Informatics Chapters 1,2,3,4,5

Connectionism

Component of cognitive science that uses computer modeling through artificial neural networks to try to explain human intellectual abilities.

Neural Networks

Interconnected simple processing devices or simplified models of the brain and nervous system that consist of a considerable number of elements or units (analogs of neurons) linked together in a pattern of connections (analogs of synapses).

Complete information

contains all of the necessary essential data

Information

data that is/are interpreted, organized, or structured. Data processed using knowledge or data made functional through the application of knowledge.

Reports

designed to inform and are generally tailored to the context of a given situation or user or user group, include charts, figures, tables, graphics, pictures, hyperlinks, references

knowledge engineers

designing, developing, implementing, and maintaining knowledge

Knowledge Dissemination

distribution and sharing of knowledge

Relevant Information

in that the user must have information that is relevant or applicable to his or her needs

knowledge users

individuals or groups who benefit from valuable, viable knowledge

Input units (analogs of sensory neurons) receive information to be processed Hidden units (analogs to all of the other neurons - not sensory or motor) work in between input and output units Output units (analogs of motor neurons) where the outcomes or results of the processing are found

A neural network that would model the entire nervous system would have three types of units:

Information science

A science of information, studying the application and usage of information and knowledge in organizations and the interface or interaction between people, organizations, and information systems. A multidisciplinary science that encompasses aspects of computer science, cognitive science, social science, communication science, and library science to deal with obtaining, gathering, organizing, manipulating, managing, storing, retrieving, recapturing, disposing of, distributing, and broadcasting information.

Information Systems Machines are known as inorganic information systems Humans are known as organic information systems

A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective Information systems can be manually based, but are mostly computer-based information systems (CBISs) CBISs are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings

Freedom

Ability and right to make choices

Transparency

Allows users to apply their intellect to accomplish their tasks while the tools housing the information disappear

Stakeholder

An individual or group with the responsibility for completing a project and influencing the overall design, and that is most impacted by success or failure of the system implementation. Sometimes stakeholders have a financial tie to the project, but not always

conceptual framework (ex. The Foundations of Knowledge Model)

An organization or matrix of concepts that provides a focus for inquiry The basic structure upon which something is built

knowledge viability

Applications (most technology based) that offer easily accessible, accurate, and timely information obtained from a variety of resources and methods and presented in a manner so as to provide the necessary elements to generate new knowledge

Fidelity

Being faithful to what has been promised.

information age

Computer technology has ushered in what has been called the _________ an age when data, information, and knowledge are both accessible and able to be manipulated by more people than ever before in history.

The Impact of Information Science on the Healthcare System

Healthcare organizations are affected by and rely on the evolution of information science to enhance the recording and processing of routine and intimate information while facilitating human to human and human to systems communications, delivery of healthcare products, dissemination of information, and enhancement of the organization's business transactions.

Interoperability

Interdepartmental sharing and information exchange Interoperability is hindered when information systems do not "speak the same language" and thus are unable to interface or communicate with one another

Cognitive Science

Interdisciplinary field that studies the mind, intelligence, and behavior from an information processing perspective Provides the scaffolding for the analysis and modeling of complicated, multifaceted human performance and therefore has a tremendous effect on the issues impacting informatics. The end user is the focus since we are concerned with enhancing the performance in the workplace; in nursing, the end user could be the actual clinician in the clinical setting, and cognitive science can enhance the integration and implementation of the technologies being designed to facilitate this knowledge worker with the ultimate goal of improving patient care.

Wisdom

Knowledge applied in a practical way or translated into actions; to use knowledge and experience to heighten common sense and insight to exercise sound judgment in practical matters; sometimes thought of as the highest form of common sense resulting from accumulated knowledge or erudition (deep, thorough learning) or enlightenment (education that results in understanding and the dissemination of knowledge); it is the ability to apply valuable and viable knowledge, experience, understanding and insight while being prudent and sensible; is focused on our own minds; the synthesis of our experience, insight, understanding, and knowledge; the appropriate use of knowledge to solve human problems. It is knowing when and how to apply knowledge.

