Industrial Revolution

Response to Industrialization (Continued)

1) In 1750, all countries were fairly close together. China and India were a large part in the early-modern world trade, and earned high profits from this. However, in 1800, Britain had opened up a noticeable lead over all countries, and that gap progressively widened as the British Industrial Rev. 2) Countries of continental Europe and US began to emulate the British model successfully, with significant variations in the timing and extent of industrialization. Belgium led in adoption Britain's new technology, and it experienced a truly revolutionary surge between 1830 and 1860. France gradually developed factory production. This was overshadowed by the US and Germany's quick rise after 1860 in what has been called "the second industrial rev.). EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE BEGAN THE PROCESS OF MODERN INDUSTRIALIZATION LATER THAN NORTHWESTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE. NEVERTHELESS, THEY GROWED AND MADE REAL PROGRESS AFTER 1880 3) The late but substantial industrialization in eastern and southern Europe meant that all European states as well as the US raised per capita industrial levels in 19th century. These increases contrasted the decreases in non-Western countries, like China and India

European Countries's 3 Advantages

1) Most had a rich tradition of putting-out enterprise, merchant capitalists and skilled urban artists. Such conditions gave firms the ability to adapt and survive in the face of new market conditions 2)Continental capitalists did not need to develop their own advanced technology. Instead, they borrowed new methods developed in Great Britain, as well as engineers and some financial resources they lacked 3) Strong, independent governments that did not fall under foreign political control

There was considerable economic improvement for workers throughout Britain by 1850, but that improvement was hard won and slow in coming

1) Number of hours in the average work week increased. Bc of this, workers earned more bc they worked more. 2) Wartime decline in the average worker's real wages and standard of living had a powerful negative impact on workers. These difficult war years , with more unemployment and sharply higher prices for bread, were formative years for new factory labor force 3) Look at goods workers purchased. Evidence is contradictory. Generally, workers ate more food of higher nutritional quality as Ind. Rev. continued. Diets became more varied; ppl ate more potatoes, dairy, fruit and veggies. Clothing improved, but housing probably deteriorated. Per capita use of specific goods supports the claim that workers lives became a bit better

Family Working Together

1) Workers often went to the mills with the entire family, each person having a separate job. Now, the family unit went into the coal mines together and got paid for all their work 2) Only when technical changes threatened to place control and discipline in the hands of impersonal managers and overseers did adult workers protest against inhuman conditions in the name of their children 3) People didn't want kids working. It was too dangerous (said Robert Owen). Some success they had was the Factory Act of 1833. Limited factory workday of children between 9 and 13 to 8 to hours, and that of kids between 14 and 18 to 12 hours. Children under 9 must go to elementary school owned by factory owner. BROKE FAMILIES WORKING ALL TOGETHER

The Rules of the Hatters of London

1347 CE. Strict rules about production, organized in a guild. They had to abide by these rules By being in this guild, they gain ensured equality (EVERYONE IS ON THE SAME PLAYING FIELD, MUST DO EVERYTHING BY THE RULES), everyone is ensured financially, but no one will do much better than anyone else. They lose the ability to make individualized hats, cannot make higher profit than anyone else, you can either be in the guild or not do anything

Protestant Reformation

16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era

19th Century Work

19th century: Someone working in a (example) bullet factory would be inside all day, everything is set, time is regulated, you can stay all day and all night because there are artificial lights In the working class quarter, they are neighbors, strangers The apartments were very narrow, maybe someone took this picture to show the people of the future what they went through for history purposes, someone concerned of the condition of the workers and is protesting for better rights (taken by a reformer) These people are not outside a lot and if they were there would be a lot of soot and smoke. Travel on public transportation. They could go to a park. Did not interact w nature, and nature was dirty Amount of wealth in the whole society increases, advances in medicine and technology create an easier an environment for most, people aren't working primarily for food, fear of famine and disease is no longer

A Day in the Life of a Baker

A baker's life could have been like: wake up very early to bake, continue baking the entire day, prepare at night for next day, go home. No supervision

Adam Smith

Adam Smith believes that people bump up prices and then lower them and are constantly doing this system to ensure that they earn a high profit when there is a high demand for a product, and that they still earn a high profit when there is not such a large demand for a product. Smith's conception of how goods should be produced was based on the need for factories and desire for profit. He believed that people only went into the industry to make money for themselves, thus when faced with a high demand for a product, they created a factory with many different workers (and the owners were also different), with different skills that were utilized for the benefit of the company. The hatters, however, wanted everything to be the same and everyone was equal, which was the complete opposite of Smith's view. Supply and demand drives this. Guild told you how much to sell it for.

