Industrial Revolution
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.
Socialism
A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.
Trust
A trust is a conglomerate of businesses that tends to reduce market competition. During the Industrial Age, many entrepreneurs consolidated their businesses into trusts in order to gain control of the market and amass great profit, often at the expense of poor workers and consumers.
James Hargreaves
English inventor of the spinning jenny
Joseph Lister
English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics
J.P. Morgan
Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger. He purchased Carnegie Steel and created U.S. Steel America's first billion dollar corporation.
Monopoly
Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.
Knights of Labor
Founded in 1869, the Knights were one of the first major labor unions in the United States. The Knights fell into decline after one of several leaders was executed for killing a policeman in the Haymarket Riot of 1886.
Jacob Riis
He described the awful living conditions of poor people in the tenements of New York City in "How the other half lives"; led to many social reforms.
Captain of Industry
Positive terminology as related to the wealthy. Suggested the rich benefited society by giving back through philanthropic behaviors
Vertical Integration
Practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products.
Stock Watering
Practice of grossly over inflating the value of stock; mostly used in the RR industry
vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
John D. Rockefeller
multimillionaire who dominated entire American Oil Industry, knew that oil had little value until refined, invested in first oil refinery, used profits from refinery to buy up other refineries, combined companies into STANDARD OIL COMPANY
Old Immigrants
protestants, lighter skin, lighter hair, lighter eyes, came to America from Western Europe - (Great Britain, Germany) in search of religious freedom.
mass transit
public transportation system that carries large number of people (ex. subways and streetcars)
transcontinental railroad
railroad project funded by congress to span the whole country
Cyrus Field
ran an underwater telegraph cable across the Atlantic; line brought U.S. and Europe closer together
department store
retailers sold a variety of products in one store
collective bargaining
right of unions to negotiate with management for workers as a group
Haymarket Riot
riot in 1886 in Chicago in which a 11 people died and hundreds were injured. Foreigners were blamed for the event even though they weren't present
mixed legacy
robber baron and industrial tycoons
telegraph
sending messages over wires with electricity
stock
share in a corporation
dividend
share of a corporation's profit
standardization
solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes...same way every time
welder
someone who joins metal pieces together
entrepreneurs
someone who uses their own money to create a business
innovation
something new, a change; the act of introducing a new method, idea, device, etc... invention
social Darwinism
survival of the fittest
network
system of connected rail lines
enclosure system
taking and fencing off land formerly shared by peasants to create larger fields
horizontal integration
taking over other companies that produce the same thing; monopoly
Roosevelt Corollary
"Big Stick" TR's expansion of Monroe Doctrine; use of navy to "police" Central America
16th Amendment
(1913) graduated (progressive) income tax
Federal Reserve System
(1913) modern nation bank, regulation of money supply by adjusting interest rates
18th Amendment
(1920) Volstead Act; Prohibition
19th Amendment
(1920) Women's suffrage
Pullman Strike
an 1894 railway workers' strike for higher wages that was broken by federal troops, in which President Grover Cleveland issued an injunction. weakened the labor movement
Robber Barons
an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means
Dawes Act
an attempt by the US Government to Americanize the Native Americans. Divided reservations into small family sized plots of land.
Bessemer Process
enabled steelmakers to produce strong steel at a lower cost
Lord Charles Townshed
encouraged people to grow turnips because it restored soil
Social Darwinism
evolutionary idea of "survival of the fittest;" how big corporations justified eliminating competition
Spanish-American War
ex. of imperialism; US supports Cuba's fight for independence and gains Spanish territories
xenophobia
fear of foreigners
James J. Hill
finished last major cross-country line in 1893, Known as the Great Northern Railway, built without financial aid from Congress, encouraged farmers and ranchers to settle near his lines, gave seed to farmers and helped them buy equipment to get funds, not only was his policy generous, it made good business sense
Great Railway Strike
first major railway strike of 1877 in which they blocked the freight trains, caused 100 deaths, and had to be ended by the U.S. Army
NAACP
founded in 1909 to work for racial equality, led by W.E.B. Debois
Booker T. Washington
founded the Tuskeegee Institute an all black farming college. He believed that African-Americans would gain economic equality before they would gain social equality. He was the first African-American to dine at the White House (Invited by Teddy Roosevelt)
Andrew Carnegie
friendships with railroad owners helped him win contracts for the steel he manufactured, used money to buy out rivals, also bought iron mines, railroad and steamship lines, and warehouses, soon controlled all phases of steel industry, VERTICAL INTEGRATION gave him a great advantage over other steel companies
Britain lead the Industrial Revolution because
geographic features rivers, ports (irregular coast line) natural resources coal and iron investment capital labor force
Knights of Labor
goals included shorter workdays, to end child labor, and equal pay for men and women
cottage industry
goods made by hand in the home
pool
group of companies that divided up business in an area and fixed prices to be high
trust
group of corporation run by a single board of directors
Joseph Glidden
he invented barbed wire and brought an end to the open range.
