Innovation dugga, Innovation
International trademark treaties?
1) World intellectual property organisation administers: System of International Registration of Marks a) Governed by 2 treaties: 1) Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks 2) Madrid Protocol Forms Madrid union
Bofa
Deez nuts Got em //respectfully JOE
What is the definition of development
Development = activities that apply knowledge to produce useful devices, materials or processes
What does the Demand-pull model say
Argued that innovation was driven by perceived demand of potential users (a bit simplistic)
What does the overall S-curve pattern of innovation imply?
that there is a pattern of technological innovation characterized by 1) slow initial progress, 2) then rapid progress, 3) and then slow progress again as a technology matures and reaches its limits
In one sentence why is QFD good to do/use
QFD helps a company to make key trade-offs between what the customers want and what the company can afford to build
Social loafing
Free riding
What are Patent thickets?
Patent Thickets = a dense web of overlapping patents that can make it difficult for firms to compete or innovate
What does the creative destruction / cyclical pattern of technology look like (key words only)
1) era of ferment: design competition, substitution, discontinuity causes period of turbulence 2) dominant dewsign emerges, 3) period of rapid improvement, stable architecture, enabling component and efficiency focus 4) becomes iless and less responsive to architechtural innovation 5) eventually new technological discontinuity comes,... reset
What are Technology clusters
technology clusters =Regional clusters of firms that a) have a connection to a common technology, b) and may engage in buyer, supplier, and complementor relationships, c) as well as research collaboration. Ex Silicon Valley Benefits: a) proximity in knowledge exchange b) can increase Employment, Tax revenues, Other economic benefits
JOE...
...Mama Respectfully //suggondeez
Why is technology performance improvement over time S-curved
1) --> performance improvement in new technology is initially difficult & costly And until the technology has established some degree of legitimacy, it may be difficult to attract other researchers to participate in its development 2) BUT: as the fundamental principles of the technology are worked out.... It begins to accelerate as the tech becomes better understood More researchers are attracted to work it Measures for assessing the tech are developed --> targeting activities which reap greater improvement per unit effort 3) AND: finally there comes diminishing returns as the technology approaches its inherent limits. The costs of each marginal improvement has increases * plotted perfirmance improvement vs effort/money invested *Note effort might not be constant over time *note: not al technology reach limits, because there comes along some discontinuous technology before that
What is the purpose of Project Champions (and risks?
1) Aim of using project champions: a) Ensure a project's momentum and improve its access to key resources b)They should facilitate allocation of human and capital resouces to the development effort c) They should Facilitate communication and cooperation between the function (with help of sponsors... which should lead to -> shorter development cycle & good fit of attributes and customer requirements 2) Risks of using project champions: a) an Escalating commitment, b) unwillingness of others to challenge the project basically group think
What is the difference between Architectural vs Component Innovation
1) Architechtural innovation a) = an innovation that changes the overall design of a system or the way its components interact with eachother b) often it changes the system requiring component change, and component interaction change c) To initiate Architectrual innovationtypically requires the firm to have architectural knowledge about the way the components link and integrate 2) Component (/Modular) innovation a) = an innovation to one or more components that does not significantly affect the overall configuration of the system b)To initiate component innovation may require the firm to have knowledge only about THAT component
What three elements of team Structure are most important
1) Collocation 2) Permanence 3) Supervisory relationships These elements significantylt influences how team members interact and the likely outcomes of the development project HOWEVER, Different types of teams are appropriate for different types of development projects
What is the difference between Competence enhancing vs competence destroying innovation?
1) Competence-enhancing innovation = builds on existing knowledge and skills... leveraging existing competencies, making them more valuable 2) Competence-destroying innovation = renders existing knowledge and skills obsolete... does not build on to the existing competence What is competence enhancing for one firm may be destroying for another firsm... it depends on whose perspective were taking
What is CAD/CAE/CAM? Name 3 pros of using them...