Agriculture

Agriculture was divided by similar values. On a manor, there was a house, church, etc. and different types of fields (meadow, common pasture, fallow field). They would plant a certain thing one season, and then let it grow out naturally. They land you own is scattered around the manor because you want a little bit of everything (type of crops), and the entire manor had to work together (similar to the hats; everything was the same and regulated) For agriculture to be more capitalistic, they would have to keep everything in their own areas and manage it themselves (more control over their land), sense of private ownership How did changes in agriculture contribute to the origins of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain? - More efficient, people would grow things themselves Why would the production of cotton textiles not have fit so well into the old guild system? - It was produced by people all over the place and had different standards, they outsourced, larger scale How was the "putting out" system different from guild production? Why did textile production become increasingly concentrated in factories? - People were in different places, getting and taking things from others, more efficient to have everything together, easier to produce in larger quantities because of new technology/machinery, control workers better How was factory production capitalistic, in a way that traditional manufacturing and farming was not? - More profit coming out, get more product then you would the old way, big difference between owner and worker, rely on machinery

Farmers

Agriculture was important in bringing about the Industrial Rev in Britain. English farmers, in 1700, were second to the Dutch, and were constantly finding new ways to improve their farming. The result (especially before 1760) was a period of bountiful crops and low food prices. English families didn't have to worry about spending most of their money on one loaf of bread anymore, so they used it on manufactured goods (razors, shawl)

According to the text, what was the connection between American slavery and English industrialization?

American slavery provided raw materials needed by Britain

Decline of Opportunities

As factories and firms grew, opportunities declined. It became hard for a gifted but poor mechanic to start a small enterprise and become a rich business owner. People whose parents had great businesses and inherited them were much more likely to succeed due to financial security. They also had a great sense of class-consciousness; there was now a wider gap between themselves and their workers

Manufacturing

As manufacturing expanded to supply both foreign and British customers, the domestic market for raw materials was well positioned to meet the growing demands of manufacturers. At a time where it was much cheaper to ship goods by sea rather than land, no part of England was more than fifty miles from water. Rivers and canals provided easy movement of England's and Wales's deposits of iron and coal (these were resources that were critical raw materials in Europe's early industrial age). There were no taxes in the country to hinder trade, like there was in France before 1789 and in Germany

Response to Industrialization

As new technologies and organization of labor began to revolutionize production in Britain, other countries took notice and began to emulate its example Many of these attempts to change was hampered (hindered) by the particular social and economic conditions of each country, and the people resisting But by the end of the 1900's many European countries, along with US and Japan, industrialized (develop industries) their economies

Search for Jobs

British families were now looking for jobs with actual pay so they could buy goods. In Britain, rising urbanization and high wages both reflected these developments and spurred them forward

British Secrets

British realized how important their new found technology was and wanted to keep it a secret Artisans and mechanics could not leave Britain before 1825, and until 1843 the export of textile equipment was forbidden (many people slipped out of the country and brought these new ideas to other countries)

Hall of the Cloth Guild

Bruges, Netherlands, 1230. Cloth guild traded and were merchants. They built the Hall of the Cloth Guild in the Netherlands, 1230. Part of third estate, but were rich. BOURGEOISIE. Threat to the order of society

"Great Chain of Being"

By Didacus Valades. Shows a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God. The chain starts from God and progresses downward to angels, stars, moon, kings, princes, nobles, merchants, peasants, wild animals, domesticated animals, trees, other plants, precious stones, precious metals, and other minerals. In medieval secular society, for example, the king is at the top, succeeded by the nobles, and then the peasants below them

"Arkwright's Cotton Mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, England"