Samuel F.B. Morse
he invented the telegraph.
Alexander Graham Bell
he invented the telephone and was a pioneer in communication not only for the hearing, but for the deaf and hearing impaired as well.
Milton Hershey
he made milk chocolate available to the world. A Pennsylvania city bears his name.
optimization
making the best or most efficient use of a situation, product, or resource
assembly line
method of production in which workers add parts to a product as it moves along a belt' allowed mass production of cars
lock out
Action by an employer that closes a place of business in a labor dispute to force union members to meet its demands.
Robber Barons
"Robber Barons" was the name given to wealthy entrepreneurs and businessmen during the Industrial Age. Among the more famous robber barons were Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller.
Greenbacks
"Soft money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected 14 Congressmen in 1878 by advocating for inflation
Laissez-faire
"let do;" limited government regulation of big business, it's an aspect of capitalism
Eugene V. Debs
(1855-1926) Leader of the American Railway Union and supporter of the Pullman strike; he was the Socialist Party candidate for president five times.
New Immigration
(1865-1924) next wave of immigrants - mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe (example: Italians, Poles, Jews, Catholics, Russians, Communists)
Gilded Age
(1880s-1890s) during the Industrial Rev; era of corrupt gov't; very rich people and very poor people
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) law to limit Chinese immigration; Nativism (yellow peril)
Horatio Alger
Author of "Rags to Riches" stories. Stated that hard work and luck will help individuals achieve the American Dream.
Dawes Act
(1887) Federal law to encourage assimilation of American Indians into American society
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
(1890) first attempt to promote competition/end monopolies; weak and hard to enforce
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896) Court decision that stated that "separate equal" facilities were constitutional
Spanish American War
(1898) Explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, Battle of San Juan Hill - Teddy Roosevelt, the Philippines, Cuba, Yellow Fever, US support of Imperialism.
Open Door to China
(1899) US efforts to gain access to new trade markets across the Pacific Ocean
Prohibition (18th Amendment)
(18th Amendment) illegal to manufacture, distribute, or possess any type of alcoholic beverage (distilled spirits). The Noble Experiment. Opened the door for organized crime (Al Capone), bootleggers and smuggling.
Progressive Movement
(1901-1918) reform era to correct problems created by the Industrial Revolution; fix democracy and capitalism
Northern Securities Co. vs. US
(1904) TR Trustbusting JP Morgan's railroad monopoly
Standard Oil of New Jersey vs. US
(1911) Taft trustbusting Rockefeller's oil monopoly
17th Amendment
(1913) Direct election of US Senators
(International Ladies' Garment Workers Union) ILGWU
(acronym) Key member of AFL
Open Door Immigration
(lower-case o, d, i) Federal gov't policy to allow unlimited immigration
Populist Party
(minor) political party to protect interests of farmers/common people
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
social impacts of the Industrial Revolution
*Growth of a middle class Urbanization Poor living conditions-tenements Bad working conditions Child labor Rise of labor unions
Boss Tweed
- corrupt city politician - ran a political machine in New York's Tammany Hall
Tenement Housing
- dirty, crowded apartment buildings - usually housed poor immigrants
Old Immigrants
- early 1800s - more likely to speak English - from Northern and Western Europe
Political Machine
- helped *immigrants* in the cities by giving them jobs, housing & other support in exchange for votes... which is *corrupt*
Ellis Island
- immigrant processing center on the East Coast (New York City) - immigrants came from Europe
Angel Island
- immigrant processing center on the West Coast (San Francisco, California) - immigrants came from Asia and China - long interrogations & difficult process
J. P. Morgan
- industrial millionaire - banker - founded General Electric - helped fund major projects like innovations in electricity, steel, and railroads - helped modernize American finance and business
Andrew Carnegie
- industrial millionaire - owner of *Carnegie Steel* - wrote the "Gospel of Wealth," which said that the rich should use their money to help society - *philanthropist*
John D. Rockefeller
- industrial millionaire - owner of *Standard Oil Company* - attacked by Ida Tarbell - *first monopoly to be broken up*
Assembly Line
- invention to *maximize productivity* (make more products faster) - used and made famous by Henry Ford - helped create cars and other major industrial products
New Immigrants
- later 1800s / early 1900s - less likely to speak English - from Southern and Eastern Europe
Child Labor
- major problem in industrial America - factories hired children because they could pay them less and because children could get in small spaces that adults couldn't
Henry Ford
- most *important* for popularizing the assembly line (though he didn't invent it) - also created the first cars (Model T)
Robber Barons
- one name for industrial millionaires (like Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan, etc.) - this name suggested that the industrial millionaires *used unfair business practices against competitors* and were *corrupt* - corrupt
Captains of Industry
- one name for industrial millionaires (like Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan, etc.) - this name suggested that the industrial millionaires were *philanthropists* who gave money back to charity and toward good causes (like building schools and libraries)
Trust
- one type of monopoly - several competing businesses are run as one company
Bessemer Process
- process that allowed builders to make *cheap steel* from iron - allowed us to create skyscrapers, cities, bridges, and faster/stronger trains
Pull Factors
- things that *pull* an immigrant to *come* to America - include: job opportunities, religious and political freedom, a better life, etc.
