Inequality in American Sport
What is most likely to happen when the definition of a sport emphasizes rules, competition, and high performance?
Many people will be excluded from participation.
Which of the following is a belief of ableist ideology?
There is natural variation in the physical and intellectual abilities of a human being.
Identify the major ideas and beliefs around which ableist ideology is organized.
-All people can be classified as either enabled or disabled. -People with a disability are inferior to and more needy than enabled people.
Identify the major ideas and beliefs of the dominant social class ideology in the United States.
-All people have opportunities to achieve economic success. -The United States is a meritocracy. -Income and wealth inequality is normal and inevitable.
According to research on socialization, which of the following is true of sport participation?
Sport participation is connected to multiple processes that make up people's lives.
Identify a true statement about the effect of sports in the social world.
Sports create opportunities for conversations that enable people to form and nurture relationships.
In the context of research on socialization, which of the following is a factor that is related to sport participation?
The availability of opportunities to play sports in ways that are personally satisfying for an individual
The government of a nation is known to follow ableist ideology in sports. Which of the following actions taken by such a government is part of ableist ideology?
The government sorts people as able-bodied or disabled.
The manager of a soccer team is accused of following racial ideologies in his decisions. Which of the following actions of the manager is evidence for the claim? Multiple choice question.
The manager included only members of Caucasian descent in his final first-team squad.
Identify a true statement about the link of sports to major spheres of life in today's societies.
The media are closely connected with contemporary sports.
Research in the sociology of sport can be controversial when it provides evidence that _____.
changes are needed in the ways that sports and social worlds are organized
A reason for using sociology to study sports is that they are _____.
clearly connected to major spheres of social life
Researchers use a combination of cultural theories and text analysis to do studies of socialization as a _____.
community and cultural process
People in positions of power prefer approaches to sports that blame problems on the weaknesses and failures of _____.
individuals
The participation, funding, community support, and general visibility of an activity may increase when _____.
it is classified as an official sport
Antonio Gramsci's analysis on socialization as a community and cultural process explains why _____.
large corporations spend billions of dollars every year to sponsor power and performance sports
The significance of sports in the socialization that occurs at the community and cultural level can be understood only in connection with _____.
local history, ideologies, and power relations
Most research and writing in the field of sport sociology focuses on _____.
organized, competitive sports
Antonio Gramsci, who partly inspired critical research on socialization as a community and cultural process, concluded that revolutions had not occurred against exploitive forms of capitalism in Western societies because _____.
people accepted and supported ideas, actions, and beliefs promoted by their political leaders even when those actions exploited and oppressed them
Studies of socialization as a community and cultural process focus on sports as sites at which _____.
people collectively create and learn stories
______________ _______________ includes all forms of movement and physical activities that people in particular social worlds create, sustain, and regularly include in their collective lives.
physical culture
A school implements a policy that European American students should participate only in sports that require intellectual skills, such as chess, and African American students should participate only in sports that require physical skills, such as athletics. If the local government decides to take legal action against the school for discrimination, it will most likely be on the basis of _____ ideology.
racial
_____ ideology consists of interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to classify human beings into categories assumed to be biological and related to attributes such as intelligence, temperament, and physical abilities.
racial
Studying sports with a critical eye usually occurs when _____.
researchers have informed visions of what sports and society could and should be in future
Although some people question the truth of the ideas and beliefs of class ideology, the class ideology that they support is heavily promoted and remains in existence because it _____.
serves the interests of people with power and wealth
In the sociology of sport, sports are viewed as _____ for socialization experiences.
sites
___________ _____________ refers to the social resources that link people positively to social worlds.
social capital
A sports club evaluates the success of its members based on their annual earnings. The club believes that members who are at the lower end of the economic spectrum have the same opportunities as others but have failed to use these opportunities. The club's beliefs are based on _____ ideology.
social class
In the United States, thinking along the lines of social class ideology leads to the conclusion that _____.
wealth and power are earned by hardworking people of good character
_____ ideology consists of interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to identify people as physically or intellectually disabled, to justify treating them as inferior, and to organize social worlds and physical spaces without taking them into account.
Ableist
Identify the central ideas and beliefs around which the most widely shared or dominant gender ideology used in many societies is organized.
