Industrial Revolution History Test

Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is someone who manages and assumes the financial risks of starting new businesses. Britain also had plenty of skilled mechanics. They developed practical new inventions and partnered with entrepreneurs to profit from them.

Capital

Capital is money used to invest in enterprises. An enterprise is a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. Many businesspeople were ready to risk their profits in new ventures. The capital that helped Britain industrialize came from landowners, banks, and merchants who profited from overseas trade, including the slave trade.

laissez-faire

Which economic philosophy roughly translates from French as let people/business do as they please?

dynamos

Which electrical generators enabled electrical power to be used for factory production and domestic use?

bourgeoisie

Which group did Marx claim would shrink in size as a result of competitive markets?

turnpikes

Which private roads charged a fee for usage?

Division of Labor

the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

Free Market

unregulated exchange of goods and services

How did the various contributions by chemists and engineers accelerate the pace of industrial development?

-British chemist Henry Bessemer, created a method to make steel from iron (could make it more efficent) ( Stronger and lighter)(Built taller structures) -Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb which made factories able to stay open at night -Anesthetics which was a medicine that took away pain -Cars allowed people to travel more, building of steel railroads steamships -Thomas Savery improved upon the steam engine Dynamo, a machine that generates electricity -Henry Ford's Assembly line was a more efficient way of producing goods -Interchangeable Parts were used as replacements for each other -Fertilizer increased output on farms -Improved Sanitation Processes in Hospitals -Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory -Overall knowledge+education led to these contributions made

Industrial Revolution

A period of economic change now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools, and the rise of the factory system.

textile industry

As in Britain, industrialization in the United States began in what industry?

Turnpike

As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of moving goods from place to place. Some capitalists invested in turnpikes, private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll, or fee, to use them. Goods traveled faster as a result, and turnpikes soon linked every part of Britain.

Laissez-faire

During the Enlightenment, thinkers looked for natural laws that governed the world of business and economics. Physiocrats argued that natural laws should be allowed to operate without interference. As part of this philosophy, they believed that government should not interfere in the free operation of the economy. In the early 1800s, middle-class business leaders embraced this laissez-faire, or "hands-off," approach.

Enclosures

Enclosure is the process of taking over and consolidating, or combining, lands formerly shared by peasant farmers. A practice that wealthy landowners pushed for to gain more land and increase farming outputs and efficiency on larger farms.

steel

Henry Bessemer revolutionized the production of which important product of industrial development?

James Watt

In 1712, inventor Thomas Newcomen developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines. Later, in 1764, Scottish engineer James Wattlooked at Newcomen's invention and set out to make improvements on the engine in order to make it more efficient. Watt's engine would become a vital power source of the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine was first used to power machines, but later was adapted to power locomotives and steamships. Watt's engine used steam and atmospheric pressure to power pistons and rods that moved machinery. It had a separate condenser to keep the water hot, conserving energy.

political and economic Stability

In addition to having all of the factors of production, what gave investors in Britain confidence to invest?

Seed Drill

Jethro Tull invented a new mechanical device, the seed drill, to aid farmers. It deposited seeds in rows to maximize land use rather than scattering them over land, a practice that wasted seeds by spacing plants irregularly. A device that sows the seeds for crops by metering out individual seeds, positioning them in the soil, and covering them to a certain average depth. It sows the seeds at equal distances and proper depth, ensuring they get covered with soil and are saved from being eaten by birds. Invented in China in the 2nd century BCE, it was advanced by Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries, becoming an important development of the Agricultural Revolution.

Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)

Meanwhile, in America, these faster spinning and weaving machines presented a challenge—how to produce enough cotton to keep up with England. Raw cotton grown in the South had to be cleaned of dirt and seeds by hand, which is a time-consuming task. To solve this, Eli Whitney invented a machine called the cotton gin that separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate. He finished the cotton gin in 1793, and cotton production increased at a rapid rate.The cotton gin easily removed debris from fresh-picked cotton, which greatly reduced the amount of labor needed for the job.

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions.During the early Industrial Revolution, there were no labor unions. As the Industrial Revolution began, weavers and other skilled artisans resisted the new "labor-saving" machines that were replacing their jobs.

Primary Source: Be able to identify some of the characteristics of the political and economic philosophies of Adam Smith, Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill. You will be asked to match these philosophers with one of their quotes based on your knowledge of their particular views.

See Study Guide or "Identify the Economist" assignment on GC

middle class

What was made up of the skilled workers and business owners of the new industrial societies?

"the invisible hand"

Smith's philosophy includes the idea that the free market will always self-correct- which he refers to as what?

Urbanization

The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization, or the movement of people to cities. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities.