Push Factors
- things that *push* an immigrant to *leave* their country - include: poverty, famine, corruption, political or religious persecution, war, etc.
Monopoly
- when a business eliminates its competition - a big business that had lots of power
Capitalism
-an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
Social Darwinism
-Stronger groups have the right to rule and control weaker groups. -used to justify imperialism
Long term effects of the Industrial Revolution
-a general rise in the standard of living -progress in medical care -expansion of public education -increase in pollution -rise of big business -increase in world trade -inexpensive new products
positives of factory work
-people could earn money
negatives of factory work
-poor working conditions -long hours -low pay -dangerous jobs -mistreatment of children
Homestead Act
1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Homestead Act
1862 - when the gov't provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor.
Pendleton Act
1883 Act passed by Congress requiring that some government jobs be filled by competitive written exams, rather than by patronage,Act set up the Civil Service system, which required government jobs be given out based on merit (qualifications)
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
1886 union founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, 8 hour workday, better working conditions and closed shops
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions.
American Federation of Labor
1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.
Homestead strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company.
Homestead Strike
1892 workers of the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania seized the plant and 16 people died
Knights of Labor
1st effort to create National union.
Corporation
A business that is owned by many investors.
Stock
A claim to partial ownership in a company
Trusts
A combination of large companies form an alliance to squeeze out competition. Stockholders in various smaller oil companies sold their stock and authority to the board of directors of a larger company (Think Standard Oil) companies used money to influence members of the US Senate. This led to the passage of the 16th Amendment (Direct election of Senators)
Holding Company
A company whose business activity is holding shares in another company.
Boss Tweed
A disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption; head of Tammany Hall.
Vertical Consolidation
A form of monopoly that occurs when one person or company gains control of every step of the manufacturing process for a single product. This allows the company to lower its costs of production and drive its competition out of business.
Sherman Antitrust Act
A law passed in 1890 that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade. First effort by the government to try and tame big business interests.
Grange Movement
A movement for social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century
Gilded Age
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. "closing the frontier"
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
Entrepreneur
A person who starts a business
Haymarket riot
A planned strike by the Knights of Labor results in police confrontation and a bomb.
Communism
A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.
Boycott
A refusal to buy or use goods and services.
Ghost Dance
A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.
stock
A share of ownership in a corporation
sweatshop
A shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
pulley
A simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel
Deflation
A situation in which prices are declining
Closed Shop
A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired.
Morrill Tariff
Act that raised tariffs to more than double their prewar rate
Jane Addams
Addams was a reformer and pacifist best known for the founding of Hull House, an early settlement house, in 1889. Hull House provided various educational, social welfare and cultural activities for poor immigrants.
Negative effects of Industrialization
Allowed for labor exploitation (child labor) and abuse. Created miserable factory jobs and overcrowded, polluted, unsafe and unsanitary urban landscapes.
Grandfather Clause
Allowed one to not pay poll taxes, or take a literacy test to vote, if one's ancestor could vote in the 1860 election
Horizontal Integration
Allying with competitors to monopolize a given market
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Already a millionaire by age 60, he turned his fortune to railroads and popularized the steel rail. Robber baron, a true symbol of the "Gilded Age," known as the Commodore. A college in Tennessee bears his name.