1) Computer aided development, Computer aided engineering.... to build and test product designs, no need for physical prototypes 3) CAM.. Eg 3D printing ALL are tools that development teams can use to 1)Reduce cycle time 2)Improve product Quality 3)Control development costs
Name 2 ways an organization could amplify its creativity
1) idea collection systems (like a idea box, or an intranet = a private network to submit colaborate on ideas) 2) creativity training programs form managers (so that they then should enhance and shape a good culture for creativity)
How Do Copy Rights Work
1) Copyright = a property right protecting works of authorship Eg. Literary, dramatic, musical, artistic 2) Copyright is established by legitimate use of the work(starts when created) 3) Copyright act says: owner of copy right has exclusive rights to (or authorize others to): a) Reproduce, distribute etc work in copies or phonorecords 4) But there are limitations: a) Eg US: you can use copyrighted cork for criticism, comment, news, teaching, scholarship, research b) © don't work for intangible work, expresssion like dance, speech, titles, names, slogans 5) No need to register: But there are pros of registering: it establishes public record which iis requires before filing an infringement suit in court 6)Time: a) Takes Ca 3-10 months to get b) Lasts maybe 70yrs after death? 7) There is no worldwide copyright There are however international treaties that simplify the process of securing such protection (eg. Berne Convention, UCC)
What are 2ish Pros of involving Suppliers in the Development Process
1) Firm expands its information resources with the suppliers' knowledge a) They can suggest more cost efficient alternative inputs 2) Improve likelihood that inputs are of appropriate quality and arrive on time
What are 5 Sources of innovation (why are firms particularly well suited)
1) Firms, 2) individuals, 3) government funded research, 4) universities 5) and private nonprofits Firms have: 1) Greater resources than individuals 2) Management system to marshal the resources toward a collective purpose 3) Great Incentive: to find differentiating new products and services which could give them advantage over non-profit or government-funded entities
How is the Pattern of technological change cyclical (discontinuity, turbulence, consensus, dominant design)
1) First: a technological discontinuity causes a pariod of turbulence and uncertaindy Producers and consumers explore different possibilities enabled by the new tchnology As producers and consumers begin to converge on a consensus of the desired technological configuration, a dominant design emerges 2) The dominant design provides a stable benchmark for the industry Enabling producers to turn their attention to increasing production efficiency & incremental product improvements 3) Then the cycle begins again with the next technological discontinuity
What is the definition of innovation (two parts)
1) Generation of creative ideas & implementation of those ideas into some new device/process 2) ...Combining a creative idea with resources/expertise that can embody the idea in a useful form
WHat the parts are there to: Failure Model and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
1) Identify faliures in a system, 2) classify them according to a) severity b), Likelihood of occurrence c) Inability of controls to detect 3) plan for prevention of such failures -->Helps firms prioritize their development efforts to reduce likelihood of faliures that will have the greatest impact on 1) Quality 2) Reliability 3) Safety of product/process (Multiply the 1-5 scores)
What 3 Things Characterize the "Must-Be" requirements (KANO)
1) If these requirements are not fulfilled, the customer will be extremely dissatisfied 2) Fulfilling the must-be requirements will only lead to a state of 'not dissatisfied' (wont want product at all otherwise) 2) The customer regards the must-be requirements as prerequisites; he takes them for granted and therefore does not explicitly demand them.
