avoids confrontation and seeks to validate the feelings of others. Ginott's theory is based on his belief that the behavior and language of the instructor sets the tone for learning in the classroom. The theory is founded on the principles of humanistic psychology that focus on acceptance and validation as essential for healthy self-esteem.
wait time 1
This time period between the teacher's question and the student response. It was coined by Dr. Mary Budd Rowe, who conducted extensive research in hundreds of elementary school classrooms in the 1970s and 80s.
Musculoskeletal disorders
This type of disorder, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, affect the muscles, tendons and nerves.
Severe disabilities
This type of disorders profoundly impact or prevent normal mental and/or physical functioning. They are much less common than mild or moderate disabilities and may be present at birth or develop at some point in life due to disease, injury, or environmental toxins. Individuals with this may struggle academically, socially, and physically throughout life due to physical, emotional and intellectual impairments.
Student-facilitated feedback
This type of feedback is given by the student toward his or her own work.
Internal pressure
This type of pressure (especially for gifted students) comes from within students' own minds and can be even harder to deal with. Many gifted students establish high and rigid expectations for themselves and can get very upset when they do not measure up.
inclusion setting (ESL Students)
This type of setting involves placing ESL students in a regular education classroom for content area instruction, while they may also receive push-in or pull-out support services. This method helps students acquire language and content through class discussion and activities, and interacting with peers builds social skills.When ESL students are allowed to remain in regular education classes. If you are the content area teacher, your ESL students may receive push-in services from the ESL teacher, who will work with you in the classroom in a co-teaching model to provide support for ELLs. In other scenarios, ESL students may receive targeted English instruction in a classroom with their ESL teacher through a pull-out model, while you are primarily responsible for their inclusion in your content area classroom. With either model, the ESL teacher often collaborates with the content area teacher to provide the most beneficial educational experiences for ELLs.
In RTI, redirection, proximity, and preferential seating are examples of which tier?
Tier 1
In RTI, teacher conferences and modeling behavior are examples of which tier?
Tier 1
The 4 Tiers of behavior management
Tier 1 is for a first infraction of a behavior, and results in a nonverbal reaction from the teacher. Tier 2 is the next tier up, and involves a verbal warning. Tier 3 involves offering logical consequences determined by the severity of the misbehavior. Tier 4 is for very serious offenses or chronic problems, and it involves seeking outside help.
An extended school day would fit into which tier of RTI?
Tier 2
In RTI, basic skills classes are a part of
Tier 2
In RTI, phone calls home, referrals, and school groups are examples of which tier?
Tier 2
In RTI, regular check ins by the teacher are examples of which tier?
Tier 2
In RTI, reteaching and brain breaks are examples of which tier?
Tier 2
An IEP would be an example of which tier of RTI?
Tier 3
In planning long-range, teachers need to consider their own (3)
Time available Resources available Teaching strengths
progress monitoring
Tools students can use when they work that help them to see where they are succeeding. This helps them to be accountable for their work and learning. These tools can be a checklist or goal sheet, or simply a verbal check-in with their teacher.
diglossia
Two dialects or languages both spoken fluently by a single community. In these cases, one language or dialect is more formal, while the other is informal, and each are used in various scenarios. In Haiti, French is the used for official documents, but Haitian creole is used for informal and by majority population who are not afluent.
Ways to make classrooms learning-centered (3)
Use inquiry as a center of instruction Use project-based learning Replace homework with in-class activities
Concept Mapping
Used to represent knowledge, ideas or facts in graphs or Visual organizers Ideas work off each other Maps can show relationships between a variety of concepts BENEFITS Convey complex idea design complex structure Assess understanding Measure where knowledge has not taken place Aid learning by combining old and new
How should teachers present instruction that appeals to the high range of students' strengths and needs?
Using a high variety of ways for students to process information
Cooperative learning
Using small groups that work together to maximize the level of every students learning process All members assist each other Everyone has something to learn fro. Each other Everyone has a role in the group Used to increase positive interdependence among students Skills to use in real life
Cooperative learning
Using small groups that work together to maximize the level of every students learning process All members assist each other Everyone has something to learn fro. Each other Everyone has a role in the group Used to increase positive interdependence among students Skills to use in real life Increase self esteem, productivity and achievement
Learning Styles
VISUAL - written directions, summarized points, white board and overhead visueals ORAL - info heard, hear info then repeat to someone else KINESTHETIC LEARNERS - hands on experiences and learn best from participating in the classroom
Exploration
Valuable skill Often lead to high levels of productivity Students comfortable trying new things Break up task to encourage success
Differentiating the process of a classroom assignment
Variety of learning activities Made aware of all possible ways to manipulate and consider the ideas of a concept
Learning Styles
Visual, Auditory, Reading, Kinesthetic
Who is accredited with the social schema theory?
Vygotsky
A coherent curriculum is (3)
Well organized to facilitate learning Free of academic gaps and repetitions Aligned across lessons, courses, subject areas, and grade levels
prior knowledge
What we already know about a topic before learning more about it
expressive style language learning
When Toddlers use language mainly to talk about their own feelings and needs and those of other people. This develops as toddlers begin to use language as a means to interact with others and the style emphasizes social formulas and pronouns.
convergent inquiry approach
When all of the students are working toward a single answer or response. When you guide students toward a single solution.
What's a good way to encourage students to interact with each other positively?
Work with other teachers in the building to provide a common culture
brainstorming
When people ________________, they get in a group and quickly identify ideas for how to solve a problem. This requires a group setting, so that people can bounce ideas off each other. Maybe someone else's idea will get you to think about a solution that you wouldn't have identified on your own. It also requires that no one criticize any ideas at this stage. The purpose of brainstorming is simply to get the creative ball rolling, so being critical at this stage will hurt the process instead of help it.
Social persuasion
When people are persuaded by others that they can succeed, this positively impacts their self-efficacy.
Sensory Stimulation Theory
When senses are stimulated, effective learning can take place. More than two stimulation is most effective SEEING is most effective HEARING is the next most effective SMELL, TASTE AND TOUCH same effectiveness
divergent inquiry approach.
When students are seeking multiple avenues toward solutions
Guided oral reading
When students read aloud and teachers give them feedback. When students read a word incorrectly, teachers can aid them in sounding it out or determining what it could be by using context. When students read well, teachers give positive reinforcement. This is an important part of reading instruction because it allows students to receive feedback from reading experts, which improves fluency.
sensory integration dysfunction. (sensory processing error)
When the brain isn't able to process all of the sensory information in an organized fashion
small group instruction
When the teacher works with a few students on a specific skill.
Modeling
Where the teacher has to show students how to develop their skills in a certain academic field.
text to speech
With this program , any written content can be converted to audio so the student can have the text read aloud for them.
phonemes
Within a language, these are the sounds of vowels and consonants . When it comes to acquiring your first language, phonemes are one of the first things infants learn, and studies have shown that children become aware of the sounds within a language by 12 months of age. So, the first part of a language you will learn is the sounds within it.