Cornelius Vanderbuilt
American businessman who controlled the New York Central railroad; made a fortune in the railroad business. Helped popularize steel rail, which was safer and more economical.
Henry Ford
American businessman; founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb
Eli Whitney
American inventor of the cotton gin
Horizontal Integration
An act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly.
Labor Union
An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.
Labor Union
An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members.
Strike
An organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands.
Pools
An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits
Pool
An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits.
Socialism
An economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange.
Capitalism
An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.
Standard Oil Company
An oil company made because Rockefeller used money from his refinery to buy out other companies and combined the companies to make this company
Nativism
Anti Immigration movement that spread across the U.S. during the late 1800s. Old Immigrants did not like the New Immigrants because of different language, culture and religion as well as competition over jobs.It favored people or products that were American.
Social Darwinism
Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
Henry Ford
Assembly Line
J.P. Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel.
JP Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"
Chinese Exclusion Act
Banned all Chinese immigrants
Survival of the Fittest
Belief that companies can and should use any tactics necessary to succeed.
Robber Baron
Belief that rich tycoons made their money at the expense of the well-being of the public
Stalwarts
Believed that government jobs should be given out based on patronage and opposed Civil Service reform
Andrew Carnegie
Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL
Pacific Railway Act
Built railroad across country
Business Trust
Business organization where investors receive transfarable certificates of beneficial interest instead of shares of stock
Lasseiz-faire
Businesses operate with little government regulation
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant, came to own what in 1900 was the world's largest corporation, Carnegie Steel. In addition to being an entrepreneur and industrialist, Carnegie was a philanthropist who donated more than $300 million to charity during his lifetime.
Amnesty
Complete and total forgiveness
Monopoly
Complete control of a product or business by one person or group
Trust/Monopoly
Complete control of a product or business by one person or group
Compromise of 1877
Compromise that ended Reconstruction and was an end to the disputed election between Hayes and Tilden in 1876
Vertical Integration
Controlling every aspect of production from beginning to end
Credit Mobilier
Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to Congressmen and others created a major scandal in the Grant administration
Boss Tweed
Corrupt political boss who ran the political machine in NY City's Tammany hall
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Created a monolopy over the railroad industry
Positive effects of Industrialization
Created new middle class Increased overall standard of living Provided new job opportunities Provided new technologies and consumer products
Wabash Case
Decision that individual states do not have the right to regulate Interstate commerce
New Freedom
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.
Haymarket Square Bombing
Demonstration by union workers where a bomb went off killing or injuries dozens. This event hurt the labor movement and the Knights of Labor
urbanization
movement of people who were displaced from their jobs, from rural areas (country) to the cities
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Earned fortune in steamship lines, began to buy up railroad lines, used ruthless tactics to force smaller owners to sell to him, eventually his companies controlled 4,500 miles of track and linked New York City to the Great Lakes Region
Laissez-faire
Economic philosophy that believes the government should keep their "hands off" the economy and not interfere with it
Square Deal
Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers: consumer protection, business regulation, union labor rights
Free Enterprise
Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference.
William Jennings Bryan
Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free silver" in the early 1890s
Knights of Labor
Established in the 1880s, major union of the decade, made up of unions of many industries and accepted unskilled workers
Florence Nightingale
Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. Began professional education of nursing.
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company.
Triangle Fire
Fire happened in shirtwaist factory; exits were locked; workers were jumping out windows; 150 people, mostly women, died; New York approved new safety laws
Railroad
First American "big business" First industry that was "monopolized" Helped significantly lower transportation costs Led to lower prices for most consumer goods Significantly improved U.S. economy mid 1800's
Grover Cleveland
First Democratic President since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs (from Buffalo)
Knights of Labor
First effort to create a National union (1860s). Unionized mostly unskilled labor. Sought better pay and conditions as well as promotion of other social issues (ending child labor). Eventually disbanded due to lack of goals and leadership.
Sherman Antitrust Act
First federal action to restrict monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. Intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade, However, it was initially not effective as it was misused against labor unions
Salvation Army
Formed in England, the Salvation Army was imported tot he U.S. in 1880. The organization provides food, shelter and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance (abstaining from alcohol) and morality.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Founded in 1886, the AFL sought to organize craft unions into a federation in which individual unions maintained some autonomy. This structure was different than the Knights of Labor, which aimed to absorb individual unions. Samuel Gompers was the AFL's founding leader.