Some Protection mechanisms are more effective in certain industries... When are patents good and bad When are Trade secrets Good and Bad
1) In some industries it is easy to invent around a patent/copy right a) for Electronics : patents=bad, since it easy to invent around b)Patents = good for pharmaceuticals c) Very difficult Enforcing patents protecting industrial processes eg. Manufacturing techniques 2) If patents provide little protection you might rely more on Trade Secrets a) With Trade secrets: Protectability can vary a lot on nature of technology and industry context b) In some industries it is nearly impossible to use trade secrets because commercializing reveals underlying technology
Why is a technology's market adoption s-shaped
1) Initially...adoption is slow: Since the technology might initially seem uncertain (potential adopters see great costs and risks) 2) Gradually: the tech becomes more certain (and its costs driven down) enabling the tech to be adopted by larger segments, As it becomes better understood and better utilized 3) Eventually: the techs' diffusion slows as it reaches market saturation or is displaced by a newer technology Note that: The information diffusion is often (much) faster than the actual technology diffusion Perhaps some knowledge about the technology is tacit and requires extensive person to person contact
What are the 3 Criteria to qualify for patent
1) It must be USEFL must produce desirebale result, solve problem, imrpove/propose new use of existing development or have potential to do so 2) It must be NOVEL NOT: not already patented, described in public literature, or in public use for more than a year 3) It must NOT BE OBVIOUS: a person with experience in the particular art would not be expected to achieve the same invention with normal amount of effort
Some limitations and important notes on S-curves as perscriptive tools
1) Its rare that the true limits of a tech is known in advance, there can also be disagreements 2) The S-shape is not set in stone: unexpected changes, component technologies, complementary technology 3) Development activities of the firm can influence its S-curve: implementing new development approaches or revamping archidectural design of the tech
What are the 5 Factors NPD-project-team's performance can be affected by?
1) Its size 2) Composition 3) Structure 4) Administration 5) leadership
Name some pros and cons of information technology vs Proximity and interaction
1) Made it easier, faster, cheaper to transmit info great distances a) BUT: studies show that such mechanisms might not transfer that knowledge readily 2) Firms that are proximate have an advantage in sharing information that can lead to greater innovation productivity a) Complex or tacit kowlege may require frequent and close interaction to be meanigfully exchanged b) Willingness to exchange knowledge: Closeness and frequency of interaction can influence a firms' willingness to exchange knowledge Frequency --> trust and reciprocity norms
What are 3 possible downsides of geographical clustering?
1) Many competitors serving a local market --> competition reduces their pricing power in their supplier and buyer relationships 2) Competitor firms getting access to proprietary knowledge 3) Traffic congestion, high housing costs, pollution concentration
What are the 3 main objectives to achieve product development success
1) Maximising the product's fit to customer requirement a) A product needs to offer compelling features, greater quality or more attractive pricing than competitors b)Difficulties: Prioritizing Overestimating willingness to pay Resolving heterogenity of demands.. Not making too many or to few compromises 2) Minimising the development cycle time a) Even good fitting products can fail if they take too long to enter market b)Pros of being quick: Firm can build brand loyalty: Premptively capture scarce assets Build customer switching costs More time to develop (or spur others to) develop complementary goods that enhance value You can revise/ upgrade offerings quickly , as design flaws are revealed/technology advances --> First-mover advantage & Second-mover advantage 3) Controlling development cost a) Firms sometimes try too hard to exceed customer expectations and cant recoup the development expenses b) .... Development efforts must be: Effective AND efficient
What are 3 criteria for trade secrets under Uniform Trade Secret Act
1) Not generally known 2) Economic importance 3) Secret holder must take measures to keep it secret
If an owner of Trade secrets Beleives someone has stolen/disclosed anything they can...
1) Owner can ask court to issue an injunction against further use of secrets 2) Owner may be able to collect damages for economic harm suffered by that improper use of trade secret
WHat are the 4dual Dimensions of Innovation
1) Product innovation vs process innovation 2) Radical innovation vs incremental innovation 3) Competence-enhancing vs competence destroying 4) Architectural vs component innovation
What is the difference between Product vs process innovation?