Crop Rotation

The practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons so that the soil of farms is not used to only one type of nutrient. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield, also help restore plant nutrients and mitigate the build-up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one plant species is continuously cropped.

tenements

What were the multi-unit buildings where the urban poor often lived?

anesthetic

What allowed for more painless surgical practices?

labor unions

What are the associations of workers of the same profession?

enclosures

What commercial sized farms caused many in rural areas to move to urban areas or become tenant farmers?

the steam engine

What did James Watt improve upon, making it work faster and more efficiently, while burning less fuel?

factory machines

What did the Luddites destroy as jobs were being increasingly replaced?

government involvement in the economy, taxes, size of government, public ownership

What increases as you move from a market economy to a command economy along the spectrum?

Bourgeoisie

(in Marxist contexts) the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production. (usually skilled upper middle class)

What did Marx believe would happen to the middle class (bourgeoisie) as a result of unregulated capitalism?

-He believed that the middle class would shrink. The proletariat(poor) group grows, so wages drop because the bourgeoisie (business owners) want to charge the least amount of money, and can do that with the growing proletariat population. -He believed that only a small population will succeed and become rich. Everyone else would become proletariat. -One group would power over everyone -He thought capitalism would destroy itself. -He thought some of them would fall into poverty. -There would be no set laws -He believed capitalism contained seeds of its own destruction -According to Marx, the modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat. In the end, he predicted, the proletariat would be triumphant. Workers would then take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society. In such a society, the struggles of the past would end because wealth and power would be shared equally. Marx despised capitalism. He believed it created prosperity for only a few and poverty for many. He called for an international struggle to bring about its downfall. "Workers of all countries," he urged, "unite!"

Why was Great Britain such a logical place for industrialization to begin?

-LAND - LABOR - CAPITAL -Britain was an island. This meant there were a large amount of harbors inviting trade and boosting the economy. -Great Britain was located along several trade routes, meaning there was an influx of easily accessible goods. -Lots of canals, which made it easy for trade. -They had a government that supported the economy. -Great Britain has a strong and stable economy and government making it perfect for industrial developments -Great Britain was separated from Europe, creating the idea that the Napoleonic Wars were the problem of continental Europe, meaning more people were likely to invest during wartime. -They had a strong navy which protected the country and the products coming in and out of the country. -Great Britain had an abundance of iron. It was in a compact area too so it was also easy to access. -Four Factors of production: Natural Resources (and its geography), Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurs (and inventors). - Had a favorable Climate for Business.

How do capitalists and socialists differ in their views on the impact of government interference in the economy?

-Socialists wanted a larger amount of government intervention in the economy -If the government was selling goods to the people, they would not do it for a profit, making it more affordable for the people -Capitalists felt that all businesses should be independent from the government, who should only account for the military and keeping the people safe -Capitalists would argue that because the government is guaranteeing businesses, there would be less effort to produce quality products -The Socialists argued that the government should intervene to help workers while capitalists argued that competition increased the quality of the product. -Capitalists believed that while a lot of the working class could be suffering, they could be inspired to try to invent and take risks in the entrepreneurs -Higher education -People as a whole (socialists) rather than private individuals (capitalists) would own and operate the means of production

What were some of the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

-The standard of living increased -More employees allowed factories to be more efficient -Factories increased production and the prices of goods went down -More Job Opportunities -Affordable goods allowed people to have things only the upper class could have before -Civilians can travel by train or steamboat instead of on foot -Innovations in farming made healthy food much more available -People moved into cities, making trade and work easier -People could rise through social classes and were not stuck in the one they were born in, they could move up because of how much they earned and their skillset -Increased Social Mobility -Greater Political Rights -Education became more accessible and advanced -Britain became an economic powerhouse

John Stuart Mill

Bentham's ideas influenced the British philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill. Although he believed strongly in individual freedom, Mill wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class. "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will," Mill wrote, "is to prevent harm to others." Therefore, while middle-class business and factory owners were entitled to increase their own happiness, the government should prevent them from doing so in a manner that would harm workers. Mill further called for giving the vote to workers and women. These groups could then use their political power to win reforms. Most middle-class people rejected Mill's ideas. Only in the later 1800s were his views slowly accepted. Today's democratic governments, however, have absorbed many ideas from Mill and the other utilitarians.

age and hours

Both of the Factory Acts restricted ________ and ________ of workers.

Henry Bessemer

British engineer Henry Bessemer and American inventor William Kelly independently developed a new process for making steel from iron. In 1856, Bessemer patented this process. Steel was lighter, harder, and more durable than iron, so it could be produced very cheaply. Steel quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads. As steel production soared, industrialized countries measured their success in steel output. In 1880, for example, the average German steel mill produced less than 5 million metric tons of steel a year. By 1910, that figure had reached nearly 15 million metric tons.