Project Based Learning helps students to direct their own learning by requiring them to
Work over time to investigate and respond to authentic, complex questions and problems
Erikson Stage 6
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 yrs) Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships - develop intimate, loving relationships (+) Intimacy (-) Isolation; lonliness
To structure students' understanding of the credibility of sources, teachers can provide
a checklist of criteria
The sense of self
a collection of beliefs that we hold about ourselves
Panel
a discussion form in which a group of four to eight participants discuss a topic while the rest of the group listens. The audience can then ask questions of the panel
Debate
a discussion form in which students make up a set of speeches based on two opposing views. Debaters present their views, then the other team rebuts the view with their own. Questions can be addressed to both sides in a debate regarding the issue.
epilepsy
a disorder that causes seizures.
rubric
a document, usually a chart, which sets the expectations for student performance on a task. This can help students understand the quality of work which corresponds with different letter grades and help them self-evaluate and improve their work.
Pop quiz
a formative exam
language acquisition device (LAD)
a hypothetical area of the brain that explains how children can learn languages so quickly. Babies have an innate way of learning new language and syntax naturally.
Students designing a solution to a global problem should be encouraged to include
a local, national, and global component
Scaled score
a mathematically transformed raw score
Assertive discipline
a method developed by the educators Lee and Marlene Cantor, places teachers in a position of authority in the classroom. Teachers define clear rules and expectations for behavior, while students must follow those rules to avoid punishment. It includes positive feedback for good behavior and specific punishments for disobeying the rules.
Overextension
a more common mistake when a child applies a word like "car" to all vehicles with wheels (trucks, motorcycles, and golf carts). Another example, that can cause some confusion with strangers is when child calls every man that they see with a beard "dada".
asthma
a narrowing of the airways that makes breathing difficult.
normal distribution
a pattern of educational characteristics or scores in which most scores lie in the middle range and only a few lie at either extreme. To put it simply, some scores will be low and some will be high, but most scores will be moderate.
culturally relevant teaching (CRT)
a pedagogy that empowers students intellectually, socially, emotionally, and politically by using cultural referents to impart knowledge, skills, and attitudes.' This approach to teaching involves teachers building a bridge from students' experience at home to their experience in the classroom, bringing elements into their daily learning at school which validate their culture and make lessons 'hit home' because of those connections.
puberty
a period of about four years of physical development that ends when a person is able to reproduce.
progress monitoring strategies
a phrase used to describe follow-up assessments that provide information on whether or not students are making positive progress in response to instruction. Educators will use research-based measures to assure that students who are responding poorly to instruction are identified.
Reflective practice
a process in which teacher self-observe and self-evaluate their methods of teaching and lessons they present. This type of practice helps them determine what does and does not work for them in the classroom and helps them discover new ways of teaching throughout their career
Task analysis
a process which identifies the behaviors, cognitive processes, and specific knowledge necessary for mastery. This is a key step in instructional planning, as it helps the teacher decide on appropriate activities and instructional strategies.
behavioral modification
a program meant to change someone's behavior, is a great place to use Skinner's theory in the classroom. For example, remember how you were teaching and some of the students were talking or staring out the window? If you give detention to the students who aren't paying attention, they are likely to start paying attention in order to avoid detention. Likewise, if you give compliments or candy or some other positive reinforcement to the students who are paying attention, more children are likely to listen in order to receive the prize.
Grade Equivalents
a scale of measurement used to rate a student's progress in different academic areas in relation to other students. it uses grades of school (second grade, third grade, etc.) as a scale and measurement of a student's advancement.
Ethnicity
a shared cultural heritage. For example, 'Egyptian,' 'Swedish,' 'Mexican,' or 'Jewish.' The ethnicity of 'Jewish' is interesting because it refers to both a particular group of people from a biological, genetic perspective, but it also refers to a religion and all of the cultural richness that comes from that religious tradition. Many other groups share both genetic traits and, often, religious or cultural holidays or traditions that tie the group together.
race
a socially meaningful category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that are obvious and considered important. Examples include 'Caucasian,' 'African American,' 'Latino,' and 'Asian.'
interest inventory
a template designed to determine a student's likes and dislikes
advance organizer
a tool used to introduce the lesson topic and illustrate the relationship between what students are about to learn and the information they have already learned. It acts as a conceptual bridge between old information and new information
Culturally responsive teaching (CRT)
a way of teaching that focuses on student's cultural experiences. For example, remember how we said that studies have shown that black and white students have cultural differences in the way that they respond to questions from the teacher?
Lev Vygotsky
a well-known social-cognitive psychologist, proposed a theory of speech and language development that embraces the idea that speech begins as a means of communication and socializing and later becomes a tool of thinking.
Mental Retardation
abnormal limitations on their levels of mental functioning 10% of students receiving special education in schools have some form of mental retardations Assessed through INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING (IQ TEST <75 with 100 being average) AND ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR (social environment to compare to others)
Ensuring test validity involves making sure that test questions do what?
accurately measure student learning
Backward design of curriculum is used to
achieve specific learning goals
Students who use theories to answer problems and make decisions are using
active experimentation.
Learner-centered instruction is characterized by students who
actively participate
Systems advocacy
actively working to improve the health, living, and working conditions of young children and their families.
Formative assessments function primarily to
adjust instruction
Howard Gardner
advocated the theory of multiple intelligences. It states that there are many different types of intelligence, all of them based on the types of skills and abilities that are valued in a given culture.
In most cases, curriculum mapping refers to
aligning learning standards to teaching of content
Tier 1 of RTI involves
all students
The primary consideration for classroom design should be
allowing for activities students will be engaged in most frequently
self-efficacy
also referred as personal efficacy, is the extent or strength of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals.
permissive reporters
although they are not required to report suspected child abuse, they may.
manifestation determination
an assessment of the relationship between the behavior and the student's disability.
Paraeducator
an education-related position within a school facility that is generally responsible for the assistance and well-being of students. This includes professionals such as teacher aides, cafeteria workers, bus monitors, crossing guards, principals, etc.
epigenetic psychobiological systems perspective
an emergent theory that views development as a product of interaction between biological and environmental forces. It includes both the genetic origins of behavior and the direct influence of the environment on the expression of these genes. The theory focuses on the dynamic interaction between these two influences during development.
Cloze test
an exercise, test, or assessment consisting of a portion of text with certain words removed, where the participant is asked to replace the missing words. Cloze tests require the ability to understand context and vocabulary in order to identify the correct words or type of words that belong in the deleted passages of a text.
Gilbert Gottlieb
an important figure in epigenetic psychobiological systems perspective
Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
an instructional method to provide all students equal access to the curriculum.
school phobia
an irrational, persistent fear of going to school. These children seem fine at home but consistently become anxious, depressed, or scared every time they have to go to school.