1) Product innovations: Are embodied in the outputs of an organization Eg. The specific goods/services 2) Process innovations: a) Innovation in the way an organization conducts its business b) Eg. Techniques of producing or marketing goods/services, use of automation c) AIM: Improving the effectiveness or efficiency of production d) eg. Reducing defect rate, increasing quantity produced in a given time * New product & process innovations often occur in tandem * Product innovation for one firm may be process innovation for another
When considering an investment/NPD, why could it be useful to use KANO
1) Product requirements are better understood. a) The product criteria which have the greatest influence on the customer's satisfaction can be identified -->Forms priorities for NPD 2) For investments it is not very useful to invest in improving "must-be" requirements .... better to improve one-dimensional or attractive requirements cuz they have greater influence on perceived product quality... and thus on the customer's level of satisfaction
Owner of a Copyright has the exclusive right to
1) Reproduce copies 2) Distribute copies 3) Perform publicly 4)Display publicly
Name 4 things that are typically not patentable
1) Substituting one material for another 2) Change size of existing object 3) making something more portable 4) Alternating an item's shape
Name 2 International Patent treaties
1) The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris convention priority - PCP) 177 members 2) Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 144 members
What 3 Things Characterize the "Attractive" requirements (KANO)
1) The criteria which have the greatest influence on how satisfied a customer will be with a given product. 2)These criteria are neither explicitly expressed nor expected by the customer. 3) Fulfilling these requirements leads to more than proportional satisfaction
How well a cluster should work could depend on 3 things..
1) The nature of the technology: a) underlying knowledge base b)degree it can be protected by patents/copyright c) Degree to which it requires close & frequent interaction 2) Industry characteristics: a) Market concentration b)Stage of industry life cycle c) Transportation costs d) Availability of supplier & distributior markets 3) Cultural Context of the technology: a) Population density of labor or customers b) Infrastructure deelopment c) National differences in the protection or funding of technology development
When talking about S curve of performance improvement... what can you say about performance improvement vs customer requirements?
1) The rate at which a technology improves over time is often faster than the rate at which customer requirements increase over time --> tech that initially meets demands of the mass market may eventually exceed the needs of the market 2) -->Tech that initially served low-end customers (segment zero) may eventually meet the needs of the mass market & capture the market share that originally went to the higher-performing technology
How do Trade Secrets Work
1) Trade secret= Information that belongs to a business that is held private 2) pro of Trade secrets: if you Do not meet many of requirements of patent law--> broader class of assets and activities can be protected with TS 3) Information can be a Trade secret only if it: a) Offers a distinctive advantage to the company in the form of economic rents b) Remains valuable only as long as the information remains private Examples: Info about customers, marketing strategies, manufacturing process
How do Trademarks Work?
1) Trademark = An indicator used to distinguish the source of a good Eg. A word, phrase, symbol, design, music, 2) Can be embodied in any indicator that can be perceived by the five senses 3) Typically does not involve registration, just legitimate use, but it can be good to register because a) it provides public notice of the claim of ownership over the mark b) registration Can be used for international rights 4) Trade marks mean that: a) A brand that has exclusive legal protection for both its brand name and its design b)Prevents others from using the mark or a mark that's too similar c) Does NOT protect against selling and producing similar goods 5)Trademarks can be used as long as the trademark is in use (contrast to patent/copyright) but registration requires periodic renewal
What 2 Things Characterize the "One-Dimensional" requirements (KANO)
1) With "one-dimenstional" Requirements, customer satisfaction is proportional to the level of fulfilment (A straight line) 2) usually explicitly demanded by the customer.
Organizational creativity is a function of 2 things
1) creativity of individuals within the organization 2) the social processes and contextual factors (which shape the way said individuals act and behave)
What 5 Factors Influence Individual creativity (subpoints too)
1) intellectual abilities a) memory- can make longer associations b) intelligence c) unconventional persepectives d) filtering e) articulating f) primary process thinking, visual mental activity 2) knowledge a) not too little or too much 3) Personality a) openess to experience is good 4) (Intrinsic) Motivation a) spurs creativity b) extrinsic motivation can udnermine creativity 5) Supportive Enviroment
Name Two types of "Individual" innovators (and their strengths/weaknsesses)
1) the inventor a) specialized but good in many fields b) Question assumptions made in previous work in the field 2) Innovation by USERS a) Innovation often originates with those who create solutions for their own needs b)Users have: understanding of unmet needs and incentive to fulfill them
What are (7) pros of Combining Kano With QFD
1) there is a deeper understanding of customer requirements and problems; 2) trade-offs within product development can be managed more effectively; 3) there are fewer start-up problems; 4) competitive analysis is easier (improved market research); 5) control points are clarified (reduced development time, better planning); 6) effective communication between divisions (departments) is facilitated; 7) design intent is carried through to manufacturing (quality is built in 'upstream').