Interface

Mechanism or a system used by separate things to interact Example- If one wants to change a CD in a CD changer, one could use a remote The human user is not related to the CD player but can interact with it using the remote control The remote control becomes the interface that enables the person to tell the CD player which CD to play

American Nurses Association Definition of Nursing

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.

Health Information Exchange Systems (HIE Systems) Connecting for Health eHealth Initiative The Federal Health Information Exchange (FHIE) The Indiana Health Information Exchange (IHIE) The Massachusetts Health Data Consortium (MHDC) The New England Health EDI Network (NEHEN) The State of New Mexico Rapid Syndromic Validation Project (RSVP) The Southeast Michigan ePrescribing Initiative The Tennessee Volunteer eHealth Initiative

Organizations that prepare and organize people and resources to manage healthcare information electronically across organizations within a community or region

Outputs

Produces useful information that can be in the form of reports, documents, summaries, alerts, or outcomes

Antiprinciplism

Prompted by expansive technological changes and associated ethical dilemmas Opponents of principlism claim principles: are too conceptual, intangible or abstract, disregard or do not take into account a person's psychological factors, personality, life history, sexual orientation, religious, ethnic and cultural background. Theory that emerged with the expansive technological changes in recent years and the tremendous rise in ethical dilemmas accompanying these changes. Opponents of principlism include those who claim that its principles do not represent a theoretical approach and those who claim that its principles are too far removed from the concrete particularities of everyday human existence; the principles are too conceptual, intangible, or abstract; or the principles disregard or do not take into account a person's psychological factors, personality, life history, sexual orientation, religious, ethnic, and cultural background.

Feedback

Reactions to the inputting, processing, and outputs Information from the system that is used to make modifications in the inputs, processing action, or outputs

Benefience

Refers to actions performed that contribute to the welfare of others.

Autonomy

Right of individual to choose for her/himself.

Veracity

Right to truth/truthfulness.

Epistemology

Study of the nature and origin of knowledge

Federal Government Initiative for Protected Health Information (PHI)

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health HITECH Act of 2014 as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009- promote the adoption and meaningful use of health information technology

Knowledge

The awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision

Knowledge

The awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision; it abounds with others' thoughts and information or is information that is synthesized so that relationships are identified and formalized.

Nursing Informatics

The combination of nursing science, information science, computer science, and cognitive science

Artificial intelligence

The field that deals with the conception, development, and implementation of informatics tools based on intelligent technologies. This field attempts to capture the complex processes of human thought and intelligence.

Ethical decision making

The process of making informed choices about ethical dilemmas based on a set of standards differentiating right from wrong. The changing meaning of 'communication' alone will bring with it new concerns by healthcare professionals for protecting patients' rights of confidentiality, privacy, and autonomy.

Information Processing

The retrieval, analysis, or synthesis of data Refers to the alteration and transformation of the data into useful information and outputs Can range from storing data for future use, comparing data, making calculations, applying formulas, and selecting actions Processing devices consist of combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications and include: processing chips where the central processing unit (CPU) and main memory are housed

Accessibility

The right user must be able to obtain the right information at the right time and in the right format to meet his or her needs The right user refers to an authorized user who has the right to obtain the data and information he or she is seeking

Cloud Computing

Web browser-based login accessible data, software, and hardware; could link systems together and reduce costs Becomes very valuable as information systems advance

accessibility, security, timeliness, accuracy, relevancy, completeness, flexibility, reliability, objectivity, utility, transparency, verifiability, reproducibility

What are characteristics of good quality data?

Alphabetic data- refers to letters Numeric data- refers to numbers Alphanumeric data- refers to letters and numbers Audio data- refers to sounds, noises, or tones Image data- refers to graphics and pictures Video data- refers to animations, moving pictures, or moving graphics

What are the different types of data

Virtue Ethics

approach emphasizes the virtuous character of individuals who make the choices. Suggests that individuals use power to bring about human benefit. One must consider the needs of others and the responsibility to meet those needs. Virtue ethics has seen a resurgence in the last thirty years.

