Inflammation and Immune System

Antibodies are produced by which types of cells? a. B cells b. Natural killer cells c. Mast cells d. T cells

a. B cells Antibodies are produced by B cells and consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

The presence of which types of cells is associated with chronic inflammation? a. macrophages b. neutrophils c. leukocytes d. t-cells

a. macrophages Leukocytes and neutrophils are associated with acute inflammation. Inflammation that does not resolve and persists over time is called chronic inflammation and is associated with the presence of lymphocytes and macrophages, the proliferation of blood vessels and fibrosis, and tissue destruction.

What type of inflammatory exudate is bright red or bloody and signals the presence of red blood cells? a. sanguineous b. serosanguineous c. purulent d. serous

a. sanguineous Sanguineous exudate is bright red or bloody, and serosanguineous exudate is blood-tinged yellow or pink. Serous fluid is thin clear yellow or straw-colored. Purulent exudate is viscous, cloudy, and contains cellular debris.

What type of immunity used by the body adapts to recognize, eliminate, and establish long-term memory against a threat? a. Innate b. Acquired immunity c. Nonspecific immunity d. Natural immunity

b. Acquired immunity In general, acquired immunity adapts to recognize, eliminate, and establish long-term memory against a threat, which provides protection against future attacks by the same or a closely related invader.

Antibodies are produced by which types of cells? a. Mast cells b. B cells c. T cells d. Natural killer cells

b. B cells Antibodies are produced by B cells and consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

Which of the following selectively suppresses the proliferation and development of helper T cells? a. Corticosteroid b. Cyclosporine c. Radiation therapy d. Splenectomy

b. Cyclosporine Cyclosporine selectively suppresses the proliferation and development of helper T cells, resulting in depressed cell-mediated immunity.

Which phase of the immune response is characterized by the removal of antigens by many different mechanisms? a. Amplification phase b. Effector phase c. Termination phase d. Recognition phase

b. Effector phase The effector phase results in the removal of antigens by many different mechanisms.

What type of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule combines fragments of proteins that have been phagocytized, pinocytosed, or endocytosed from the extracellular environment? a. MHC class I b. MHC class II c. MHC class III d. MHC class IV

b. MHC class 11 MCH class II molecules combine fragments of proteins that have been phagocytized, pinocytosed, or endocytosed from the extracellular environment.

Which of the following cells live the longest? a. Eosinophils b. Monocytes c. Neutrophils d. Basophils

b. Monocytes Choices A, C, and D are collectively referred to as granulocytes. Granulocytes are short-lived (2 to 3 days) compared with B. monocytes and macrophages, which may persist for months or years.

Which of the following are large granular lymphocyte cells that do not express antigen-specific receptors? a. T cells b. Natural killer cells c. Cells d. Major histocompatibility complex molecules

b. Natural killer cells In contrast to T cells and B cells, natural killer cells do not express antigen-specific receptors. Instead, natural killer cells express activating and inhibitor receptors on their surfaces that interact with ligands on the target cell.

What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response to the allergen? a. Type II b. Type IV c. Type I d. Type III

b. Type IV Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed hypersensitivity response, such as the reaction that occurs in contact dermatitis after sensitization to an allergen, latex sensitivity, or the response to a tuberculosis skin test present 48 to 72 hours after the test.

Which of the following is an example of active artificial acquired immunity? a. Natural contact and infection with the antigen b. Vaccination c. Inoculation of antibody or antitoxin d. Natural contact with antibody from mother to fetus

b. Vaccination Choice A is an example of active natural acquired immunity, choice C is an example of passive natural acquired immunity, and choice D is an example of artificial passive acquired immunity.

What is secreted by fibroblasts early during the tissue repair reaction? a. Elastin b. Proteoglycans c. Fibronectin d. Collagen

b. proteoglycans Proteoglycans, proteins containing carbohydrate chains and sugars, are secreted in abundance by fibroblasts early during the tissue repair reaction.

The complement system is a key component of what phase in an inflammatory response? a. Chronic phase b. Acute phase c. The complement system is not active during the inflammatory response. d. Subacute phase

c. Acute phase The complement system consists of more than 30 proteins that are key components of the acute inflammatory response.

Which immunoglobulin is the predominant immunoglobulin on mucus membrane surfaces and is found in secretions such as saliva, breast milk, urine, and tears? a. IgE b. IgG c. IgA d. IgD

c. IgA IgG is the major antibacterial immunoglobulin in antibodies of the blood and is carried by plasma into tissues. IgA is the predominant immunoglobulin on mucous membrane surfaces and is found in secretions such as breast milk. IgE is present in very low levels of the blood and is predominantly bound to high-affinity receptors on mast cells and basophils. IgD is found at low levels in the blood, and its primary function is to serve as an antigen receptor on mature naive B cells.

Which of the following cells live the longest? a. Neutrophils b. Basophils c. Monocytes d. Eosinophils

c. Monocytes Choices A, B, and D are collectively referred to as granulocytes. Granulocytes are short-lived (2 to 3 days) compared with C. monocytes and macrophages, which may persist for months or years.