Louis Pasteur
French chemist who made the link between disease and microbes, developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax, developed pasteurization to kill disease caring microbes in milk
Samuel Gompers
Gompers was the founding leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Under Gompers, the AFL rarely went on strike, but rather took a more pragmatic approach based on negotiating for gradual concessions.
Gold vs. Silver Standard
Grange/Populist party idea to artificially raise grain prices
Ulysses S. Grant
Great military leader whose presidency was mired in corruption and political ineptitude (From Cincinnati!)
Thomas Malthus
He believed that famine and war were natural checks on population growth
Karl Marx
He believed that the growth of the middle class (bourgeoisie) during the Industrial Revolution would lead to the lower class(proletariat) rising up against the middle class.
Henry Bessemer
He revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient
Pendleton Civil Service Act
attempt to stop patronage and political scandal, required government employees to pass a Civil Service Exam
Interstate Commerce Act
In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act (which created the Interstate Commerce Commission), which forbade price discrimination and other monopolistic practices of the railroads.
Samuel Gompers
He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor.
Jane Adams
In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
W.E.B. DuBois
Helped found the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) believed that African-Americans should fight segregation for equality and demand respect. He pushed for higher education opportunities for Blacks to achieve economic independence;
Horatio Alger
Horatio Alger wrote popular novels during the Industrial Revolution that told of young men who, with a lot of hard work and a bit of good luck, went from "rags to riches". These tales suggested that anyone could become the next Andrew Carnegie if only he worked hard enough.
technology
How people modify the world around them to meet their needs or to solve practical problems
Laissez Faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. Allowed for rapid growth of American businesses in mid to late 19th century.
Irish & Chinese
Immigrant groups that built the Transcontinental Railroad
Ethnic Enclaves
Immigrants would cluster together in different sections of cities to be around people with a similiar background, culture, language and religion, such as Little Italy and China Town
Agricultural Revolution
Improved farming methods Increased food production
James Watt
Improved the steam engine
Haymarket Riot
In 1886, workers held a rally in Chicago to protest police brutality against strikers. The riot erupted in violence after someone threw a bomb, killing seven policemen and prompting a police backlash. After the riot, the leaders of the Knights of Labor were arrested and imprisoned, and public support for the union cause plunged.
Chinese Exclusion Act
In 1882, amid a wave of anti-immigration sentiment among American workers, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. This Act banned all Chinese immigration for ten years.
Homestead Strike
In 1892, steelworkers near Pittsburgh, PA staged the Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Company to protest a pay cut and the 70 hour work week. Ten workers were killed in a riot that began when 300 Pinkerton Detectives from New York (basically a private army) arrived to break the strike. Eventually, Federal troops were called in to suppress the violence.
Pullman Strike
In 1894, Eugene Debs led a strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company. The boycott crippled railroad traffic in Chicago. The courts ruled that the strikers had violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and issued an injunction against them. When the strikers refused to obey the court order, Debs was arrested and federal troops (the army) marched in to crush the strike. In the ensuing violence, thirteen died and fifty three were injured.
assembly line
In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.
effects of the Agricultural Revolution
Increase in life expectancy Increased population Decrease in farming jobs available People move to cities in search of work Better hygiene and sanitation Decline in famine(hunger)
Samuel Morse
Invented code used as telegraph language Founded Western Union
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented first working telephone Founded AT&T
George Pullman
Invented the Pullman Palace Sleeping Railraod car that allowed people to travel in comfort while riding on the railroad. He became a wealthy bussinessman as the owner of the Pullman Palace Sleeping Car Company.1894 Strike resulted in the death of 34 people.
Thomas Edison
Invented the electric light bulb Founded General Electric Co. Had over 1000 inventions patented
Thomas Edison
Invented the light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
Standard Oil
John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition.
Jim Crow Laws
Legalized segregation in the South,"Separate but Equal"/unfair laws
Ellis Island
Location of immigrant inspection in N.Y.
Andrew Carnegie
Made his millions with U.S. Steel in Pittsburg and used Vertical integration to monopolize the steel industry. Gave millions to build libraries and schools. Wrote the Gospel of Wealth that popularized philanthropy.
Lockout
Management refusal to let employees work until company demands are met
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers.