Ethical dilemias

arise when moral issues raise questions that cannot be answered with a simple, clearly defined rule, fact or authoritative view. A difficult choice or issue that requires the application of standards or principles to solve. Issues that challenge us ethically.

Wang descriptor of cognitive informatics

as an emerging transdisciplinary field of study that attempts to bridge the gap of understanding how information is processed in the mind and in the computer. Computing and informatics theories can be applied to help understand the information processing of the brain, and cognitive and neurological sciences can likewise be applied to build better and more efficient computer processing systems.

knowledge managers

capturing and processing collective expertise and distributing it where it can create the largest benefit

knowledge developers and generators

changing and evolving knowledge based on tasks at hand and information available

Reliable information

comes from reliable or clean data and authoritative and credible services

Nurses theory

concepts, propositions, and definitions that represent a methodical viewpoint and provide a framework for organizing and standardizing nursing actions

Summaries

condensed versions of the original designed to highlight the major points

Cauistry

is a case based ethical reasoning method that analyzes the facts of a case in a sound, logical and ordered or structured manner. The facts are compared to the decisions arising out of consensus in previous paradigmatic or model cases. The casuistry approach to ethical decision-making grew out of the concern for more concrete methods of examining ethical dilemmas.

Ethics

is a process of systematically examining varying viewpoints related to moral questions of right and wrong. Regardless of the theoretical definition, common characteristics regarding ethics are its dialectical, goal-oriented approach to answering questions that have the potential of multiple acceptable answers.

computer

is an electronic information-processing machine that serves as a tool to manipulate data and information. The easiest way to begin to understand computers is to realize they are input-output systems. These unique machines accept data inputted via a variety of devices, process data through logical and arithmetic rendering, store the data in memory components, and output data and information to the user.

knowledge building

is an ongoing process engaged in while a person is conscious and going about his or her normal daily activities.

Objective information

is as close to the truth as one can get It is not subjective or biased It is factual and impartial

Bioethics

is defined as the study and formulation of healthcare ethics. Bioethics takes on relevant ethical problems experienced by health care providers in the provision of care to individuals and groups. As technology advances increased, recognition and acknowledgment of rights and the needs of individuals and groups receiving this high tech care also increased.

Input or data acquisition

is the activity of collecting and acquiring raw data Input devices include combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications (keyboards, light pens, touch screens, mice or other pointing machines, automatic scanners)

Verifiable information

means that one can check to verify or prove that the information is correct

Flexible information

means that the information can be used for a variety of purposes

Timeliness information

means that the information is available when it is needed for the right purpose and at the right time

Accurate Information

means that there are no errors in the data and information

Moral dilemmias

occur when some evidence indicates that an act is morally right and some evidence indicates the act is morally wrong; yet the evidence on both sides is inconclusive; or an individual believes that on moral grounds, he or she cannot commit an act

knowledge acquirers

providing convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing knowledge

data

raw facts that lack meaning

Reproducibility

refers to the ability to produce the same information again

Utility

refers to the ability to provide the right information at the right time to the right person for the right purpose

Integrity

refers to whole, complete, correct, and consistent data Integrity can be compromised through: Human error Viruses Worms Computer bugs Hardware failures or crashes Transmission errors Hackers entering the system

Privacy

related to personal information, and rules that restrict access to this personal information.

Documents

represent information that can be printed, saved, emailed, or otherwise shared, displayed

Care ethics

responsiveness to the needs of others dictates providing care, preventing harm and maintaining relationships. based on relationships and a caring attitude toward others. care ethicists are less guided by rule focus is on the needs of others and one's responsibility to meet those needs.

The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) Institute Project

seeks to prepare future nurses who will have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) necessary to continuously improve the quality and safety of the healthcare systems within which they work

Knowledge Acquisition

the act of getting knowledge

Knowledge

the awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a task and/or arise at a decision

Outcomes

the expected results of input and processing

Borrow theory

theories borrowed or made use of from other disciplines

Security

unauthorized users must be blocked while the right user is provided with open, easy access

Alerts

warnings, feedback, or additional information necessary to assist the user in interacting with the system

Knowledge workers

working with information and generating information and knowledge as a product