IEP
analysis of present achievement level, goals long term and short and steps to assist in achieving goals
After reading Romeo & Juliet, a teacher asks students how their understanding of love has changed. This question requires students to
analyze or synthesize
After observing students, teachers would likely end up with this type of assessment product:
anecdotal records
Motivation - Cognitive View
behavior is influenced by the way that people think about themselves and the environment in which they are. 4 influences 1. people need to make sense of their experiences 2. knowing what one's expectations are for successfully completing task 3. factors that one believes account for success and failure 4. one's beliefs about his own ability to solve problems and think critically.
Social interactions
behaviors and practices children have with their peers.
Logical consequences for student behavior should show students that
behaviors that promote learning will be rewarded
Health impairments
diseases, illnesses or conditions that require special care or attention and may impair normal functioning and learning. They occur in 4% of special needs students.
minority
any category of people distinguished by either a physical or cultural difference that a society has subordinated (have fewer resources or less power than the majority group).
progress monitoring software
applications in the computer that help calculate and pinpoint student needs.
In a unit on public speaking, the question "How will you use our list of practice strategies to help you feel prepared for your presentation?" would require students to
apply what they learned
Parents especially need to hear from teachers the ways their students
are doing well
Parents should have a clear idea of what it is their students
are expected to do
When receiving a new student in the class who has an exceptionality, the best thing to do is
arrange a meeting with the student before their first day of class
portfolio
artifacts teachers collect of a student's classwork to demonstrate progress include writing samples, drawings that display content knowledge, photographs, recordings of oral presentations, and the teaccher's own written observations and checklists of students' learning.
prosthetics
artificial limbs that help students with physical disabilities
Concept maps are helpful not just as learning tools for students but also
as assessment tools for teachers
Teachers can encourage students to be responsible for their own behavior by framing actions...
as choices
learning objectives
as the expected outcomes desired after instruction
assessment
as the process of evaluating student progress toward mastering learning objectives.
Diagnostic assessments are used to
assess student understanding. It may be used in a group setting. It may also be used when a student is showing signs of trouble.
informal assessments
assessing what students are learning by listening, observing, and taking notes
Phonics
associating sounds with letters to make words and looking for common patterns to read words
communicative and egocentric speech
at about age three, the child's speech splits into two types of speech: _________________ and________________. Communicative, or also referred to as external speech, is for others and the child at age three is able to use simple sentences, such as 'I want milk.' In contrast, egocentric speech is for oneself.
Summative assessments occur
at the end of the teaching and learning cycle each school year. This type of assessment is used to see what a student has learned over the course of a school year. Types of summative assessments include: term papers, examinations, and teacher self-evaluations.
Affective Learning Outcomes involve students'
attitudes
invisible diversity
attributes that are not readily seen. We cannot see someone's work experience. With the exception of a wedding band, we do not know a person's marital status, educational achievements, income or religious beliefs. The only way to find out the status of an individual's invisible diversity is to ask them in a kind, but direct manner.
One advantage of digital learning resources is their ability to enhance student
autonomy
a HS geography teacher has a goal of using technology to enhance students understanding of various geographic features. which of the following digital tools is likely to be most effective and appropriate for this purpose a) web based mapping applications b) geographic information system software using satellite images c) travel simulation applications d) spreadsheet mapping software linked to a geographic database 57
b
Stanine scores
based on a nine point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two. Stanine scores are used to see the distribution of scores for a grade level to find patterns in student achievement over time
integrity vs. despair
between 65 years old and death, depends on the person's adaptation to successes and disappointments of the prior seven stages in his or her life and accepting responsibility for one's life and service as the originator of others and the generator of things and ideas. The important event in this stage is reflection and acceptance of one's life. Failure in this stage is typically accompanied by a sense of despair and may include a subconscious fear of death.
An analysis question in a math class might ask students to do what with a problem-solving process?
break it into its parts
Social schema theory
builds on and uses terminology from schema theory in cognitive psychology, which describes how ideas or "concepts" are represented in the brain and how they are categorized.
which of the following situations in a middle-school classroom is most likely to diminish student's motivation to learn? a) the teacher requires students to use a specific format for homework assignments b) students usually have limited time during class to socialize with peers c) the teacher routinely designs learning activities that are beyond student's cognitive level d) students must secure the teacher's approval of independent study topics 59
c
Cold Calling
calling on someone at random to answer the question. Perhaps no other technique is as guaranteed at maintaining student attention.
Sequencing
can be promoted by anticipatory and cloze activities. These activities are important at the beginning and end of the day because teachers can use them to create the connections, as well as assess how much the students have learned.
Teachers should emphasize that concept maps can
change as new information is learned
Prefixes and suffixes
change word meaning
Modifications
changes to the curriculum (especially for students with special needs). They are not always synonymous with accommodations, as sometimes the student is assigned a different curriculum than the rest of the class.
social learning theory
developed by Albert Bandura. His theory has four components. attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation
One way to promote organizational/time management skills is having periodic
checks of materials students are responsible for
The New Taxonomy
classes goals in four levels of complexity. Level 1: Retrieval -- recognition and recall of basic information and the execution of procedures. Level 2: Comprehension -- identifying the critical features of knowledge; articulate and represent major ideas and supporting details Level 3: Analysis -- reasoned extensions of knowledge; makes inferences, identifies similarities and differences etc. Level 4: Knowledge utilization -- using new knowledge in the context of a robust (real-world) task
inferences
combining clues in the text with their own prior knowledge to reach a conclusion the author wants us to see
Collaborating with students to develop project or assignment criteria will help increase students'
commitment to achieving project goals
Norm-referenced tests
compare the performance of students. They compare populations. They do not tell the teacher what the student has learned in a given class or subject. The scores may be spread out so that even a good score might be in the lower quartile. Parents are often overly focused on these types of scores which compare students. This can encourage competition. Schools are moving toward a more community-based model for learning.
Test validity can be measured by
comparing test questions with what has been taught
Students with reading disabilities will have trouble with
comprehension
Cognitive supports that help students who need scaffolding to understand material include (2)
concept maps study guides
Active experimentation Educational theorist, David Kolb introduced a theory of learning styles that include
concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation.
To finish a concept map,
connect ideas to each other and define the connections
Academic advocacy
connecting with teachers to understand what students are doing in order to help parents get more involved in their children's education.
Professional Learning Community
consists of educators who meet to share knowledge to improve their own pedagogy as well as student achievement.
Performance assessments require students to
construct a response or complete a task
Bloom's Taxonomy
created in 1956 under the leadership of educational psychologist Dr Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning). It is most often used when designing educational, training, and learning processes.
collaboration
creating a link with your colleagues and creating new ways of doing things that will benefit students in all classes.
digital citizens
credit your sources of information. As sfudents develop their digital projects, you'll want to teach them how to cite information.