-Human beings are either female or male. correct -Men are physically stronger and more rational than women. correct -Heterosexuality is nature's foundation for human reproduction.
Racial ideology in the United States developed fully after slavery came to an end. Identify the major beliefs around which this ideology was organized.
-People classified as white have only white ancestors, and anyone with one or more black ancestors is classified as black. -Intellectual and physiological characteristics vary by race. -Human beings can be classified into races on the basis of biologically inherited or genetically based characteristics.
Identify the sport-related issues that must be considered when making decisions that affect the process of creating and sustaining sports in a social world.
-What is the meaning and primary purpose of sports? -What agencies or organizations will sponsor and control sports? -Who will play sports with whom and under what conditions?
Identify a true statement about hegemony.
Hegemony can be maintained in a social world.
Identify a true statement about the knowledge produced by research in the sociology of sport.
It explains why some sports have higher rates of violence than others and how to effectively control sports violence.
Identify a true statement about the sociology of sport.
It studies sports as social phenomena
Identify an accurate statement about ideologies.
One learns ideologies when one interacts with others and accepts ideas and beliefs that are generally taken for granted in one's culture.
Identify an accurate statement about sport experiences.
Powerful and memorable experiences can occur in connection with sports.
A sports association follows gender ideology that is biased toward men in its decisions and beliefs. Which of the following decisions by the sports association reflects this gender ideology?
Women shall not be allowed to coach men's teams.
A school organizes a sports event for its students. It organizes separate events for students with physical disabilities. This action of the school is a reflection of _____ ideology.
ableist
Ableist ideology denies that abilities:
are situation- or task-specific
As organized sports have spread around the world, so has the myth that sport is _____.
essentially pure and good
T or F: Socialization is simply a one-way process of being molded and shaped by one's social environment.
false
T or F: The influence of sports on people's lives can be captured in a single statement about building character, bringing people together, creating responsible citizens, promoting conformity, or fostering warfare.
false
T or F: The organization, meaning, and purpose of sports remain the same in all cultural contexts.
false
T or F: Using knowledge in the sociology of sport is a simple process that automatically brings about equal and positive benefits for everyone.
false
The official definitions of sport used by organizations and officials in the United States are more exclusive than the definitions used in some other countries in that they give priority to _____.
formally organized, competitive activities
A local sports club in a city did not allow women to participate in sports that involve the demonstration of power and strength. The government decided to penalize the sports club based on this discrimination. This controversial norm of the club was based on _____ ideology.
gender
_______ ideology consists of interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to define masculinity and femininity, identify people as male or female, evaluate forms of sexual expression, and determine the appropriate roles of men and women in society.
gender
The process of maintaining leadership and control by gaining the consent and approval of other groups, including those who are being led or controlled is referred to as _____.
hegemony
Research on physical culture is important because it helps one understand:
how people define and integrate movement into their lives.
_____ are presented as accurate and truthful representations of the world as it is or as influential people think it should be.
ideologies
A sports magazine published an article on Olympic gold medalist Michael Johnson's life. The article spoke of Johnson's rise from his humble background to his stellar performances on the track. In the magazine, the author of the article used _____ ideology to describe Johnson's success.
social class
____ ideology consists of interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely shared and used by people to evaluate their material status; explain why economic success, failure, and inequalities exist; and what should be done about economic differences in a group or society.
social class
Good research in the sociology of sport always inspires critical approaches to the _____.
social conditions that affect human lives
Parts of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under particular social, political, and economic conditions are referred to as _____.
social constructions
Understanding the sociology of sport is easier if one learns to think of sports as _____.
social constructions
___________ is a process of learning and social development that occurs as we interact with one another and become familiar with the various social worlds in which we live.
socialization
According to definitions used widely in North America and much of Europe, ___________ are physical activities that involve challenges or competitive contests.
sports
Those who participate in specific activities that qualify as sports often see themselves as _____.
sportspersons
Disagreements and struggles over the purpose, meaning, and organization of sports occur most often when they involve _____.
the funding priorities of government agencies
The great sport myth is that _____.
the purity and goodness of sports is transferred to all who participate in it