Interstate Commerce Commission
Prohibited the use of rebates in the RR industry and outlawed pools; not very effective
Battle of Wounded Knee
Massacre of Sioux Indians by US soldiers
Big Business advantages
More efficient than small businesses Operates with lower production costs Allows for lower consumer prices
J. P. Morgan
Morgan was a Wall Street financier and business leader involved in many of the most profitable business ventures during the era of industrialization. In 1901, he bought Carnegie Steel and established the world's first billion dollar corporation, U.S. Steel Corporation.
Jacob Riis
Muckraking photojournalist who published How the Other Half Lives depicting the poor living conditions of poor working class immigrants living in tenements in the America's big cities during the Gilded Age
AFL
National labor union formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886, made up of skilled workers
Robber Baron
Negative terminology as related to the wealthy. Suggested the rich became wealthy off the sweat of cheap, abused labor
John D. Rockefeller
Oil Monopolist- formed Standard Oil Practiced philanthropy Became the richest man in the world
Samuel Gompers
Organized American Federation of Labor
Henry Bessemer
Perfected steel-making technology Allowed steel to be made cheaply Process invested in by Andrew Carnegie
Captains of Industry
Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power
Laissez- Faire
Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy
Populists
Political party that advocated for a gradual income tax, free silver, and government ownership of railroads
Panama Canal
President Teddy Roosevelt helped Panama gain independence from Columbia (created a revolution). The United States completed the job that France was unable to finish. This feat greatly increased the power of the Navy by linking the Atlantic and the Pacific. The distance of travel (New York to San Francisco) was shortened by several thousand miles. The United States would now control shipping in the Western Hemisphere.
Terence Powderly
President of Knights of Labor
James Garfield
President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law
Collective Bargaining
Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract.
Horizontal Consolidation
Process of bringing together many firms in the same business to form one large company.
mass production
Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
Ellis Island
Reception center in New York Harbor through which most European immigrants to America were processed from 1892 to 1954.
Bessemer Process
Removed impurities from steel-making Produced a lighter, stronger, more flexible steel
Half-breeds
Republican party faction led by James Blaine that advocated for Civil Service reform
John D. Rockefeller
Rockefeller served as chairman of the Standard Oil Trust, which grew to control nearly all of the United States' oil production and distribution.
John Dalton
Showed that each element has it's own kind of atom, developed Atomic Theory
McKinley Tariff
Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the Midwest and South
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism applies Darwin's theories of evolution and survival of the fittest to human societies. Andrew Carnegie and others cited Social Darwinist theories to justify the widening disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor during the era of industrialization.
Andrew Carnegie
Steel Monopolist Practiced philanthropy Believed in "Gospel of Wealth" philosophy
Pullman strike
Strike that resulted from wages slashed 25%
Mother Jones
Supported striking railroad workers; organized coal miners and campaigned for improved working conditions; helped pave the way for reform
Turner's Frontier Thesis
The Census of 1890 announced the official end of the American Frontier (Frederick Jackson Turner)
Gospel of Success
The Gospel of Success was one justification for the enormous and growing gap between the rich and the poor during the so-called Industrial Revolution. The Gospel of Success centered on the claim that anyone could become wealthy with enough hard work and determination. This ideology (belief system) was supported by writers such as Horatio Alger.
Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
The YMCA and later the YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association), came to America from England in 1851. It attempted to alleviate some of the strains of poverty in American cities by provided young people with affordable shelter and recreational activities.
Tenements
The exponentially increasing population of urban poor during the era of industrialization led to the construction of tenements -- narrow, four or five story buildings with few windows and limited electricity and plumbing. The poor, mostly ethnic minorities and immigrants, were packed into crowded, dirty apartments.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
The first federal regulatory agency, established by passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 to regulate railroads. Created in response to abusive railroad practices like price gouging & discrimination.
Angel Island
The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.
Arbitration
The process or act of resolving a dispute
Railroad Strike
The railroad strike of 1877 was the first major nationwide strike in the U.S., spreading from New York to Pittsburgh to St. Louis, Chicago and San Francisco. Railroad workers for nearly every rail line struck to protest wage cuts and firings. The riots provoked widespread violence and resulted in more than 100 deaths. President Hayes sent in federal troops (the army) to subdue the angry mobs and restore order.
suffrage
The right to vote
Spoils System
The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
Orville and Wilbur Wright
These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.
Great Chicago Fire
This fire raced along Chicago's wooden sidewalks and swelled up thousands of its wooden buildings in a great cauldron of flames. Like the Paris Commune and the New York riots, the fire became the object of anxious discussion about "the dangerous classes" and a symbol of the potentially catastrophic effects of rapid industrial growth. The cow was completely innocent.
