INR

An arms race is typically the result of __________ decisions made by the parties involved in it. a. pessimistic b. paranoid c. ill-informed d. rational

d. rational

The fluidity of alliances is underscored by __________. a. Maoists b. anarchists c. democrats d. realists

d. realists

A state's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is recognized to extend how far from the coastline? a. 200 miles b. 3 miles c. 10 miles d. 12 miles

a. 200 miles

Which of the following IGOs perform collective security functions? a. The African Union b. The Southern League c. The Organization of Armenian States d. The Organization of Islamic Conference

a. The African Union

In 1955 superpower leaders gathered in Geneva, deciding to reconstitute Austria. This type of gathering can be considered an example of a __________. a. crisis b. summit meeting c. containment effort d. military strike

b. summit meeting

The Marshall Plan was a policy or organization designed to fight __________. a. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization b. the Soviet Union c. Nazi Germany d. détente

b. the Soviet Union

The explosive power of fission weapons is measured in __________, whereas the explosive power of fusion weapons is measured in __________. a. gigatons, millions b. kilotons, gigatons c. kilotons, megatons d. megatons, gigatons

c. kilotons, megatons

The theory of __________ connects economic competition with security concerns. a. globalization b. economic liberalism c. lateral pressure d. economic linkage

c. lateral pressure

Causing skin blisters and lung damage, __________ was used broadly in artillery shells in World War I. a. sulfur b. chlorine c. mustard gas d. tear gas

c. mustard gas

The theory that focuses on the importance of the structure of the international system, rather than the internal makeup of individual states, is known as __________. a. the English school b. constructivism c. neorealism d. neoliberal institutionalism

c. neorealism

__________ is a necessary component of a state. a. Territory b. Sovereignty c. Government d. Democracy

a. Territory

In what way have technological developments changed the nature of military force? a. Allied computer networks are increasingly targeted by military forces and terrorists. b. Electronics now have a lesser role in command and control. c. Military engagements now occur across greater distances. d. Peace pacts now have more profound costs and consequences.

a. Allied computer networks are increasingly targeted by military forces and terrorists.

The following factor can explain why the United States is ambiguous about the use of multilateralism in its foreign policy? a. America's superpower status b. Lack of the ability to disband international organizations c. The cost of dues to multilateral organizations such as the UN d. Skepticism about the abilities and goals of national organizations

a. America's superpower status

Which of the following is a factor that likely explains the choice of the United States to be isolationist or internationalist in its foreign policy in the 20 th century? a. American security concerns b. International hegemony considerations c. International law and organizations d. Regional economic considerations

a. American security concerns

Which of the following is a tangible interest over which conflict might occur? a. Control of national governments b. Gender differences c. Military culture d. Religious differences

a. Control of national governments

Which of the following do postmodernists mainly focus on when attempting to deconstruct dominant beliefs? a. Discourse b. State behavior c. Human behavior d. Psychology

a. Discourse

Constructivists argue that state identities are constructed through socialization. Based on the definition of the term, which of the following are likely agents of socialization? a. Education b. Elements of power c. Private discourse d. Philanthropic institutions

a. Education

Which of the following may diverge despite individuals acting rationally? a. Goals b. Emotions c. Determination d. Levels of risk acceptance or averseness

a. Goals

Which of the following characterize decision-making during crises? a. Groupthink occurs more easily. b. Important options are more likely to be discussed. c. Decision makers are more likely to play devil's advocate. d. Biases become far less likely.

a. Groupthink occurs more easily.

__________ are those who favor United States leadership and activism in world affairs. a. Internationalists b. Realists c. Unilateralists d. Moralists

a. Internationalists

Ideology does which of the following? a. It has a weaker hold on core values and absolute truth than religions do. b. It tends to increase in importance after a revolution, replaced by national interests. c. It decreases conflicts between states more than it causes them. d. It causes conflict more frequently than any other factor.

a. It has a weaker hold on core values and absolute truth than religions do.

An example of an action without United Nations approval was __________. a. Kosova harboring al Qaeda terrorists b. Syria invading Iraq c. Canada conducting trade with Venezuela d. North Korea shipping nuclear weapons technology to Vietnam

a. Kosova harboring al Qaeda terrorists

Which is likely the most significant obstacle to using a strategy such as unilateral pacifism or nonviolence, given the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma? a. Lack of trust b. National interests c. Social injustice d. Lack of communication

a. Lack of trust

Nonviolent approaches were successfully spread in the U.S. during the 1960s by civil rights leader __________. a. Martin Luther King b. Malcolm X c. Stokely Carmichael d. Karl Marx

a. Martin Luther King

What about democracies makes the justification effort especially prevalent as compared to its prevalence in the context of other forms of government? a. Politicians are judged by the electorate b. Voters face an overabundance of information c. The multiplicity of actors to keep track of d. The secrecy of the government