Creativity is transformed into innovative outcomes in two ways:
1) through the separate components of the innovation system (the individuals, firms, universities, gov, and PNP) 2) Through linkages between the different components (eg. the firms relationship w customers, or the tech transfer between universities and firms)
What 2 "criteria" for trade secrets need to be met
3) Information can be a Trade secret only if it: a) Offers a distinctive advantage to the company in the form of economic rents b) Remains valuable only as long as the information remains private
Describe crowdsourcing
A distributed problem-solving-model where you turn to a third party who voluntarily contribute their ideas and effort in exchange for compensation/intrinsic rewards (Firms can set up an innovation challenge to third parties, seeking innovation solutions... typically 4step process) 1) Need translation statement to spark interest to solve problem 2) Connecting, communication with most suitable solvers 3) Evaluation/selection, picking out the most suitable and putting them in a report 4) Acquisition negotiating agreement, patents
What characterizes Discontinuous technologies
A technology that fulfills a similar market need by building on an entirely new knowledge base.
What is Absorptive Capacity
Absorptive capacity: = the ability of an organization to recognize, assimilate and utilize new knowledge eg. Doing in-house R&D presumably helps a firm's absorptive capacity (enabling it to better assimilate and utilize information obtained externally
What are Advantages of letting your technology be open? (Name 2 risks)
Advantages of Diffusion Diffusion: 1) Can encourage multiple firms to produce, distribute, promote --> accelerating development and diffusion: ...useful in industries that accrue increasing returns to adoption 2) Stimulates growth of installed base and availability of complementary goods 3) Basically: open tech may accrue more rapid adoptions ...competition among producers --> drives down prices --> more attractive to customers ...further stimulates more customers and complementary goods providers 4)USEFUL when firm has inadequate resources to be sole developer, producer, distributor, and marketor of a good The tech benefits from having a larger pool of talent and resources RISK: 1) External developers may have very diverse objectives... working in conflicting directions instead of unity 2) Efforts may be redundant as many developers are working on same problems without communicating
WHat are Advantaes of Protecting your Technology?
Advantages of Protection: 1) Protecting innovation --> greater rent appropriability (ensures that firm earns the lion's share of returns ) --> these returns can be reinvested in further developing/promoting the technology... and producing complementary goods 2) Protection preserves architectural control --> enabling the firms to: direct the technology's development, determine its compatibility with goods, (your own compatability > the competitors) 3) --> Control rate at which technology is upgraded/refined
What are Agglomeration economies
Agglomeration economies = the Benefits that firms reap from being geographically close to each other Eg. Attracting labour, labour gaining much experience, tax revenues, improvements in infrastructure
Describe Agile Development
Agile Development= a process where the overall product is broken down into smaller independent pieces that are worked on by autonomous self-organizing teams The product is constantly incrementally adapted (not just once) Product is presented often and quickly to customers in order to adapt. Design --> build --> release... repeat
What is the definition of Appropriability? What 2 Factors Determine the Appropriability of an innovation? (Subpoints.. types of knowledge)
Appropriability = the degree to which a firm is able to capture the rents from its innovation * Appropriability is determined by how easily/quickly competitors can imitate the innovation... The Determining factors 1) Nature of the technology a) The underlying knowledge may be rare and difficult to copy, (eg. unique prior experience, talent pool) *Tacit knowledge base (tacit knowledge = knowledge that cannot be readily codifies or transferred in written form) *Socially complex (Socially complex knowledge =knowledge that arises from the interaction of multiple individuals) * Talent... typically implies that there is a natural endowment that is difficult to replicate through training 2) The strength of the mechanisms used to protect the innovation a) Easily replicable innovations could/should be protected by legal protection for intellectual property (eg. Patent, trademakrs, copyright, trade secret laws)
What is Architectural control (advantages of protection)
Architectural control= the ability of a firm(group) to determine the structure, operation, compatibility and development of a technology
A team Leader must match the team type (for a team to be most effective) what 3 attributes do we look at?