Feedback
criticism of student's product; not them should be... prompt occur right after the event contain encouragement for the student to do even better next time be specific focus clearly on a few aspects
Culturally competent instruction requires all students to evaluate
cultural assumptions
Assessment should include an ongoing collection of
data to identify student strengths / weaknesses
Students with reading disabilities may be able to
decode
Conditional learning
description of how information is learned. It is associated with how information is absorbed, processed, and retained. The two types of conditional learning theories classical conditioning and operant conditioning
If students finish their assignments early and become bored, teachers should
design serial assignments instead of breaking them down incrementally
To "differentiate" process, teachers can
develop personal agendas for specific students
Jerome Bruner
developed a curriculum design model based on the cognitive development approach. His research divides cognitive development into three stages or levels. He asserted that curriculum should encourage problem solving
diversity
differences and often pertains to particular identity categories
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
disruptive careless mistakes in work hard time sustaining attention great deal of nervous energy possessed by internal energy
Quartile scoring
divides scores into four equal parts and can also help define student achievement over time
If a teacher has to collect student belongings during class, the teacher should
do it without comment or interruption to the lesson
IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
each child is educated in the lre which may mean a regular classroom parental rights - consent and participation in the decisions about their children, policy making and notification.
One advantage of digital learning resources is their flexibility as teachers need to
edit content
assistive technology
electric devices and accommodations that assists students who have disabilities. Also helps students gain more independence, which prepares them for life after school.
social interaction theories
emphasize that social skills and language experiences are essential to language development. According to this view, any active child with the ability to develop language will attempt to communicate. When the child makes these attempts at language development, caregivers will begin to provide experiences that will assist the process. In this way, the child learns to relate language development to its social meaning.
Instructional planning
encompasses both the long-range plans (the overarching objectives that we carry through the year) and the short-range plans (the day-to-day objectives we plan for each class).
COGNITIVISM
essentially argues that the "black box" of the mind should be opened and understood. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a computer); people are not "programmed animals" that merely respond to environmental stimuli; people are rational beings that require active participation in order to learn, and whose actions are a consequence of thinking.
Analyzing assessment data will help a teacher to
establish appropriate learning goals for a student
Asking students to decide on the usefulness of a class procedure in promoting learning requires them to
evaluate
Teachers can encourage students to take responsibility for their own learning by letting them
evaluate each other
Curriculum
everything that students learn and everything that you teach.
Teachers can communicate high expectations by providing students with
examples and analysis of high-quality performance
You will know students understand a concept because they will be able to (3)
explain interpret apply
Helping students to develop a long-term memory of knowledge and concepts primarily involves
explaining the same content in a variety of ways
extended family
group of relatives outside of the immediate family. They can offer several benefits for children who are developing. As they did after Kayla's father died, they can offer emotional support to the child. And because they are a larger group, they can offer more variety of experience and knowledge than a nuclear family unit. This is especially beneficial for the intellectual development of a child.
Visible diversity
external and demonstrates things we cannot change, such as age, race, gender and other physical attributes.
social speech
external communication used to talk to others (typical from the age of two)
Non-verbal Communication
eye contact, facial expressions, gestures and body orientation proximity, parlinguistics and humor
Assessment should provide students with
feedback about their own learning
To continue a concept map,
find key concepts that relate to the central topic
digital natives
fluent in the use of technology
cultural-historical theory of cognitive development
focused on the role of culture in the development of higher mental functions, such as speech and reasoning in children.
the conventional level of moral development,
focuses more on parental rules and societal laws. People at this level of moral development base their decisions on what their parents and/or law enforcement says is right. Stage 3 is about social conformity. For example, a student may think, 'Students who cheat on tests are bad, so I will not cheat.' Stage 4 is all about law and order for all. For example, someone may think, 'If I steal, I will break the law and breaking the law is wrong.'
Pretests are a good example of what type of assessments?
formative
Exit tickets are a helpful way to
formatively assess
Procedural knowledge
framed by what students will be able to do, what skills, processes, or strategies they will employ. (New Taxonomy)
Divergent Thinking
generating many ideas about a topic in a short period of time spontaneous free flowing brainstorming keeping journal
Talented and Gifted Students (TAG)
gifted, extremely bright and grasp ideas easily often overlooked require consideration because of intelligence level to avoid boredom, dropouts or feelings of understimulation
Formative assessment is designed to
give students feedback on learning while helping the teacher determine effective ways of teaching. One example of this assessment is for the teacher to ask verbal questions and have each child write their answer on their board and hold it up. This allows the teacher to see which students are learning the material and which ones may need more help.
To "differentiate" products, teachers can
give students options about how to complete a product
Direct instruction is useful for
giving students a body of background knowledge as they enter a new unit
backward planning
goals established during the long-range planning (the end of the year) and worked to the beginning to design weekly and daily lesson plans.
Report cards will include
grade point averages, student attendance and tardiness rates, and comments about behavior and attitude. These can be standardized and noted by a reference number.
McGuffey Readers
graded, or leveled, readers which had a great influence on public education in the United States. The content of the text upheld American values for this time. There were several series of Readers. By 1879, more than 60 million had been sold
Chunking
grouping information into units. This helps information stay in the short term memory. This improves the chance of information coming into long term memory.
physical development
growth & maturity of the body (a biological development)
Cultural awareness
involves supporting diversity by seeking out avenues to better understand other people and cultures. Being sensitive and respectful towards the culture and beliefs of families from diverse backgrounds is of the utmost importance. Watching documentaries about other cultures, attending cultural festivals in your area, and reading books about other cultures and beliefs are all good ways to help you effectively communicate with children and families of diverse backgrounds.
Resilience advocacy
involves the teaching of coping skills to parents and children to help them develop the resilience needed to adapt to change with minimal stress. The role of an advocate is to prepare families to adjust to changes, whether they're anticipated or not. When the transition is predictable, like first attending school or daycare outside the home, the advocate can assist with the necessary planning to make the transition smooth.
Bloom's Taxonomy
is a model that is a hierarchy — a way to classify thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity. The model consists of six levels, with the three lower levels (knowledge, comprehension, and application) being more basic than the higher levels (analysis, synthesis, and evaluation)[1]. Some think of the levels as a stairway, in which learners are encouraged to achieve a higher level of thinking. If a student has mastered a higher level, then he or she is considered to have mastered the levels below.
Constructivism
is a philosophical viewpoint about the nature of knowledge. One prominent theorist known for his constructivist views is Jean Piaget, who focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction between their experiences and their ideas.
Classical conditioning
is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Pavlov).
Cooperative Learning
is a successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject.
Discovery Learning
is a technique of inquiry-based learning and is considered a constructivist based approach to education. It is supported by the work of learning theorists and psychologists Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, and Seymour Papert.
Behaviorism
is a worldview that assumes a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental stimuli. The learner starts off as a clean slate and behavior is shaped through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement (B. F. Skinner)
educational progressivism
is an educational movement started by John Dewey that says that students learn through their own experiences. Progressivism revolves around the students' needs, including teaching students to be good citizens as well as good learners, a concept known as focusing on the whole child.
Educational psychology
is the study of how humans learn and retain knowledge, primarily in educational settings like classrooms. This includes emotional, social, and cognitive learning processes.
A spreadsheet
is useful in math. It sorts information and creates graphs.
metacognition
is, put simply, thinking about one's thinking.
