INQUIZITIVE; Chapter 26

Ford's greatest achievement came in 1975 under the realm of foreign policy when the United States signed the Helsinki Accords. These gave North Vietnam complete control of Vietnam and surrendered the U.S. Mayaguez to the communist regime of Pol Pot.

False

The My Lai massacre, in which U.S. forces killed more than 350 civilians, marked a turning point in support for the Vietnam War, especially as it was revealed that the government tried to cover up the tragic event.

true

The War Powers Act required the president to gain congressional approval for sending American troops overseas. As such, it was the strongest assertion of congressional control over foreign policy.

true

The national debt hit a forty-seven-year low just as Reagan was taking office. Identify the statements that describe the policies and outcomes of Reaganomics.

experiencing the most severe recession since the Great Depression running a large deficit in peacetime

As part of détente, Nixon and Brezhnev worked out two treaties. What was the name of the treaty that limited the development of weapons systems designed to intercept incoming missiles

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Early in his administration, Carter tried to make human rights the centerpiece of his foreign policy. It had both positive and negative consequences. Identify how Carter enacted his human-rights agenda in his dealings with the following nations.

Carter signed a treaty transferring control of the Canal by 2000. Correct label: Panama Carter cut off aid to the dictatorial regime that treated its people poorly. Correct label: Argentina Carter did not back the anticommunist dictator, Somoza, in his struggle against the opposing Sandinistas. Correct label: Nicaragua

Ronald Reagan put together a new coalition of supporters that had never joined forces behind one candidate. Identify the demographic groups that made up the new Reagan coalition.

antigovernment crusaders Sunbelt suburbanites the Christian Right neoconservatives

In 1972, with broad bipartisan support, Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution and sent it to the states for ratification. The amendment failed to gain ratification by the required number of states. In a brochure, the Philadelphia chapter of the National Organization for Women (NOW) detailed what it hoped the ERA would accomplish. In the excerpt below, identify the passages that discuss the wage gap between men and women, as well as what the ERA will do to address that specific issue.

Did you know: Women earn on an average 41% less than men. . . . The ERA will: Outlaw discrimination on the basis of sex, establishing constitutionally the legal right of "equal pay for equal work.". . .

What was the outcome of the unanimous ruling in the 1971 Supreme Court case Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education?

Forced Busing

As a result of ping-pong diplomacy and the negotiation skills of Henry Kissinger and Nixon, communist China obtained the permanent seat at the United Nations, formerly occupied by Taiwan.

Henry Kissinger, communist China, United Nations

What does it reveal about population growth between 1940 and 1990?

States in the West experienced the largest population growth. The population centers have migrated west since the founding of the nation in the eighteenth century. Rural areas like North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, and West Virginia experienced very little population growth.

Identify the statements below that describe the Three Mile Island accident.

The accident resulted in changes to the law, placing a moratorium on nuclear plants and curtailing their production. The accident gave the environmental movement ammunition, as it questioned whether science could be the cure for all of society's ills.

Identify the factors that contributed to the Northeast's decline in manufacturing.

There was the ability to use air conditioning in southern facilities. Unlike in the Northeast, there were not strong labor unions in the South (part of the "Sunbelt"). There was older equipment and limited space for expansion.

Neoconservatives before Reagan were intellectuals who thought the counterculture went too far and became too un-American because it did not respect morality or authority. In Reagan, the neoconservatives thought they found someone who would show strong American leadership abroad with aggressiveness, instead of passivity, when dealing with adversaries.

True

While President Nixon was associated with Cold War détente (cooperation), he also armed anticommunist dictators in Iran, the Philippines, and South Africa, and helped to overthrow the socialist regime in Chile.

True

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing Nixon's policy in Vietnam. On taking office in 1969, Nixon announced the "new" policy of Vietnamization. It called for the United States to train South Vietnamese soldiers using American weapons, thus preventing the engagement of American ground troops. This policy was unsuccessful in limiting the growing antiwar movement.