Attributes of the team leader: 1) Seniority (middle/ senior manager) 2) Authority (organizational influence, status within organization) 3) Multilingual skills (be translator between functions, conflict resulition, multilingual skills)
Autonomous Teams
Autonomous Teams 1) members are removed from functional departments (collocated with manager) 2) dedicated full-time to team & "permanently" 3)Manager has full control over resouces from the functional departments and he has authority over evaluations and rewards 4) Autonomous teams: don't conform to organization's operating procedures, policies, reward system, and is fully accountable for success Good for: rapid, efficient NPD, breakthrough projects, major platform projects
What is Basic research vs Applied research
Basic research = research that aims to increase scientific knowledge for its own sake....without a specific commercial application in mind Applied research = research targeted at increasing knowledge for a specific application or need, in insustry this typically has commercial objectives
What is the Difference Between Radical vs. Incremental Innovation
Basically: To what degree does the innovation represent a departure from existing practices 1) Radical Innovation a) = an innovation that is very new and different from prior solutions b) Newness & differentness... c) Risk: ...since radical innovation often embodies: new knowledge.... --->new producers, new customers might have different experieces/familiarity with the innovation and their judgement of usefulness/reliability will vary d) Radicalness is relative and can change over time or with respect to different observers...Knowledge base can become more common and the innovation might be more incremental 2) Incremental Innovation a) = innovation that makes relatively minor adjustments to existing practice
What is Concurrent Engineering (partly parallel)
Concurrent Engineering = a design method in which stages of product development and planning for later stages of the product lifecycle occur simultaneously
Kichuk and Wiesner personalities affecting success in NPD
Conscientiousness (careful) Extroversion Neuroticism Agreeableness Openness to Experience High extroversion and agreeableness and low neuroticism = success
What is creativity ?
Creativity = a) The ability of generating new and useful ideas b) Creativity = the ability to produce novel and useful work Novel work, must be different from previously produced work (and surprising, as if it was not the next logical step)
What are Cross-Functional teams (composition of teams)
Cross-functional teams: 1) Include members drawn from more than one functional area (eg. Engineering, manufacturing, marketing) 2) ... enabe design, manufacturing, and marketing objectives to be integrated in the NPD process 3) Have diverse backgrounds Pros: 1) Lack of communication Can lead to poor fit of attributes and customer requirements, and longer cycle time as product goes back and forth between stages 2) designing for ease of manufacturing --> lower unit costs, and defectives, lower final price and higher quality
What is DFM
DFM= design for manufacturing you are Considering the manufacturing at an early stage... which can: 1) shorten development cycle time 2) Lower costs & increase product quality... 3) increase fit with customer requirements too Examples: 1) Minimize the number of parts 2) Use common parts across product family 3) Eliminate adjustments.. Reduces assembly line errors 4) Eliminate fasteners 5) Eliminate jigs and fixtures
Functional Teams
Functional Teams: 1) Members remain in functional department, 2) report to regular functional manager 3) Meet occasionally to discuss project, (10% team time) 4) No project manager 5) Low deviation from normal operations 6)little cross functional communication 7) Low involvement and commitment to the project Goof for: derivative projects that primarily affect only a single function of the firm (the teams are easy to make)
What are the 4 types ofteams
Functional, lightweight, heavyweight, autonomous
(Team administration) What are 2 ways to to ensure that members have clear focus and commitment to development project?