Relational aggression
isolating others through social exclusion or spreading rumors, is especially prevalent in middle school girls.
Meeting with students about their accommodations is important because (2)
it allows the student to advocate for himself it shows the teacher where the students' priorities are
self-talk
it is not intended to be a communicative form of speech. For example, our child wants to reach a cookie from the high cabinet. She may say to herself, 'I'm going to push this chair and climb up to get the cookie'. She is not necessarily communicating with anyone; she is simply stating these directions for herself to help herself accomplish a task.
More Knowledgeable Other (MK))
it refers to someone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept.
Memory
knowing what has been taught - it is not a learning category
Instructional coaches
leaders who work with teachers to implement standards, curriculum, and programs; analyze and interpret data, gather resources, accomplish goals, and ultimately improve student and teacher performance. An added piece of instructional coaching is the integration of instructional technology into curriculum.
The eight intelligences that affect the style in which one learns are
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist
Reflective listening
listening attentively to a speaker, then summarizing back to them what they said. You are basically ''repeating their own words back to them.
Informal observational assessment is watching
listening, and documenting intentional or incidental student performance.
diagraming sentences
locating and labeling the various sentence parts and phrase configurations, a scattered, multiple answer approach.
Consequences assigned as discipline should be
logical
pastoral communications
made in a confidential setting by someone seeking specific guidance or advice, such as a penitent from a priest in a confessional.
Differentiation means
making learning accessible for every student
Proactively preventing misbehavior mainly involves
making sure students know the consequences for behavior ahead of time
Developmentally appropriate practices (DAP)
making sure that educators provide opportunities to learn that are right for the age of the students. Knowing about child development and learning, knowing what's appropriate for each individual student, and knowing what is culturally appropriate.
The goal of effective classroom management is to
maximize instructional time
Learning tasks
meaningful activities students participate in that help them learn a concept
Rote memorization
memorizing through repetition. To learn something by ________ is to memorize it without thought of the meaning.
progress monitoring
methods of collecting and applying data about student skills to plan instruction.
In order to help students develop complex solutions to problems, students should expose students to
multiple implications of the problem
In order to help students develop complex understanding of a topic, teachers should expose students to
multiple perspectives on the topic
Fluid thinking assumes
no single effective response
Anecdotal records
notes collected by teachers. They are informal records. They are useful for adjusting instruction when necessary
Peer assessments
occur when students evaluate other students in the class.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
occurs between 18 months and three years old. As the child begins to stand firmly on his or her feet, he or she separates the environment into 'I and you, me and mine'. The general significance of this stage consists of the maturation of the child's muscle system and the ability to coordinate such actions as holding and letting go and the child's increasing ability to exert his or her will. The important event in this stage is toilet training. If children are encouraged in this stage, they will become con dent and secure. If they are criticized or overly controlled, they will begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive and become overly dependent on others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame and doubt in their abilities.
Trust vs. mistrust
occurs from birth to 12-18 months. The quality of the relationship between the infant and its mother or primary caregiver is essential to developing the infant's trust and the environment, and developing a sense of trust is a cornerstone of a healthy personality. The important event in this stage is feeding. The unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust and culls a sense of fear about the inconsistent world, leading to feelings of anxiety, insecurity, and an overall feeling of mistrust toward the world.
haptic
of or relating to the sense of touch, in particular relating to the perception and manipulation of objects using the senses of touch and proprioception.
Growth Mindset
on the other hand, attributes success to learning. Therefore, the individual is not terrified of failure, because it only signals the need to pay attention, invest effort, apply time to practice, and master the new learning opportunity. They are confident that after such effort they will be able to learn the skill or knowledge, and then to improve their performance.
Knowledge-based questions usually have
one right answer
Feedback to students should be (2)
ongoing specific
classroom management skills
organizational strategies teachers employ to keep a class on track with goals, state standards, and student behavior. Likewise, they need to make sure they are able to provide an equal education for all students.
Fluid thinking involves being able to develop
original work
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
passed in 1990 outlines rights of individuals with disabilities nondiscriminatory access in every way to businesses and jobs
Mastery
people achieve goals and overcome failures. This is an important part of increasing self-efficacy.
social modeling
people see others like themselves being successful.
UDL guidelines seek to provide accessible modes of perception by teaching to different levels of (3)
perception language, expressions, and symbols comprehension
Examples of authentic assessment categories include:
performance of the skills, or demonstrating use of a particular knowledge, simulations and role plays, studio portfolios, strategically selecting items
psychomotor domain
pertains to physical movement, such as coordination and the use of the motor-skill areas. When developing this area, it usually requires practice and is measured in terms of speed, precision, and technique
UDL guidelines seek to provide accessible modes of action and expression by teaching to different levels of (3)
physical action expression and communication executive function
intentional observational assessments
planned opportunities to observe performance-based tasks.
Coordination
planning and communicating with the members of the PLC. An example of this could involve ensuring that there is a schedule for the graphing calculators that are needed for investigating slope of a line so that all classes have access to them when required. While this helps with efficiency, it doesn't facilitate teacher or student growth.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.
recognition networks
processing the information we hear, see, or read. The brain then takes the information and categorizes it. This allows students to understand what they are learning.
Audiologists
professionals who measure one's ability to hear, can be helpful to assess hearing level in students.
To differentiate a long-range project, teachers can offer a
project / subject menu
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
protects the confidentiality of students' educational records.
curriculum map
provides a teacher with an understanding of the order in which the major units of study should be taught. It also dictates how much time should be spent teaching each state standard in order to fully cover the required information in the time available. Most importantly, it helps teachers plan to complete their instruction before end of the year or the standardized tests.
closed captioned television (CCTV)
provides written translation of video presentations to allow students to watch and understand movies and other presentations with audio.
Charles Cooley
published his theory called the Looking-Glass Self in order to explain how people develop a sense of self.
UDL guidelines seek to provide accessible modes of engagement by teaching to different levels of (3)
recruiting interest sustaining effort and persistence self-regulation
Scaffolding
refers to a process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed. Psychologist and instructional designer Jerome Bruner first used the term 'scaffolding' in this context back in the 1960s.
standardization
refers to the extent to which the assessment and procedures of administering the assessment are similar, and the assessment is scored similarly for each student.
digital accessibility
refers to the practice of making technology accessible to those with special needs. An example might be the addition of both audio and text files to a website. The audio would make it accessible to individuals with visual impairments because they could listen to the content instead of having to read text on the screen.
Behavior (B in Bandura's reciprocal causation model)
refers to things like complexity, duration, skill, etc.