Vietnamization, South Vietnamese, unsuccessful

What does it reveal about the median age for marriage in the United States between 1947 and 1981?

Women consistently married at a younger age than men over this period. The median age for a woman to marry increased by nearly a year and a half over this period. The median age for men to marry increased by less than a year over this period.

Jerry Falwell, the founder of both the Moral Majority and Liberty University, thought Ronald Reagan would be a strong supporter of the fundamentalist movement. Falwell believed that the "forces of Satan" were people who advocated for which of the following?

abortion rights military unpreparedness easy divorce

Define the following key terms relevant to the Nixon administration and the 1970s.

belief that whites were unfairly suffering from employment programs that supported minorities Correct label: reverse discrimination banned gender discrimination in higher education Correct label: Title IX provided preferential hiring policies for minorities Correct label: affirmative action

Why did people after World War II believe that conservatism was "a relic of a discredited past"?

its support of anti-Semitism its preference for a social hierarchy its penchant for conspiracy theories

Review the primary source documents in this chapter by Barry Commoner and Richard E. Blakemore. Afterward, fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the emergence of the environmental movement. Barry Commoner in The Closing Circle discusses how Americans have broken the circle of life by injecting man-made linear processes that kill the planet. Richard Blakemore, in his Report on the Sagebrush Rebellion, states that the circumstances that called for government control of the environment have passed, as the nation needs food, energy, and minerals to survive the energy crisis. Freedom to consume was back in fashion.

kill the planet, government, energy crisis

Despite a large lead after the chaos at the Democratic National Convention in 1968, Nixon won his presidential election by only a razor-thin margin in the popular vote. Identify his efforts to win over moderates in the first year of his term in office.

make the nation's workplaces safer for its workers Correct label: Occupational Safety and Health Administration combat air/water pollution, clean up hazardous waste Correct label: Environmental Protection Agency thaw the Cold War Correct label: détente

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the social shift caused by the sexual revolution in America. The 1970s saw a rise in the average age in which men and women got married, as well as an increase in the number of divorces and a decrease in the birthrate. It also marked the availability of legal abortion, which in addition to birth control provided women with more control over their lives and futures.

rise, decrease, legal abortion

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing how Nixon tried to appeal to blue-collar wage earners in his first term as president. Secretary of Labor George Shultz proposed the Philadelphia Plan, which would require contractors on government projects to hire a certain number of African-American employees. Nixon suspected the plan would lead to conflicts between blacks and labor unions, ultimately creating a situation in which Republicans would benefit.

the Philadelphia Plan, African-American, Republicans

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the Iran-Contra affair. The Iran-Contra affair was the greatest scandal of the Reagan presidency. Reagan's subordinates illegally sold weapons to Iran in order to obtain the release of American hostages. The money received by Iran would then illegally be used to buy military supplies to aid mercenaries who opposed a government Reagan did not support—the Sandinistas in Nicaragua

weapons, buy military supplies, Nicaragua

Throughout the twentieth century, increased social activism helped Americans with disabilities achieve recognition and equal protection through government legislation. Place these landmark events regarding the rights of Americans with disabilities in chronological order.

01. Both houses of congress unanimously pass the Rehabilitation Act. 02. Disability activists organized sit-in demonstrations targeting the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 03. Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Thriving at the end of World War II, America's economy and long era of economic growth finally slowed during the 1970s. The American manufacturing economy declined while inflation rose. Place the following events regarding the American economy in the 1970s in chronological order.

01. President Nixon takes U.S. currency off the gold standard. 02. Middle Eastern Arab states suspend the export of oil to the United States for several months causing high gas prices, fuel shortages, and global economic recession. 03. Stagflation grips the world economy for years.

Place the labels in order to describe how supply-side (or "trickle-down") economics was supposed to stimulate the economy.

01. The wealthy receive significant tax breaks. 02. The wealthy increase their levels of investment. 03. People at all income levels work harder and businesses realize increased profits. 04. The Government sees an increase in tax revenue from increased profits in the private sector.