Having 1) Project charter 2) Contract book Many firms have the development teams sign these charters/books to ensure that all team members: a) have a common understanding of the project's goals b) possess a sense of ownership c) and commitment to the project's success Project charter: Can include a vision, specify length of , goals Contract book: Defines in detail the basic plan to achieve the goal laid out by the project charter
Heavyweight Teams
HeavyWeight Teams 1) Members removed from normal functional department (collocated with project manager) 2)Members are full-time team dedicated 3) still temporary 4) Strong cross-functional coordination and communication 5) Members are significantly commited 6) Manager is senior and have authority over resources, evaluation and rewards Good for: platform projects
Why is innovation in collaborative networks good
In high-technology sectors it is unlikely that a single individual/organization possesses all resources/capabilities necessary to develop and implement a sigficant innovation
What is tacit knowledge
tacit knowledge = Knowledge that cannot be readily codified (documented in written form).
WHo are Lead users?
Lead Users =Customers who face the same general needs of the marketplace but are likely to experience them months or years earlier than the rest of the market and stand to benefit disproportionately from solutions to those needs. Pros of using them: --> helps firm understand what needs are most important: development priorities Can be faster and cheaper than involving a random sample of customers
Lightweight Teams
LingthWeight Teams 1) Still in regular functional departments 2) Typically a temporary team (25% team time) 3) They have a Project manager (& liasion personnel)... that facilitates communication and coordination among functions 4) Not much authority in project manager Good for: where low communication is required (but better than functional)
What are MVP?
MVP = minimum viable products... are presented to customer for feedback, enabling rapid incremental adaption
What is the Stage gate process? What three things does each gate have? Name the 7 Stages
Managers must evaluate whether to kill or let project proceed At each stage a cross-functional team of people undertake parallel activities to drive down risk of a development process At each stage you gather vital: technical, market and financial info Each Stage has: 1) Deliverables: what we have so far from previous stage 2) Criteria: metrics/questions for the go/kill decisions 3) Outputs: go, kill, hold, recycle & action plan for the deliverables the stages are: idea generation (idea screen) 1) Scoping (does idea justify more research) 2) Building the business case (is Bc sound?) 3) Development (should the project get external tessting? 4) testing & validation (is it ready for commercial launch?) 5) launch ...full production,marketing,selling Post Launch Review (lessons?)
Copyright protection around the world
No international protection But there is the: Berne Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property
Personality of individyals can also influence the likelihood of success in NPD teams? What 2 traits are most desirable
Out of: Conscientiousness, extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness and openess to experience .... High extroversion, high agreeableness and low neuroticism = the best
Describe the Partly Parallel Development Process (name 3 pros with it)
Partly Parallel Development Process = A development process in which some (or all) of the development activities at least partially overlap. 1) Shortens development cycle time 2) Increase coordination among functions (eg. R&D, marketing, manufacturing) 3) Minimizes risk that R&D will design products that are difficult/costly to manufacture NOTE: there is a case where process design needs to proceed product design to avoid woslty rework, especially in rapid/uncertain markets??
What is Patent trolling?
Patent trolling= A pejorative term for when an individual or firm misuses patents against other individuals or firms in attempt to extract money from them
How do Patents work
Patents: 1) = A property right protecting a process/machine/manufactured item/(design for manufactured item).... it Protects an invention (product or process) 2) Only applicable in A country (unless under regional patent office or international treaty) 3) It can take ca 2-6 years to get depending on where you are 4) The patent protection lasts 20 years
What are some pros and cons of Diversity in teams (composition of teams) Discuss Homophily vs Heterogenous teams? which is the best? Under which circumstances
Pros: 1) Diversity Ensures that the team can draw on different perspectives and bases of expertise 2) Broader knowledge base and increases cross-fertilization of ideas 3) Demographic diversity in teams can increase innovative outcomes and overall performance 4) Functional diversity , is sought after in NPD teams (cross-functional teams) Cons: 1) Diversity can make it more difficult for teams to develop a common understanding of the NPD project --> which can result in lower group cohesion Homophily= individuals being drawn to interact with individuals they perceive as being similar to themselves 1) members might be more willing/able to exchange information effectively Heterogenous teams: 1) Can have more difficulty integrating objectives and views --> conflict and less cohesion 2) BUT: Should possess more info Conclusion; Heterogenous teams are better if they can interact over longer time (since...Teams may need long-term contact and incentives for cooperation to overcome these challenges)
What is a pro and con of Virtual teams? (you need to be careful when selecting the members, what are 2 things to think about there?)