In order to alleviate "content overload," teachers can provide
reflection breaks
Exit tickets promote students'
reflection on performance
Formative assessments help students by
reinforcing key concepts
One of the primary components of student motivation is the content's
relevance to real life
Convergent Thinking
represents the analysis or integration of already taught or previous knowledge leads one to an expected end result or answer questions to rouse convergent thinking: why, how, in what ways
One way to promote organizational/time management skills is giving students
rewards for finishing on time
Teachers can encourage students to be responsible for their own behavior by giving
rewards for good behavior
Democratic discipline
rooted in the work of the educator Rudolf Dreikurs, this focuses on respect, collaboration, social acceptance, and solving problematic behavior rather than punishing it. In other words, students work together and with the teacher to establish rules for behavior. This creates an increased level of responsibility on the part of students. Teachers support the needs of the students and work to develop a positive and respectful classroom environment. This also seeks to discourage misbehavior before it begins by empowering students in the classroom.
Self-assessment scales
rubrics and checklists that measure a teacher's performance against a standard of proficiency. They may be used to evaluate classroom management, parent involvement, classroom culture, teacher collaboration, student collaboration, lesson plans, grading practices, or any other area that a teacher may want to review.
Test reliability can be determined by
running the test multiple times
In order to understand their own learning, students need
scales and checklists to illustrate their progress
Good assessments and assignments combine the two worlds of
school and outside life
Benchmark tests are standardized in terms of their (2)
scoring administration
Motivation
selection, direction and continuation of behavior comes from the student
Lifelong learning
self-directed, continuous quest to seek formal or informal education for personal enjoyment or to develop career skills.
independent learning
self-guided process to expand knowledge and skills.
Having students solve global problems enhances students'
sense of responsibility
self-esteem
sense of your own strengths, and identity development.
Backward design involves the process of
setting a learning goal for students during a unit, then designing activities that enable students to reach the goal
Exit tickets enable students to
summarize and synthesize what they learned
Phonemic awareness
the ability to breakdown written words into their component sounds. As a teacher, when you ask your students to sound out a difficult word, that's phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness helps novice readers to separate words into syllables and meaningful sounds, known as phonemes.
creativity
the ability to come up with new, original, unique solutions to problems or ideas.
Benchmark tests are usually
short
A key indicator of intelligence is the ability to
solve problems
psychometrist
someone who administers academic, educational, and psychological tests
Validity
something is correctly inferred or deducted from a premise. If something is said to be valid, it is true.
think-alouds (reading)
speaking your thoughts about the text when reading aloud so students become familiar with the process of interacting with the text to increase comprehension.
Accommodations
special methods or tools designed to assist disabled individuals.
When evaluating students' solutions to a problem, the strongest solutions will be (2)
specific directly related to the problem
An important component of meeting with parents about student progress is providing not just data but also
specific strategies parents can use to help their students
initiative vs. guilt
stage occurs between three and six years old. At the end of the third year, the child learns to move around more freely, asks questions about many things because his or her language skills are more developed, and imagination expands. During this stage, the child's personality forms around imagination. This stage is characterized by a willingness to learn quickly and to make things together with other children. The important event in this stage is independence of activities. If children are given the room to be independent and play, the child develops a sense of initiative and security. If the child is controlled and not allowed to use his or her imagination, they begin to develop a sense of guilt and may feel like a nuisance to others.
Unpacked standards are
standards that state what the standard means a student will understand, know, and be able to do
One way to ensure test validity is to align it with
state standards
Behaviorism
stimulus-response relationships that facilitate learning. Based on the following viewpoints: 1. The environment influences behavior. People's actions are a result of their interaction with the environment. Specifically, people become conditioned, or molded, to respond in certain ways based on responses like feedback, praise and rewards (their environment) 2. Learning is described through stimuli and responses. The focus is on observable events rather than events that occur inside a person's head, such as thoughts, feelings and beliefs. 3. Learning must involve a change in action. Theorists believe that learning has not occurred unless there is an observable change in the way the person acts. 4. Learning must result when stimulus and response occur close together in time. Learners must associate their response with a stimulus. In order for that to occur, the two must happen in conjunction with each other, or, in other words, be contiguous. 5. Animals and humans learn in similar ways. These psychologists performed their experiments using animals because they believed the study of animals could explain human learning behavior.
In order to make them most effective for study, teachers should structure online learning environments so that they
streamline students' access to resources by linking directly from content pages
Culturally competent instruction builds on
strengths of the students' cultures
Formative assessments of knowledge are best suited for
student / teacher dialogues.
Sociograms help to illustrate
student interrelationships
Permissive teaching strategies
student-centered teaching that is focused on letting the students run the show. The students choose what and how to learn, and are supported in their learning by the teacher. But the ultimate decisions about learning are made by the students. For examples, for a battle of gettysburg, the students decide what questions that they want to answer and how they want to try to find the answers.
Learner-centered instruction involves lessons that encourage
student-to-student interaction
Self-discipline approach
students are encouraged to regulate their own behavior and build self-discipline.
Turn and Talk
students can look at the person next to them and discuss the points for understanding.
tiered assignments
students complete the same task but include different levels of embedded scaffolding. These assignments often look the same, so students do not realize differentiation is occurring.
Comprehension
students transform information they have learned into a different symbolic form of language, such as writing or deciphering
Bilingual Education
submersion - sink or swim; immersion - students taught by teacher that understands their language but only speaks english transitional - native tongue is used only to transition and explain english to them
Effective instruction is (2)
systematic comprehensive
When students are working through a large project, teachers should help students
tackle specific elements of the project at a time
scientific method
takes an idea about how something works and tests it scientifically to determine if that assumption is accurate. When designing a curriculum, using best practices based on sound educational research will ensure that students achieve maximum progress for their efforts. Instructors can teach more effectively and more efficiently when using a research-based best practice method for developing and delivering curriculum. Without using research to inform decisions about curriculum and instruction, instructors have no way of ensuring that all their efforts in teaching students will be effective. As more research is conducted over time, best practices may change and improve with the addition of new information. It is important to differentiate between valid research and fleeting trends.
Interim assessment
takes place occasionally over a given period of time (For example, a chapter or a unit). Feedback is given quickly but not immediately. In many cases, _______ includes an opportunity for a student to resubmit an assignment (not always for a new grade) once feedback has been digested and acted upon. Examples include chapter tests or an essay.
Negative Reinforcement
taking something unpleasant away to increase a certain behavior. For Example, A teacher exempts students from the final test if they have perfect attendance. So the teacher is taking away something unpleasant to increase behavior.
Authentic learning activities
tasks given to students in the real world where they can apply what they learned in class and continue to learn more in a setting that is relevant to them. They include the following criteria: 1. Learning activities relate to the real world/real life 2. Tasks that are applicable and of interest to learners 3. Students are encouraged to think critically, organize and evaluate data 4. Students produce a product or share results with a real audience
interdisciplinary approach
teachers organize the curriculum around common learnings across disciplines. They chunk together the common learnings embedded in the disciplines to emphasize interdisciplinary skills and concepts.
Fixed Mindset
tend to be interested only in feedback on their success in activities to the degree that it serves to evaluate their underlying ability. They are not using the feedback to learn, since they do not believe that their success depends on their effort to learn. Rather, they believe that success depends on the level of innate ability that they have. Therefore, they dread failure, because it suggests constraints or limits that they will not be able to overcome.