By Joseph Wright, 1782-83. This is praising the factory because it is shown to be clean and a nice evening, where there are lights on in the factory and nothing bad happening

"Landscape with the Fall of Icarus"

By Pieter Bruegel. Shows that people should be mindful of what class they're in, and stay in your place. One should not do something that is above their "pay grade"

"The Difference Between the True Religion of Christ and the False Ungodly Teachings of the Antichrist"

Catholic drawing because on the right side, which is the Catholic side, it is all shiny and nice and gold whereas the other side is all jumbled together

Copernicus

Copernicus said that the sun didn't revolve around Earth, but the other way round. People didn't like this. Showed that the Earth wasn't the center of the universe. Makes people question their society

Myth of Icarus

Daedalus is a brilliant inventor—the Thomas Edison of his day. Unfortunately, he angers King Minos, the ruler of the island Crete, and he has to hightail it out of there. Desperate to flee the island, Daedalus uses wax to build some wings for himself and his son Icarus. Daddy Daedalus warns his son to fly at a middle height: the seawater will dampen the wings and the sun will melt them. (Not good either way.) Icarus heeds his father's advice for a bit, but then he gets cocky. He's having so much fun flying that he forgets the warning and flies too close to the sun. Sure enough, his wings melt, and Icarus plummets into the sea and drowns. Daedalus is (of course) devastated by his son's death, but the show must go on. He flies on to Sicily, where he mourns Icarus and builds a temple in honor of the god Apollo

Why did the labor movement get off to a slow start in Great Britain? Why were craft unions such as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers somewhat successful?

Engineers are needed for new technology/machines. Skilled workers had some power

Did the Industrial Revolution raise the standard of living of the English working class? What is your book's answer to this much-debated question?

Eventually, after a few decades, the standard of living for everyone improved and some aspects of life got better (but houses were still crowded). 40 span of getting from bad to good

How did early factory work continue to use the family as an economic unit, much as cottage industry had done? What effect did the Factory Act of 1833 have on this arrangement? (Your book suggests a nefarious motive for the passage of the Act as well as a humanitarian one.)

Factory family units worked : dad would do more physical work, children helped around with scraps and stuff. Factory Act of 1833 prevented women from going to work bc they needed to stay home and look after children (child at a certain age)

Social Relations

Growth of new occupational groups stimulated thinking about social relations. This thinking led to development of a new overarching interpretation regarding social relations (PARADIGM). Said that individuals were members of economically determined classes that had conflicting interests Public = middle class People = workers People grew a sense of class-consciousness : conflicting class existing

New Wave of Workers

In Britain, industrial development brought new social relations and intensified long-standing problems between capital and labor New group of factory workers and industrial capitalists arose These people strengthened the wealth and size of the middle class which had previously been made up mainly of merchants and professional people

Taxes on Goods

List disagreed with Adam Smith; Germany needs to have a different policy (neo-mercantilist) PUT TAXES ON IMPORTED( BRITISH) GOODS AND PROTECT GERMAN INDUSTRIES. GVT CONTROLS TRADE AND STUFF. Gvt helps industries and companies

Louis XIV

Louis XIV liked his legs, and the style for the Second Estate was to show them off. He was an absolute monarch. Saw himself as a modern period, moving things in a modern direction. Insisted his name be spelled in all capital letters. Absolute ruler = modern. He thought that the estate system was old fashioned. He would make decisions for everyone and be efficient

Day in the Life of a Peasant Working on a Manor

Most people (peasants) worked for the lord on the manor Being a worker in this setting would be: wake up whenever it is light, milk cow, eat breakfast, work more, eat lunch, work more, eat dinner, maybe work more, sleep. Would not have much of a social life It is to their advantage to get everything harvested, so when they feel like a break, they do. No strict schedule or supervision They do not do this year round; different sections of land were for each season, and maybe if you aren't cultivating you were making brooms, etc. Peasant wedding: guests are probably people that also work on the manor, a lord, a priest (everyone is pretty close) Work in the outdoors, spend a lot of time in the natural world

How did industrialization strengthen the notion of "separate spheres" for men and women? (Only the bourgeois wife could truly play the "angel in the home.")