Pros: 1) Good to seek out unique talent a) When individuals with unique skills live far apart --> virtual team b)Virtual teams use information technology to achieve communication an coordination Challenges: 1) Harder Promoting participation, cooperation and trust without collocation (since collocation facilitates communication/collaboration , proximity and frequent interaction help teams develop shared norms, dialect) ... because of this these teams require special consideration of selection of team members and team administration process Think about: 1) technical skills 2) interpersonal skills
What are pros and cons of a large NPD team?
Pros: 1) Multiple bases of expertise directed toward problem solving (Aka combining efforts/skills/expertise of many individuals, groups can thus outperform individuals on many problem-solving tasks) Cons: Teams that are too big can face: 1) administrative costs 2) Communication problems can become significant 3) Too large team --> harder to foster a sense of identity among team members 4) Social Loafing = when an individual in a team does not exert the expected amount of effort and relies on the work of other team members instead.. (cuz they wont receive as much credit/blame for their contribution --> commitment/effort decreases)
WHat is QFD? What are the 5 steps to make a House of Quality Matrix?
Quality Function Deployment is Used to 1) Improve the development team's understanding of the relationship between customer requirements and engineering attriubutes 2) A tool for improving communication between various functions involved in the development process a) Of: marketing, engineering, manufacturing (A common language and framework to interact) The House of Quality: a matrix that maps customer requirements vs product attributes.. (completing the matrix): 1) Identify customer requirements 2) Weigh the requirements (eg.from focus groups of with customers) 3) Team should idenfity engineering attributes that drive the performance of the product 4) Enter correlations... multiply customer importance by relationship to engineering 5) Evaluate competition
What is Socially complex Knowledge?
Socially Complex knowledge = knowledge that arises from the interaction of multiple individuals Arises from interactions, hard to duplicate
open source software
Software that is available to download free of charge e.g. OpenOffice.org which is a suite of applications
What is the definition of suggondeze?
Suggondeez nuts respectfully //Bofa
Constructing new product development teams
Team size Team composition
What are Technological Spillovers? (when does it happen)
Technological spillover = when benefits of the research form one firm spills over to other firms (or nations/entities)... it is a positive externality resulting from R&D from the spread of knowledge across entity boundaries When do it spill? 1) Partially depends on the strengths of protection mechanisms (patents, copyrights, trade secrets) This can vary from country to country 2) Can depend on the nature of the underlying knowledge base (eg.tacit & complex) 3) Can depend on the Mobility of the labor pool
Wholly open systems
Wholly Open Systems = Goods based on technology that is not protected and that is freely available for access, production, distribution or augmentation by other producers a) Based on available standards or on new technology that is openly diffused to other producers b) Typically commoditized quickly with little appropriability of rents to their developers
Wholly proprietary system
Wholly proprietary = Goods based on technology that is owned and vigorously protected through patents, copyrights, secrecy or other mechanisms. a) May be legally produced and augmented ONLY by their developers b)Typically not compatible with products offered by manufactureres... since the manufactureers will be unable to develop the components that may interact with the proprietary system c) Typically give developers the chance to appropriate rents from the technology d) May be less likely to be adopted by customers... since they cost more and their inability to mix/match with other components
When can others be prevented to benefit from the trade secret
if one is... 1) Bound by duty of confidentiality (lawyers) , employees) 2) Signed non disclosure agreement 3) Acquired secret improperly (theft, bribery) 4) Got the information from someone who didn't have the right to disclose it 5)Learns about it by mistake
What are original equipment manufacturers (OEMs)
original equipment manufacturers = Firms that assemble goods using components made by other manufacturers, also called value added resellers (VARs)