Haymarket Riot
Thousands of workers gathered in Haymarket Square to protest killings of four workers; bomb exploded; killed one officer and wounded others; police peppered crowd with bullets killing more people
National Origins Act
Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.
wires
Transfers current from source to load
American Federation of Labor
Union made up of other Unions
Western Federation of Miners
Union of miners in the Rocky Mountain States; organized strike after strike when owners refused to negotiate
Children
Used as a cheap source of labor
Philanthropy
Using one's wealth to give back to society. Examples include giving money for public goods like colleges, libraries and museums.
engineering
Using technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
Samuel Gompers
Very powerful union leader that focused issues more on higher wages and shorter hours.
Government loans & grants
Ways in which the government aided in railroad building
Imperialism (Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines)
We should spread the American culture to the less fortunate. It would provide more jobs, supply raw materials, and provide much needed navy bases. It would also open up new markets for businesses - a strong sense of nationalism.
Standard Oil Trust/Company
What company did the muckraker Ida Tarbell use her skills as a writer and researcher to try and expose as being ruthless?
monopoly
company that controls all or nearly all of the business of an industry
monopoly
complete control of a product or business, no competition
Yellow Journalism
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer published sensational stories and used this form of journalism to promote the Spanish-American War.
Rutherford B. Hayes
Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn
capital
money used to start a business
Communist Manifesto
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Alexis de Tocqueville
Wrote "Democracy in America" Identified 5 values that make American democracy successful
Gospel of Wealth
a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism
Trust
a group of corporations that unite in order to reduce competition and control prices in a business or an industry
Blacklist
a list of people who are out of favor
conveyor belt
a machine consisting of one or more pulleys and a wide flat belt
Isolationism
a policy in which a nation avoids entanglements in foreign wars
Civil Service Reform
a system where most government workers are given jobs based on qualifications rather than on political affiliation
mass marketing
advertising new products
enterprise
business organization in a specific area, such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories
corporation
business owned by investors
proprietorship
business owned by one
corporation
business owned by stockholders
Sherman Antitrust Act
banned the formation of trusts and monopolies, but was too weak to be effective
partnership
business owned by two
germ theory
certain microbes might cause specific diseases
Philanthropy
charity; a desire or effort to promote goodness
time zones
common standard time is used
laissez-faire
companies conduct business without government interference
vertical integration
control of all phases of an industry, from raw materials to finished product
injunction
court order to do or not to do something
Michael Faraday
created 1st electric motor and first dynamo
George Westinghouse
created air brake, which allowed train cars to stop all at once, increased safety, and allowed for longer, faster trains
Alexander Graham Bell
created telephone; formed Bell Telephone Company;
Henry Bessemer
created the Bessemer Process to make high quality steel quickly and cheaply. Used by Andrew Carnegie to build steel empire in Pittsburg. Steel was used to build skyscrapers and railroads.
Jane Addams
created the Hull House to help the inner-city poor. Provided health care, and education to those in need.
Andrew Carnegie
creates Carnegie Steel Company
George Westinghouse
developed the air-braking system and alternating current - this allowed power to be sent over long distances.
Gustavus Swift and Philip Armour
developed the food processing industry (meat packing)
rebate
discount on services or merchandise
Whiskey Ring
distillers conspired with political parties to cheat the U.S. Govt. out of millions of dollars of tax revenue. Citizens would demand reform within the government. Money was going to political parties instead of where it should go.
Edwin L. Drake
drilled the first commercial oil well
George Pullman
designed a railroad sleeping car
George Stephenson
developed steam powered locomotives
free enterprise system
economic system in which businesses are owned by private citizens
Capitalism
economic system that encourages: COMPETITION, entrepreneurship, profit, limit government
Imperialism
economic/political control of country by another to gain power and wealth (MARKETS and MATERIALS)
Isolationist
idea that the United States should avoid involvement in world affairs. The quote from George Washington inspired this belief, "avoid foreign entanglements.
Interventionist
idea that the United States should get involved in world affairs
Sherman Anti-trust Act
illegal to form trusts or monopolies
New Immigrants
immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, they did not speak English - primarily Catholic. Came for opportunity - jobs, land.