People thought maybe they could control work force better if children and women weren't there Status symbol for wife to not work - in the home, wife would stay in the home and she would keep it clean, supervise servant, make everybody's job a little easier, sing for father with a piano, MAKE HOUSE A REFUGE, WORKING CLASS WOMEN W CHILDREN WOULD LEAVE THEM AT HOME AND TO KEEP THEM SAFE SHE GAVE THEM A DRUG TO SLEEP WHILE THEY WERE AWAY OR TIE THEM UP

Absolute Ruler

Rule by one person — a monarch, usually a king or a queen — whose actions are restricted neither by written law nor by custom; a system different from a constitutional monarchy and from a republic

Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto reflects an attempt to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory underlying this movement. It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments. Class relationships are defined by an era's means of production. However, eventually these relationships cease to be compatible with the developing forces of production. At this point, a revolution occurs and a new class emerges as the ruling one. This process represents the "march of history" as driven by larger economic forces

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas said that if someone is in dire need of something, and you have it, you should sell it to them for a reasonable price (you bought it for $5, so sell it for $5). Do not sell something that is not yours. People are going to make profits, some will not. ECONOMY WILL CHANGE

British Economic Growth

Throughout Europe, the 18th century was a time of agricultural improvement, population increase, expanding foreign trade, and growing cottage industry When the pace of British industry began to accelerate in the 1780's, continental businesses began to adopt the new methods as they PROVED THEIR PROFITABILITY No wars in Britain, so it did not have any physical destruction or economic dislocation British industry maintained momentum and continued to grow

Europe's Setbacks

Upheavals in European continent, cause by French Rev., disrupted trade, created runaway inflation (a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money), and fostered social anxiety The war severed continental efforts to use new British machinery and technology, and by 1815 France and the rest of Europe were farther behind Britain than before. *This widening gap made it more difficult for other countries to follow British pattern in energy and industry after peace was restore*

*IMPORTANT*

WORKERS HAD THIS LIFE DUE TO INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM AND ITS RELENTLESS COMPETITION AND CONSTANT TECHNICAL CHANGE

William Cockerill

a Lancashire carpenter. He and his sons started building cotton spinning equipment in Belgium. His one son John built a large industrial enterprise in Liege which produced machinery, steam engines and railway locomotives. The plant in Liege became the center of gathering and transmitting industrial information across Europe

Karl Marx

a bourgeois man who didn't work, and was a writer. Created ideas that changed how people viewed the world. Wrote the Communist Manifesto

Anti-Monopoly Laws

a collection of federal and state government laws that regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers. Adam Smith would not agree with this because he believes that people are greedy and will do anything for money, and this law limits the amount of profit a person can make. However, he might support this because he encourages competition. Sherman antitrust act is used to break up a company. Try to break up its monopoly.

Tariff Protection

a duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition

Divine Right of Kings

a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act

Inheritance Taxes

a tax imposed on someone who inherits property or money. More money people have, more product they can buy. If government interrupts this, then the business won't get as much money

NAFTA

an agreement among the United States, Canada and Mexico designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries. Smith would agree because he did not like taxes and now more people would be able to buy a product

Social Security

any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income. Smith would disagree because he would think that people need to work for what they want and need.

Industrial Revolution

burst of major inventions and technical changes witnessed in certain industries

Class Consciousness

conflicting class existing

Friedrich List

considered the growth of modern industry of the utmost importance because manufacturing was a primary means of increasing people's wellbeing and relieving their poverty. List's economic nationalism, designed to protect and develop the national economy, had become increasingly popular in Germany and elsewhere

First Factory

cotton mill. Cottage workers earned good wages bc factory work was undesirable. In a factory, workers had to keep up w machines. They had to show up on time everyday and work long monotonous hours under constant supervision and were punished if they broke any rules Bad conditions of the factory itself (old English poorhouses) made cotton mill owners turn to underprivileged kids. People moved to cities bc there was more desirable work

Zollverein

customs union. Did not put taxes on goods from Germany (Germany was not unified)

