infection

The name for the condition where an individual's immune system response inappropriately to "self" antigens is called:

Auto-immune

What occurs in a victim of Type I diabetes?

Autoimmune disease= attacks its own cells.

One difference between the innate and adaptive immune system is when you first encounter a new foreign invader, the latter is slower than the former. Why?

Because you are barely created your memory cells.

You and your friend are babysitting the same small child, who is sick with chickenpox. You get sick, but your friend does not. Why?

Because your friend had chicken pox when he was young and created memory cells and recognizes the pathogen and you have not been exposed or vaccinated and have no memory cells against the pathogen.

A research scientist is trying to design a new antibiotic that will kill bacteria but not harm human host cells. What part of bacteria would serve as an ideal target to allow for this kind of selectivity?

Cell wall

Many bacteria carry plasmids containing bacterial genes that are easily and rapidly spread through an entire bacterial colony. Why are plasmids of particular concern to humans?

Create antibiotic resistance.

A person suffers from a chronic infection and develops an abscess that produces pus. What is the cause of pus and what does it consist of?

Dead neutrophils

True or False: The vast majority of microscopic organisms found on everyday items cause disease in humans.

FALSE

Which specific (adaptive) defense mechanism defends primarily against antigens in body fluids

Humoral immune system.

Why is it possible to get the flu during flu season when you have already been vaccinated for influenza?

Over 200 flu viruses and they mutate each year. Different strains which means your body has no memory cells for this particular one.

Why doesn't passive immunity last very long?

Passive immunity does not involve white blood cells- it is only antibodies. Antibodies are proteins, and are eventually broken down by the body.

What is the general name given to disease-causing organisms?

Pathogens

What are the three divisions of the human immune system, in which our bodies prevent and fight infection?

Physical barriers(external) , non-specific immunity (internal, inborn, initial) and specific immunity (adaptive)

You have developed an antibiotic that inhibits a bacterial enzyme critical for the formation of the cell wall. However, after only a short time, the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic, and it's no longer effective. By which mechanism(s) could bacteria have developed resistance so that they are no longer sensitive to your antibiotic?

Plasmids

Immune cells recognize "self" from "non-self" by recognizing what?

Proteins on surface of the cell they all have different proteins.

Why does secondary immune response occur much more quickly than the primary response?

Secondary immune you already have been exposed to the pathogen therefore your body knows how to fight it already.

Name the defense mechanisms that our physical barriers (integumentary system) provide against pathogens.

Skin, hair, stomach acid, cellia , tears, earwax

Historically, what has been the deadliest human infectious disease?

Smallpox

protects individuals against pathogens located inside body cells.

T-cells

How does injecting a person with killed-bacteria vaccine protect that individual from a disease?

There is no killed-bacteria vaccine. Antibiotics are for bacteria.

Why don't people develop immunity to the common cold?

There is over 200 different viruses that cause the common cold. It mutates and has different strengths.

By 1796 it had been observed that milk maids who had been exposed to cowpox did not succumb to the deadly plague of small pox that was ravishing both Europe and Britain. From this observation, Edward Jenner was able to construct the world's first successful vaccine. Imagine that you are Jenner. Based on this observation in milkmaids, formulate a hypothesis that (as we know from history) will ultimately lead you to the creation of a vaccine.

Those who got infected by cowpox got immunity to small pox. Cuts in their arms and got passive immunity form the cows.

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this same antibiotic?

Through time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

U.S. health officials are considering different ways of preparing for a future worldwide epidemic of human influenza that could be derived from a form of the disease that infects birds (avian flu). What actions would be useful in preventing a future influenza epidemic?

Vaccination

Describe an allergy.

an inappropriate immune response

How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics?

antibiotics only work with bacteria.

A foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response is called what?

antigen

A molecule that induces a specific immune response is known as what?

antigen

What life forms are viruses able to infect?

anything with a cell

What is the difference between an infection and an autoimmune disorder?

autoimmune attacks your own cells.

The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Why do vaccinated individuals become protected against polio?

because the vaccine creates memory cells to that virus.

An individual receives a flu vaccine and is well protected for the current flu season. The following flu season, the individual fails to get another flu vaccine and comes down with the flu. What is the most likely explanation for vaccine ineffectiveness in the subsequent flu season

because they're are different strands of flu and they mutate every year.

What is the role of the stomach with regards to immunity?

destroy microbes with strongly acidic gastric juice

What is the role of B cells in the specific immune system?

differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. T-cell is helper.

What are the risks and the benefits of fever?

having a fever kills the bacteria virus

Differentiate between the targets of the humoral versus the cell-mediated immune responses.

humoral- B-cells, cell-mediated T-cells.

What does the "secondary" immune response refer to?

is much faster than first immune response

List 4 items that have contributed to widespread antibiotic resistance.

livestock, overuse, physician, not finishing the full course.

Which type of cell is most likely to ingest pathogens and "present" fragments of these pathogens to other immune cells on their surface?

macrophages

Find an everyday analogy to the production of cytokines and histamines by the non-specific immune system?

mass cells

You suffer a bee sting that leaves a red mark and is warm as well as itchy. The best type of medication to treat this would be drugs to block the actions of which elements of your immune response?

mass cells, histamine

How do vaccines create immunity?

memory cells

A vaccine is usually composed of what?

memory cells. weaken.

Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?

not living because they need a host cell to reproduce. ( CANT REPRODUCE ON THEIR OWN) need living cells to mutate.