Place the following events regarding the Watergate affair in chronological order.

01. Washington Post reporters publish enough information about the watergate cover-up to prompt a congressional inquiry 02. Archibald Cox demands the tape recordings from Nixon's office, leading to the Saturday Night Massacure 03. The Supreme Court rules that Nixon must surrender the tapes 04. The House Judiciary Committee votes to recommend that Nixon be impeached for conspiracy to obstruct justice. 05. Nixon resigns.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence describing the conservative platform during the 1970s. Conservatives abandoned overt opposition to African-Americans' struggle for social justice and turned to appeals for freedom of association, local control, and resistance to the power of federal government. This message resonated particularly with the white suburban population.

African-Americans', federal, white suburban

Identify the statements that describe the Vietnam Syndrome.

As a result of the war, the United States was reluctant to intervene in situations abroad. The Syndrome reflected the popular belief that the war had been a military, political, and social disaster.

Phyllis Schlafly, pictured here, was important to organizing conservative opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment. What does the picture reveal about opposition to the ERA?

Conservatives viewed the ERA as an attack on the American family. Schlafly utilized grassroots organizations.

The Sagebrush Rebellion took place against the policies of the federal government during the Carter administration. What evidence was apparent in the presidential election of 1976 that indicated the rebellion had already started against Carter before he was inaugurated?

Despite all that Ford had going against him during the election of 1976, he won every state west of the Missouri River except Texas and Hawaii

The Reagan Revolution was unlike anything anyone had ever seen before in American government: the nation would go into incredible debt with double-digit inflation and a foreign policy that was punctuated by the Iran-Contra affair.

False

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing how Nixon fundamentally altered Cold War policies. As a result of the negotiations of President Nixon and his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, communist China obtained the permanent seat at the United Nations, formerly occupied by Taiwan. Months later, Nixon became the first Cold War president to visit the Soviet Union.

Henry Kissinger, United Nations, the Soviet Union

The price of oil rose dramatically during the 1970s. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the global impact of higher oil prices. In 1973, Middle Eastern Arab states retaliated against the United States for its support of Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. They suspended the export of oil to the United States for months and quadrupled the price of oil. During the energy crisis, the United States shifted its attention to domestic methods of energy production such as coal and natural gas energy. Japanese car companies and petroleum-processing companies prospered because they made smaller cars that were more gas efficient.

Israel, quadrupled, natural gas, smaller

Identify the consequences—both long-term and short-term—of the Vietnam War.

It created the belief that the United States should be reluctant to commit its armed forces overseas. It challenged the belief that the United States had a right to decide the fate of a faraway people about whom it knew very little. It undermined Americans' confidence in its own institutions.

Hoping to cut North Vietnamese supply lines along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, Nixon secretly ordered American troops into neutral Cambodia in 1970. What did the event accomplish, despite not achieving its military goals?

It managed to destabilize the government and led to the Khmer Rouge.

Identify the statements that describe stagflation in the 1970s

It was the result of rising oil prices, which were, in part, retaliation for the United States' continuing support for the state of Israel. It was the combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation

The high-water mark of student protest against the war in Vietnam took place when armed forces within the United States fired upon student protesters at different universities in the United States. Which universities were the infamous sites of these violent confrontations during Nixon's first administration?

Kent State Jackson State

Evolving Cold War foreign policy drove the United States to intervene repeatedly in Latin America, the Middle East, and elsewhere during the Carter and Reagan administrations. Drag the interventions described below to the countries where they occurred.

Lebanon Correct label: U.S. marines dispatched as a peacekeeping force to a foreign civil war were quickly withdrawn after more than 200 were killed in a bombing. Afghanistan Correct label: U.S. aid funneled to fundamentalist Muslim militias fighting against Soviet troops. Nicaragua Correct label: proceeds diverted from secret arms sales to Iran funded an anti-government militia on a different continent Argentina Correct label: U.S. aid cut off from allied government conducting anticommunist "dirty war" against its own citizens

Why did people after World War II believe that conservatism would not regain popularity in the United States?