Expansion of 17th Century

economic realm's expansion of English woollen cloth exports brought commercial profits and high wages to the detriment of traditional producers in Flanders and Italy (in other words, the expansion of this cloth was bad for people who had made this before)

Roman Catholicism

everywhere in Europe before Reformation. A believer required the mediation of an institution to assure salvation (if you are affiliated with the church you will go to heaven. The church had you do the 7 Sacraments (a moment when you are touched by God's grace. You need a priest to mediate this). Example: baptism, eucharist. Cannot perform miracle by yourself (need the institution). If you lost faith in the clergy, you might think there must be another way

Expansion of 18th Century

expansion served Britain well. The empire they had built based on merchant-type work and thoughts, accompanied by a strong position in Latin America and in the African slave trade, provided materials like cotton and a growing market for British manufactured goods

Time Period

from the Renaissance to the French Revolution. 1500, 1600 and 1700 BCE

Henry VIII 1491-1547

he really wanted a son (his one wife, Catherine (Isabella and Ferdinand's daughter) didn't have sons) so he asked Pope if he could divorce her. Pope said no because she was powerful. He becomes a protestant and becomes the head of the church (and government) so he gets a divorce. He married another girl, and she had a girl. Wife was executed

Andrew Ure

in his study of the cotton industry, wrote that conditions in most factories were not harsh at all

Child Labor Laws

laws passed over many decades, beginning in the 1830s, by state and federal governments, forbidding the employment of children and young teenagers, except at certain carefully specified jobs. Adam Smith would disagree with this because in most factories there were child workers, and increased the amount they could make during a certain time

Cause of Industrialization

made Europe richer and stronger. There was a lag between the onset of industrialization in Great Britain bc of the war The advantages of advancing later (US) were that they could steal the people's ideas, initiate more trade with richer countries

Friedrich Engels

pessimistic view of treatment of factory workers was accepted by him. Soon to be colleague of Karl Marx. After studying conditions in northern England, he wrote the book The Condition of the Working Class in England, basically reprimanding the middle class

Fritz Harkort

pioneer in the German machinery industry. Built steam engines because he was mesmerized by Britain's achievements

Martin Luther 1483-1546

protestant. thought the church was corrupt and he would be damned. He asked if we really needed someone to mediate between us and Jesus. Your own faith in God can bring His grace right to you, you can read it yourself. Bible becomes more important bc you are reading and learning yourself. Still need a learned clergyman who knows things (but cannot make any miracles). Turned to the Bible and only kept two sacraments (Baptism and Eucharist)

William Blake and William Wordsworth

romantic poets. protested against hard life of the London poor, and lamented destruction destruction of the rural way of life and pollution of land and water. Some handicraft workers - Luddites - attacked machines in factories in England bc they claim they were putting them out of work. People said workers only earned enough to stay alive

Edwin Chadwick

said that most of the working class was able to buy some of the luxuries others claimed they couldn't

Industrialization

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale. A period of major industrialization. Began in Britain, but quickly spread throughout the world. The transformation in industry was something new and unplanned in history. With no models to copy and no idea of what to expect, Britain pioneered not only in industrial technology but also in social relations and urban living. Britain was leader in economic development. Industrial changes grew out of a long process of development.

Minimum Wage Laws

the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement

Predestination

there is already a set place you are going (heaven or hell). Work hard to convince themselves that they were saved

John Calvin 1509-1564

thought Bible was important. Did not know that you could rely on God's grace coming to you

Charles Fourier

thought that if work was better, there is a way that it could help humanity. If you make the place more quiet (rearrange people) it would be more harmonious. Assign jobs based on a quiz. Factory owner wouldn't really like this because he doesn't care about whether workers are happy or not, and it's a lot of work. Only a few small middle class communities adopted this, but they didn't last that long

Thomas Malthus

was more pessimistic (rather than Adam Smith's positivity). Throughout history, the increase of humans has been limited by resources (food). Food supply is limited. If means of subsistence increases, population increases, but it ultimately doesn't make a difference because of people behaving badly (vice) and misery. If you pay workers more, they have more food, have more children, then there is not enough food for each new person, and continues the cycle