Henry Ford
introduced assembly line; because of MASS PRODUCTION, he could sell cars at a lower price than other auto makers
George Eastman
introduced lightweight Kodak camera
Gustavus Swift
introduced refrigeration to the meatpacking industry; set up meatpacking plant
Orville and Wilbur Wright
invented flying machine
Jan Matzeliger
invented machine that could perform almost all steps in shoe making that had been previously done by hand
Guglielmo Marconi
invented the radio
Jethro Tull
invented the seed drill
Thomas Alva Edison
inventor of light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell
inventor of the telephone
Cornelius Vanderbilt
invested in the railroad industry and controlled 4500 miles of track
Robert Koch
isolated bacterial causes of tuberculosis and other diseases.
Muckrakers
journalists who exposed corrupt government/big business practices of Industrial Rev.
corporations
large, privately owned businesses that sell part ownership (shares/stock) to raise capital to stay competitive
Eugene Debs
leader of the American Railway Union
Terence V. Powderly
leader of the Knights of Labor in 1880's
Legislative reforms in Britain, France, and Germany in the 1800's
legalizing trade unions setting minimum wages limiting child labor
blacklists
lists of troublemakers whom employers wouldn't hire
mass production
making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
Charles Darwin
natural selection to explain evolution, "survival of the fittest"
Interstate Commerce Commission
new federal agency to regulate RR rates
wildcatters
oil prospectors
Trade Union
organization of workers with the same trade or skill
John D. Rockefeller
owner of Standard Oil, he used Horizontal Integration to control the oil business
JD Rockefeller
owner of the Standard Oil monopoly and trust
Immigration
people came to America to escape harsh conditions in their own countries. (Gold Rush, Religious Freedom, Jobs, Land)
entrepreneur
person who assumes all financial risk in starting a business
anarchist
person who opposes organized government
Gilded Age
phrase coined by Mark Twain, describes time period between 1865-1900, extravagant wealth (top 5% held 86% of the nations wealth) terrible poverty existed underneath the surface.
Tammany Hall
political machine that controlled politics in NYC in the late 1800s. Controlled by Boss William Marcy Tweed who was exposed by the political cartoons of Thomas Nast in Harpers Weekly. Nast is the father of the symbols of political parties, the modern image of Santa Claus.
Populism
political movement for the common people. The government should own the railroads. Bimetallism, workers should have an 8 hour workday and better benefits. William Jennings Bryan - Cross of Gold Speech
Yellow Journalism
power of press to shape public opinion using exaggerated news stories (Spanish-American War)
Grover Cleveland
president who called in federal troops to put down the Pullman strike
capitalism
private business runs most industries
Assimilation
process by which minority group gradually adopts the culture of the majority group
Manifest Destiny
the belief (theory) that it was the right of the United States to occupy all of America from Sea to Shining Sea!
Social Darwinism
the belief that the strongest societies will survive. This idea was also used to justify monopolies and trusts. If a business is meant to survive - it will. Laissez - Faire: government should keep out of business limit regulations.
Interstate Commerce Act
the first government attempt to regulate business. (1887) required railroads to charge fair rates and to publish those shipping rates.
Thomas Edison
the light bulb is his most famous invention, he also invented the phonograph, and the first motion pictures.
Imperialism
the policy of extending a nation's power by gaining territories fro a colonial empire. Desire for military strength. Desires for raw materials/new markets. The U.S needed to expand it's market due to a surplus of goods. Belief in cultural superiority. causes of WWI, Spanish American War, War with Mexico
consolidate
to combine, such as businesses
Thomas Edison
turned inventing into a system; invented light bulb, phonograph, and hundreds of other devices; motion picture viewer created new industry; created electric power plant
Bessemer Process
turning iron into steel
Industrial Union
union made up of all the workers in an industry regardless of job or skill level
J. Pierpont Morgan
used banking profits to gain control of major corporations; invested in the stock of troubled corporations; as a large stockholder, easily won seats on boards of directors; adopted policies that reduced competition and ensured big profits; by 1894, he gained control of most of the nations major rail lines; began to buy steel companies; by 1901, became head of United States Steel Company; first American business worth more than $1 billion
strikebreaker
worker hired as a replacement for a striking worker
Pullman Strike
workers of the Pullman Car Co. went on strike because their wages were cut and 1/3 of the employees were laid off. The strike was put down by federal troops due to its interference with the mail delivery
labor union
workers' organization formed to fight against poor factory conditions, low wages, and machinery that replaced workers
sweatshop
workplace where people labor long hours in poor conditions for low pay