Many associated conservatism with anti-Semitism. Many believed conservatism embraced a social hierarchy over equality. Many associated conservatism with belief in conspiracy theories.

What about Nixon's personality traits foreshadowed the Watergate affair?

Nixon viewed every critic of his policies as a threat to national security. Nixon was obsessed with secrecy.

Under President Carter, human rights became the focal point of American foreign policy. To neoconservatives, this made the United States look weak to the rest of the world. According to the map below, to which of the following countries did the United States government send American troops in the 1980s?

Panama Nicaragua El Salvador

The Watergate affair was Nixon's undoing. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing how the whole scandal began. When the Pentagon Papers were published, Nixon hired some ex-CIA personnel to fix leaks in his administration. These "plumbers" broke into a psychiatrist's office to find "dirt" on the source of the papers. Finding none, the plumbers then proceeded to break in to the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate complex to find "dirt" and disrupt the party's candidates' campaigns during the 1972 election

Pentagon, Democratic National Headquarters, 1972 election

What did the Senate Church Committee reveal that further widened the credibility gap between the government and the American people?

The FBI spied on key members of the civil rights movement to despoil their images. Eisenhower tried to recruit the Mafia to kill Castro. The CIA conducted secret operations to overthrow foreign governments.

Read the passage from Nevada state senator Richard E. Blakemore's Report on the Sagebush Rebellion (1979). Based on this excerpt, why would the West favor conservative policies?

The environmental movement supports too many acts that limit the use of Western lands for business. The West needs unregulated land for energy, agricultural production, and mineral resources.

Why did the U.S. armed forces abolish the draft in 1973 and turn to an all-volunteer, professional force?

Troop morale plummeted due to college-deferment exemptions. There was prevalent drug use and desertion among the drafted. Many of those forced to be there refused to follow orders or assaulted unpopular officers.

As the Vietnam War dragged on, many high-ranking officers in the U.S. armed forces came to support U.S. withdrawal from the war and the end of the military draft. Which of the following factors played a role in the rapidly waning support for the war and draft?

Troop morale plummeted due to the end of college-deferment exemptions. Many soldiers refused to follow orders and even assaulted unpopular officers. There was prevalent drug use and desertion among those drafted.

Many people thought that once Earl Warren retired, the U.S. Supreme Court would shift back to its conservative position under Warren Burger. This did happen, but it was not a fast process. Identify the following Burger court cases during the 1970s.

decided that fixed affirmative action quotas are wrong Correct label: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ruled that the Constitution did not require equality of school funding Correct label: San Antonio v. Rodriguez ordered the use of busing to achieve school integration Correct label: Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

Minister Jerry Falwell promoted ideas of the "Moral Majority." Falwell believed that the "forces of Satan" were people who advocated for which of the following?

easy divorce military unpreparedness abortion rights

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing a landmark moment for freedom of the press during the Nixon administration. In 1973, an employee of the Pentagon secretly copied documents about how the U.S. government misled the American people about U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. These papers revealed that the United States had been in Vietnam as far back as World War II. The papers, known as the Pentagon Papers, were published by the New York Times.

military, World War II, Pentagon Papers

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing Gerald Ford's first actions as president. Among Gerald Ford's first actions as president was to pardon Richard Nixon, shielding him from prosecution for obstruction of justice. President Ford claimed that he wanted the American people to put the Watergate scandal behind them, but the move by Ford proved to be a widely unpopular one and helped to launch the national political career of Jimmy Carter, who prior to entering politics was a peanut farmer from Georgia.

obstruction of justice, Watergate scandal, Jimmy Carter

According to the NOW, what would the ERA accomplish if ratified?

the right for married women to establish credit, and own and operate businesses constitutionally outlaw gender-based discrimination in the workplace