Curriculum mapping might also include alignment of (4)
textbooks assignments lessons instructional techniques
Culturally competent instruction represents a variety of cultures in its use of
texts, artifacts, and ideologies
To "differentiate" the environment, teachers can ensure
that there are quiet places in the room to work
Information literacy
the ability to locate and evaluate reputable information and to use it appropriately. t goes beyond just being able to search for something on the internet or in a book. It involves being able to determine whether or not the information obtained is true and reliable and the ability to apply the information where needed.
Metacognition
the ability to think about the thought and learning process. Children typically develop this between the ages of five and six
Cultural competence
the ability to understand and respond appropriately to the culture in which a person interacts with others.
Symbolic Thought
the ability to use symbols to represent things. Just as the video represents her grandmother, Aisha is able to recognize that sometimes symbols can represent things.
Validity
the accuracy of the assessment
Standard deviation
the amount an assessment score differs from a fixed value, such as the mean.
vicarious reinforcement
the arouse emotional reactions in the observer. For example, a teacher acknowledges a child who shares her crayons with others at a table, and a child who observed the situation experiences positive feelings. The behavior of a model produces reinforcement for a particular behavior, and second, positive emotional reactions are aroused in the observer.
Schemas
the basic building block of intelligent behavior - a way of organizing knowledge. "units" of knowledge, each relating to one aspect of the world, including objects, actions, and abstract (i.e., theoretical) concepts. Think of them as 'index cards' filed in the brain, each one telling an individual how to react to incoming stimuli or information (Wadsworth).
Scope refers to
the breadth and depth of content covered in a class
Neighborhood density
the calculation of the number of words in a given lexicon which differ by only one sound. For example, "hay" and "day" differ in only the beginning sound.
empathy
the capacity to share or understand another's feelings or emotions. When you take a genuine interest in understanding others and are able to feel what they are going through in their situation, it helps set the stage for building a trusting relationship in which positive communication can take place.
In joint attention
the child and caregiver focus on the same object or event and the caregiver comments on what the child sees by labeling it. Directing children in this way enhances vocabulary for both verbal and preverbal communication. It contributes greatly to early language development, by helping children sustain attention longer, comprehend more speech, produce meaningful gestures and words early and develop a broad vocabulary.
phonics
the connection between written letters and the sounds of spoken English. That's usually the starting point in a reader's schooling.
articulation
the correct pronunciation of sounds and words
learning level
the degree at which they currently understand content.
cognitive development theories
the development of thought processes and how these thought processes influence our understanding of the world around us. A major figure in this theory is Jean Piaget.
Zone of Proximal Development.
the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.
Practicality
the extent to which an assessment or assessment procedure is easy to administer and score.
Reliability
the extent to which an assessment yields consistent information about the knowledge, skills, or abilities being assessed. An assessment is considered ______ if the same results are yielded each time the test is administered.
Incident analysis
the formal review of an event to analyze why it happened and prevent a similar event from taking place in the future.
Dimensions refer to
the goal specificity and goal difficulty.
Nurture
the impact of the environment, which involves the process of learning through experiences.
Egocentrism
the inability to understand how others see things.
socioeconomic status (SES)
the measure of income and occupation and is classified as low, middle, and high.
Authentic assessment
the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted to multiple choice standardized tests. Authentic assessment can be devised by the teacher, or in collaboration with the student by engaging student voice.
Sequence refers to
the order in which content is presented in a class
decoding skills
the part of reading that has to do with how we sound out the words on the page.
fluency
the part of reading that has to do with speed and expression
Developmental psychology
the perspective that studies change that occurs in learners over the course of a long period of time. This perspective encompasses theories that are continuous and discontinuous in nature.
direct reinforcement
the positive reinforcement by the observer's imitation of the model.
Nature
the process of biological maturation inheritance and maturation. One of the reasons why the development of human beings is so similar is because our common specifies heredity (DNA) guides all of us through many of the same developmental changes at about the same points in our lives.
Curriculum mapping
the process of indexing or diagraming a curriculum to identify and address academic gaps, redundancies, and misalignments for purposes of improving the overall coherence of a course of study and, by extension, its effectiveness (a curriculum, in the sense that the term is typically used by educators, encompasses everything that teachers teach to students in a school or course, including the instructional materials and techniques they use).
gamification
the process of making a mundane task into a game-like activity, can help students reap rewards for their tasks. Software programs that combine important concepts like spelling, reading, and writing in a game-like fashion make these activities seem fun. Students can gain instant gratification in the form of virtual coins, imaginary prizes, and level-ups for completing a certain task correctly. Even without physical rewards, the games themselves are designed in such a way that the graphics, animations, and sounds all capture a student's attention and motivate them to learn new things.
motivation
the reason(s) someone has for doing something
If a student is showing lack of motivation, the content or skill may be
too difficult or too easy
orthotics
tools like crutches designed to support the limbs during movement
Enactive stage
the representation of knowledge through actions. This stage involves the encoding and storage of information. There is a direct manipulation of objects without any internal representation of the objects. For example, a baby shakes a rattle and hears a noise. The baby has directly manipulated the rattle and the outcome was a pleasurable sound. In the future, the baby may shake his hand, even if there is no rattle, expecting his hand to produce the rattling sounds. The baby does not have an internal representation of the rattle and, therefore, does not understand that it needs the rattle in order to produce the sound.
Intellectual freedom
the right to receive information from alternative perspectives that have not been censored. Courts look more favorably upon educators' decisions that are based on sound educational principals rather than from the desire to conform to popular political or religious viewpoints.
Phonology
the rules about the structure and sequence of speech sounds.
Long-range planning
the scale planning teachers do to meet goals for whole units and the entire school year.
Linguistics
the scientific study of human language, is an important component of educational psychology
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound
hegemonic culture
the social norms and expectations of a society
Test reliability is important in ensuring that
the test shows accurate representation of student learning
Cognitive psychology
the theoretical perspective that focuses on learning based on how people perceive, remember, think, speak and problem-solve. It encompasses perception, categorization, memory, knowledge representation, language and thinking processes.
Cognition
the thought processes of a person
One way to promote organizational/time management skills is having students track
the time anticipated vs. time spent on various activities
adolescence
the time between childhood and adulthood that lasts from age 13 to 20
family culture
the total way of life of a student's family. Family culture can include language, discipline style, religion, and other aspects of life.
private speech
the transition point between social and inner speech, the moment in development where language and thought unite to constitute verbal thinking.
actual development
the upper limit of tasks a child can perform individually
expository instruction
the use of an expert to explain a concept or give information to the student. The expert could be an instructor, a textbook, or an educational video, just to name a few.
Morphology
the use of grammatical markers to indicate tense, active or passive voice, etc. Morphology is the use of grammatical markers to indicate tense, active or passive voice, etc. From 1-2 years of age, children can begin using two-word combinations, such as 'brown teddy.' Around the age of 3, children can form simple sentences. Around the age of 6 and beyond, children can use complex grammatical structures.