Utilitarianism

By 1800, British philosopher and economist Jeremy Bentham was advocating utilitarianism, or the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens. To Bentham, all laws or actions should be judged by their "utility." In other words, did they provide more pleasure or happiness than pain? Bentham strongly supported individual freedom, which he believed guaranteed happiness. Still, he saw the need for government to become involved under certain circumstances.

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system. In it the government plays a secondary role. People and companies make most of the decisions, and own most of the property. ... The means of production are largely or entirely privately owned (by individuals or companies) and operated for profit. As the Industrial Revolution spread, later supporters of this free-enterprise capitalism pointed to the successes of the early Industrial Revolution, in which government had played a limited role. Governments had taken steps to create a favorable atmosphere for business, such as Britain's laws to outlaw the export of inventions or the tariffs passed by the United States in 1789 to protect American industry, but played little role in the day-to-day operation of industry.

Luddites

From 1811 to 1813, protesting workers, called Luddites, smashed machines and burned factories. The Luddites were harshly crushed. Although frustrated workers continued to protest, they were forbidden to form worker associations and strikes were outlawed.

Proletariat

In industrialized Europe, Marx said, the "haves" were the bourgeoisie. The "have-nots" were the proletariat, or working class.

Karl Marx

In the 1840s, Karl Marx, a German philosopher, condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism. He formulated a new theory, "scientific socialism," which he claimed was based on a scientific study of history. He teamed up with another German socialist, Friedrich Engels, whose father owned a textile factory in England. Modern communism evolved from principles laid out by Karl Marx. According to Marx, communism would bring a classless society in which the means of production would be owned in common for the good of all. In fact, wherever communism came to be practiced in the 1900s, it brought a system of government in which the state led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life and exercised authoritarian control over the people.

Thomas Edison

In the 1870s, the American inventor Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb. Soon, Edison's "incandescent lamps" illuminated whole cities. The pace of city life quickened, and factories could continue to operate after dark. By the 1890s, cables carried electrical power from dynamos to factories.

Factory Acts

In the early 1800s, Parliament passed a series of laws, called "factory acts," to reform child labor practices. These early efforts were largely ignored. Then, in 1833, Michael Sadler headed up a committee to look into the conditions of child workers in the textile industry. The Sadler Report contained firsthand accounts of child labor practices and helped bring the harsh labor conditions to light. As a result, Parliament passed new regulations to ease working conditions for children.

"Invisible Hand"

In the early 1800s, middle-class business leaders embraced this laissez-faire, or "hands-off," approach. Leaders such as Adam Smith embraced this approach and the philosophy was known as "invisible hand" because of the free operation of the economy without government interference.

Dynamo

In the late 1800s, a new power source—electricity—replaced steam as the dominant source of industrial power. Scientists like Benjamin Franklin had tinkered with electricity a century earlier. The Italian scientist Alessandro Volta developed the first battery around 1800. Later, the English chemist Michael Faraday created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity. Today, all electrical generators and transformers work on the principle of Faraday's dynamo. Dynamos generated the electricity used to power lights in factories and homes.

socialism

In which system are key industries owned by the public and, in theory, operate for the welfare of all?

Flying Shuttle

John Kay's flying shuttle enabled weavers to work so fast that they soon outpaced spinners. The flying shuttle was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving. It allowed a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics, and it could be mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms.

Anesthetic

Medication/drug that allowed for painless medical and surgical procedures.

Why was child labor such a large and important part of the early industrial era?

No regulations for: -Safety -Hours worked -Wages paid -Can crawl into small places and fix things -It was a very cheap and effective way to get lots of workers for new factories and farms. -Made many children overworked and sick from the harsh conditions in factories and mines -Women and children were chosen more frequently because of less pay to women than men and cooperation of women, worked sometimes up to 16 hour shifts daily 6-7 days a week with little time to see their families -The Factory Acts were eventually passed by Parliament to reform child labor practices

Social Mobility

The Industrial Revolution opened new opportunities for success and increased social mobility, or the ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale. In the past, birth determined a person's rank in society. Although birth still gave nobles their status, some families were able to move up the social ladder through successful enterprise. By the late 1800s, many people embraced the "rags to riches" idea, whereby a person could achieve great wealth and status through hard work and thrift. With social mobility came greater political rights. As the middle class expanded, its members pushed for political influence. Gradually throughout the 1800s, working-class men gained the right to vote. From 1831 to 1885, the number of voters in England and Wales increased from 366,000 to almost 8 million. The growing number of voters gave the working class more power as politicians began to have to appeal to their concerns. Later, women also earned the right to vote. Labor unions won the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Interchangeable Parts

The basic features of the factory system remained the same during the 1800s. Factories still used large numbers of workers and power-driven machines to mass-produce goods. To improve efficiency, however, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts, identical components that could be used in place of one another. Interchangeable parts simplified both the assembly and repair of products.