In which of the following cells is histamine not stored? a. Mast cells b. Platelets c. Neutrophils d. Basophils

c. Neutrophils Histamine is synthesized and stored in granules (for quick availability of release) of mast cells, basophils, and platelets.

What type of cell development begins with a progenitor cell from the bone marrow and migrates to the thymus gland, which is a primary lymphoid organ? a. Natural killer cell b. Macrophage c. T cell d. B cell

c. T cell T-cell development begins when a progenitor cell from the bone marrow migrates to the thymus gland, which is a primary lymphoid organ.

What is the approximate life cycle of a neutrophil after extrusion from the circulation? a. 12 hours b. 6 hours c. 48 hours d. 24 hours

d. 24 hours If the inflammatory stimulus subsides, the neutrophils rapidly die because their life span (after extrusion from circulation) is approximately 24 hours.

What type of immunity used by the body adapts to recognize, eliminate, and establish long-term memory against a threat? a. Innate b. Nonspecific immunity c. Natural immunity d. Acquired immunity

d. Acquired immunity In general, acquired immunity adapts to recognize, eliminate, and establish long-term memory against a threat, which provides protection against future attacks by the same or a closely related invader.

The complement system is a key component of what phase in an inflammatory response? a. The complement system is not active during the inflammatory response. b. Chronic phase c. Subacute phase d. Acute phase

d. Acute phase The complement system consists of more than 30 proteins that are key components of the acute inflammatory response.

When HIV enters the body, what cells serve as receptors for the HIV retrovirus, allowing direct passage of the infection into other target cells? a. Neutrophils and B cells b. Complementarity-determining region (CDR) cells and B cells c. Neutrophils or macrophages d. CD4 cells and macrophages

d. CD4 cells and macrophages When HIV enters the body, cells with CCR5 or CXCR4 receptors, such as CD4 cells and macrophages, serve as receptors for the HIV retrovirus, allowing direct passage of the infection into other target cells in the gastrointestinal tract, uterus/cervix, and neuroglia

Which of the following are large granular lymphocyte cells that do not express antigen-specific receptors? a. Major histocompatibility complex molecules b. Cells c. T cells d. Natural killer cells

d. Natural killer cells In contrast to T cells and B cells, natural killer cells do not express antigen-specific receptors. Instead, natural killer cells express activating and inhibitor receptors on their surfaces that interact with ligands on the target cell.

Which of the following are membrane proteins that function to present antigenic peptides for recognition by T cells? a. Immunoglobulins b. Natural killer cells c. Antibodies d. Major histocompatibility complex molecules

d. major hisocompatibility complex molecules Major histocompatibility complex molecules are membrane proteins that function to present antigenic peptides by T cells.

Which of the following is not involved in the humoral immune response? a. Blood b. Saliva c. Vaginal secretions d. Urine

d. urine The humoral immune response is mediated by antibodies present in different body fluids or secretions such as saliva, blood, or vaginal secretions.

Which of the following is an example of active artificial acquired immunity? a. Natural contact and infection with the antigen b. Inoculation of antibody or antitoxin c. Vaccination d. Natural contact with antibody from mother to fetus

Choice A is an example of active natural acquired immunity, choice C is an example of passive natural acquired immunity, and choice D is an example of artificial passive acquired immunity.

After intense exercise of long duration, the concentration of natural killer cells and natural cytolytic activity decline below preexercise values. Maximal reduction in natural killer cell concentrations and lower natural killer cell activity occur _____ hours after exercise. a. 1 to 2 hours b. 30 minutes to 1 hour c. 2 to 4 hours d. 4 to 6 hours

Although this depression in natural killer cells seems too brief to have major practical importance for health, there may be a cumulative effect of adverse effects in athletes who induce these changes several times per week.

What is the first step in the migration of leukocytes from the vasculature to the interstitial tissues? a. chemotaxis b. release of neutrophils c. binding of leukocytes to receptors on endothelial cells of venules d. diapedesis

c. binding of leukocytes to receptors on endothelial cells of venules The binding of leukocytes to receptors on endothelial venules is the first step in the migration of leukocytes from the vascular interstitial tissues.

Which of the following statements regarding necrosis of cells is true? a. there is no adjacent inflammation b. cellular contents remain in the cell at all times c. cell size increases d. plasma membranes are intact

c. cell size increases In cell necrosis, cell size increases, plasma membranes are disrupted, cellular contents may leak out of the cell, and there is frequent adjacent inflammation.

Which of the following is a change in cell morphology and function resulting from the conversion of one adult cell type into another? a. dysplasia b. hyperplasia c. metaplasia d. atrophy

c. metaplasia Metaplasia is a change in cell morphology and function resulting from the conversion of one adult cell type into another. For example, in smokers, portions of the respiratory tract change from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium into stratified squamous epithelium, leading to a thickening of the respiratory epithelium and a loss of the functional clearance of mucus and debris along the respiratory tree.

During acute reversible cell injury, the concentrations of which two elements are increased? a. sodium and potassium b. calcium and potassium c. sodium and calcium d. calcium and magnesium

c. sodium and calcium Acute reversible cell injury causes an impairment of ion homeostasis within the cell and leads to increased intracellular levels of sodium and calcium.