Symbolic representation stage
the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences. from seven years and up, is when information is stored in the form of a code or symbol such as language. Each symbol has a fixed relation to something it represents. For example, the word 'dog' is a symbolic representation for a single class of animal. Symbols, unlike mental images or memorized actions, can be classified and organized. In this stage, most information is stored as words, mathematical symbols, or in other symbol systems. A learner understands the symbols associated with what they represent. For example, a student in math understands that the plus sign ( + ) means to add two numbers together and the minus sign ( - ) means to subtract.
Iconic stage
the visual summarization of images. it appears from one to six years old. This stage involves an internal representation of external objects visually in the form of a mental image or icon. For example, a child drawing an image of a tree or thinking of an image of a tree would be representative of this stage.
student perception
the way students sense and perceive their role as learners.
Vocabulary
the way that words are given meaning.
In order to help students develop personal academic goals, teachers should first have them identify
their strengths and weaknesses
universal screenings
they are screenings that include all students in a school. This allows educators to identify students who may be at risk of school failure.
gifted
they are unusually advanced or talented in one or more areas. In general, students are considered this when they exhibit one or more areas of intelligence or talent that really set them apart from their peers.
digital tools and resources
they are used to help deliver instruction or for other classroom purposes. They are not school curricula by themselves because they cannot replace instruction. For example, a video or movie maker app is used to help students create a movie to help explain a concept they are learning. Other example of these may include: Word processing documents, Slide presentation software, Electronic reference materials, Tablets, and cellphone apps
When students create schema for ideas, they
they establish connections. An example of this is "comparing and contrasting oligarchy to other types of governments." It must indicate how students will make relevant connections for a new concept.
low-incidence (LI) disabilities
they occur in only about 1% of American students and account for only one- fifth of overall disabilities among students. students usually require special education and are much less likely to successfully complete school with less than half graduating from high school. They may struggle socially and behaviorally as well. This can negatively affect personal relationships and employment throughout the lifespan.
learning experiences
things students will do to better learn and understand content,
Metacognition
thinking about how we think
self reflection
thinking about the strengths and challenges of one's work or other aspects of self
egocentric
thinking only of oneself, without regard for the feelings or desires of others; self-centered
In revising a big project like a paper, help students break down the process of improvement by having them identify each others'
top 3 areas of improvement
Having students solve global problems requires students to (2)
trace implications generalize knowledge across multiple contexts
Critical Friends Groups (CFGs)
trusted peers that provide honest, objective feedback. Teachers part of this group understand that working in isolation makes them less effective than those who welcome opportunities for constructive criticism.
Online learning environments are unique in that they provide opportunities for
two-way communication and collaboration
Phonemic awareness
understanding that words are made up of phonemes, or sounds. When children can separate the word ''cat'' into three separate sounds by saying /k/-/a/-/t/, they are demonstrating their knowledge of this.
Formative assessments
ungraded or are associated with low point values because they seek to check understanding. Students are less likely to cheat because they are not concerned with the grade, as they might be while taking summative assessments. Examples of these may come in the form of meaningful assignments like discussions with questions, group projects, individually completed graphs and charts, and reflections. When teachers conduct these activities, they know which areas of coursework are well-understood and which areas they should focus on a bit more.
To start a concept map,
use a main idea, topic, or issue on which you will focus
Authentic assessments require students to
use knowledge to perform a task grounded in a real-world context
CAL - Computer assisted learning involves
use of computers as a supplemental resource for students along with traditional instruction. features tutorials and interactive software, online learning environments generally feature which of the following additional elements.
To differentiate content, teachers can
use reading-leveled materials
autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
used to describe five disabilities that generally impact an individual's neurological development. These disabilities include autism, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive developmental delay-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD).
Assimilation
using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation
Active listening
using non-verbal body language to communicate undivided attention. Examples of active listening include making eye contact and nodding your head. These behaviors show that you care about and understand what is being said.
Key component of effective instruction
variety of strategies and activities that address student characteristics and specific learning needs
Semantics
vocabulary and how concepts are expressed through words.
learning expectations
what is required of students in terms of work and effort.
Schema
what is stored from past experiences about events, scenarios, actions, objects, or facts, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development
instructional outcomes
what the teacher wants students to learn
Underextension
when a child makes only one language association with a certain object but not the other similar objects. For example, when the child only calls their "one" special bear, a bear and does not call any other stuffed bears a "bear".
Stereotype threat
when a person experiences anxiety over a task because his or her performance may confirm a stereotype about a group to which he or she belongs: race, gender, class, etc. The anxiety tends to result in poor performance. It is key to keep stereotype threat in mind when working with students from historically stereotyped groups.
Positive reinforcement
when a student is rewarded with something that motivates them to repeat the behavior. For example, when her students raise their hands before speaking, Mrs. Jacobs says something like, ''Thank you for raising your hand, Josh!'' When a student turns in a homework assignment, they get to pick out a prize from the treasure chest. These rewards motivate her students and make them want to continue raising their hand and turning in their homework.
A rapport
when professionals establish a feeling of trust between them and their clients.
Teacher observation is best
when short-term recordkeeping is necessary, as it can assess small domains of knowledge.
Homogeneous grouping
when the teacher places students of the same or similar learning levels in a group.
Heterogeneous grouping
when the teacher places students of various learning levels in a group.
Task analysis
when we break down a skill into small, manageable steps. This makes it easier for students to understand what they need to do and makes the skill seem less daunting. Mrs. Jacobs uses this for things like how to write your name, how to match letters, and how to come sit on the carpet for circle time.
Choral Reading (Partner Reading)
where all students read aloud in unison along with the teacher.
gradual release method
where students are given scaffolding to direct their thinking at first, but are eventually released to work on their own.
gender
whether a person is male or female
Before assuming students have made an error while testing, teachers should first consider
whether the test includes an error
flipped classroom model
which reverses that order. Students learn content at home online and then spend their classroom time in guided practice and creative projects. This more interactive model allows for students to learn according to their learning styles, ability, and circumstances. They get more time with the teacher to ask questions and get clarification on concepts they learned the lectures watched at home.
word attack strategies
will help students who struggle when they encounter new or unfamiliar words. The simplest and possibly most effective approach is to model chunking for your students. Show them how you break words down into smaller parts. Practice sounding out words with them. Teach them how to use familiar prefixes, roots and suffixes to figure out the meaning of words. You can use this word attack approach with any students, regardless of grade level, if they need them.
Cooperation
working as part of a team and could include sharing resources.
chunking
you are breaking a lesson down into smaller, manageable sections. This can help students organize information to make learning easier and increase comprehension.
guided practice
you as the teacher may practice reading a passage or solving a math equation as your ELLs and other students follow along. You can use this strategy for the whole class or you may break struggling readers into smaller groups so that they can receive more personalized instruction. The same strategies can be used for math and other courses where scaffolded instruction is needed to support student learners.
exploratory instruction
you teach by planting questions, like seeds, that encourage students to investigate their own approaches to learning the material. The students create their own paths, instead of following yours.