Standard of living

The factory system produced huge quantities of new goods at lower prices than ever before. In time, as wages and working conditions improved, ordinary workers were able to buy goods that in earlier days only the wealthy had been able to afford. Slowly, too, the standard of living rose for workers. The standard of living refers to the level of material goods and services available to people in a society. Families ate more varied diets, lived in better homes, and dressed in inexpensive, mass-produced clothing. Advances in medicine ensured healthier lives. New job opportunities opened up for skilled and unskilled workers. The building of cities, railroads, and factories provided jobs. The demand for goods and the growth of new industries, such as railroads and eventually automobiles, created more job opportunities.

Factors of Production

The four factors of production consisted of natural resources, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. These factors were all important to the success of the Industrial Revolution.

Adam Smith

The main proponent of laissez-faire economics was Adam Smith, author of the bestseller The Wealth of Nations. Smith asserted that a free market, or unregulated exchange of goods and services, would come to help everyone, not just the rich. The free market, Smith said, would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone. A growing economy would also encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures.

Middle Class

The middle class included entrepreneurs and others who profited from the growth of industry and the rise of cities. The middle class enjoyed a comfortable lifestyle. Those who benefited most from the Industrial Revolution were the entrepreneurs who set it in motion. The Industrial Revolution created this new middle class, or bourgeoisie, whose members came from a variety of backgrounds. Some were merchants who invested their profits in factories. Others were inventors or skilled artisans who developed new technologies. Some rose from "rags to riches," a pattern that the age greatly admired. Middle-class families lived in well-built, well-furnished homes. In time, middle-class neighborhoods had paved streets and a steady water supply. These families dressed and ate well. The new middle class took pride in their hard work and their determination to "get ahead." Only a few had sympathy for the poor. As a sign of their new and improved status, middle-class women sought to imitate the wealthy women of the upper classes. They did not do physical labor or work outside the home. They hired maidservants to care for their homes and look after their children.

Spinning Jenny

The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, a machine for spinning with more than one spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in 1764.

How do you explain the impact that necessity had on the tremendous increase in agricultural and industrial innovation during the 1700's?

There was a big population growth because of the decrease in death rates and because of this they needed to make enough food for everyone. So they had to make many new inventions. This is the point in time where they began to invent new agricultural processes and improve efficiency to increase production (the new agricultural revolution). They also had to make new industrial inventions and advances to help industrialize and support a larger amount of people, part of urbanization. They also began to make higher and higher advances, improving the standard of living.

Socialism

To end poverty and injustice, some thinkers offered a radical solution— socialism. Under socialism, the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production—the farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods. In practice, when socialist governments gained power in the 1900s, they tended to regulate the production and distribution of goods, which often proved inefficient. Socialism grew out of the Enlightenment faith in progress and human nature and its concern for social justice. Socialist thinkers developed a number of different ideas about how to achieve their goals. The early experiments in socialism differed greatly from what later socialist governments would do. (Robert Owen, Utopians)

capital investment

What is often needed to facilitate business ventures?

marxism/communism

What is often referred to as complete socialism?

capitalism

What is the economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit?

standard of living

What is the measure of the amount of goods and services available in a society?

proletariat

What name did Marx use to refer to the working class?

social mobility

What phrase refers to the idea that the Industrial Revolution created opportunities for people to better their socio-economic situation?

crop rotation

What replaced the medieval three-field system as a way to replenish nutrients in the soil?

seed drill

Which invention by Jethro Tull enabled farmers to plant their crops more methodically?

spinning jenny

Which invention dramatically increased the rate of thread production?

flying shuttle

Which invention that doubled the work a weaver could do in a day?

Tenements

While the wealthy and the middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods, vast numbers of poor struggled to survive in foul-smelling slums. They packed into tiny rooms in tenements, or multistory buildings divided into apartments. These tenements had no running water, only community pumps. Early industrial cities had no sewage or sanitation systems, so waste and garbage rotted in the streets. Sewage was also dumped into rivers, which created an overwhelming stench and contaminated drinking water. This led to the spread of diseases such as cholera.

utilitarians

Who believed businesses should be allowed to operate without government interference, so long as they are not exploiting workers?

john stuart mill

Who believed if a government did not act in the best interests of the masses it should be replaced?

john stuart mill

Who believed that business should be left alone, unless their practices were exploiting the working class?

karl marx

Who believed that capitalism would eventually destroy itself?

entrepreneur

Who is the person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business?

adam smith

Who suggested that a regulated economy would drive wealth out of the country?

eli whitney

Whose invention led to the increased production of raw material for the textile industry?

Assembly Line

Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next. A different person performs each task along the assembly line. While not all factories used assembly lines, the factory system always relied on the division of labor. Each worker was assigned one task, such as putting the sole on a shoe or sewing a collar on a shirt. Once that task was done, the worker handed the product to the next person, who then performed his or her task. Henry Ford introduced the moving assembly line in 1913.