a. Politicians are judged by the electorate

In 2011 Libyan revolutionaries fought dictator Muammar Gaddafi, eventually receiving support from the NATO and the U.S., leading to a rebel victory. This is an example in the altering of what? a. Power estimation b. State equality c. Global influence d. Asymmetric warfare

a. Power estimation

Piracy has become a problem in what region of the world? a. South of the Suez Canal near Somalia b. South of the Cape of Good Hope near South Africa c. The western Mediterranean near Gibraltar d. The Straits of Antigua near Sierra Leone

a. South of the Suez Canal near Somalia

The disadvantages of dominance as a solution to collective-goods problems include which of the following? a. Stability that comes at a cost of constant oppression of the lower-ranking members in the status hierarchy. b. A downward spiral as each side punishes what it believes to be negative acts by the other. c. Fueling arms races in which members respond to other members buildup of weapons. d. Other groups being unlikely to challenge the top group's power position.

a. Stability that comes at a cost of constant oppression of the lower-ranking members in the status hierarchy.

Which of the following is a critique of realism from the postmodern perspective? a. States are not the central actor in IR. b. International institutions are important actors in IR. c. A single set of values or interests applies to all states. d. State interests are objective.

a. States are not the central actor in IR.

Rationality implies which of the following? a. States are unitary actors that can think about their actions coherently and make choices. b. States can identify their interests and put priorities on them. c. States'; decisions always have beneficial consequences. d. States are capable of performing cost-benefit analysis on actions.

a. States are unitary actors that can think about their actions coherently and make choices.

Which of the following statements about Islamist movements is false? a. Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims cooperate and are unified under the Islamist movement. b. Some Islamists aspire to create a single political state encompassing most of the Middle East. c. Islamists reject Western-oriented secular states in favor of governments more explicitly oriented to Islamic values. d. Not all Islamist groups are violent.

a. Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims cooperate and are unified under the Islamist movement.

Based on the logic of the balance of power, which of the following is a good example of an alliance that can be said to be currently balancing the United States? a. The European Union (EU) b. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) c. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) d. The United Nations (UN)

a. The European Union (EU)

The typical outcome in the Prisoner's Dilemma is that __________. a. both prisoners confess, thereby assuring each is worse off than if they both did not confess. b. one prisoner decides not to confess, believing he can do so later. c. both prisoners confess, thereby assuring the best outcome for both. d. neither prisoner confesses, thereby assuring the best outcome for both.

a. both prisoners confess, thereby assuring each is worse off than if they both did not confess.

The set of relationships among the world's states, structured according to __________, is referred to as the international system. a. certain rules and patterns of interaction b. globalization c. international institutionalization d. certain rules and transnational trade agreements

a. certain rules and patterns of interaction

The sequence of steps in the rational model of decision-making is __________. a. clarify goals, order goals by importance, list alternatives to achieve goals, investigate consequences of alternatives, and choose the course of action b. order goals by importance, list alternatives to achieve goals, clarify goals, investigate consequences of alternatives, and choose the course of action c. clarify goals, list alternatives to achieve goals, investigate consequences of alternatives, order goals by importance, and choose the course of action d. list alternatives to achieve goals, order goals by importance, investigate consequences of alternatives, clarify goals, and choose the course of action

a. clarify goals, order goals by importance, list alternatives to achieve goals, investigate consequences of alternatives, and choose the course of action

The __________ missile is capable of navigating across thousands of miles, and is a small winged missile. a. cruise b. biological c. ballistic d. tomahawk

a. cruise

After the Cold War ended NATO forces were __________. a. cut b. expanded c. attacked d. kept stable

a. cut

Consideration of the political organizations, government agencies, and economic sectors of states is the focus of the __________ level of analysis. a. domestic b. global c. interstate d. individual

a. domestic

Marxist approaches to IR hold that both IR and domestic politics arise from unequal relationships between __________. a. economic classes b. economic agencies c. governmental agencies d. political elites

a. economic classes

When Yugoslavia fell apart __________. a. ethnic Serbs seized parts of Croatia and Bosnia, where they killed or forced non-Serbs from their homes b. European countries joined forces and sent troops to defend the borders of the newly independent, sovereign states c. an arms embargo was placed on heavily armed Serbia, while Bosnia was allowed to build up its arsenal so each side would be more equal d. UN peacekeeping troops intervened and were able to keep casualties to a minimum

a. ethnic Serbs seized parts of Croatia and Bosnia, where they killed or forced non-Serbs from their homes

Groups within states that influence the state's __________ are called substate actors. a. foreign policy b. nongovernmental organizations c. political philosophy d. economy

a. foreign policy

When women won the right to vote after World War I they __________. a. generally voted like their husbands b. voted for peace and against war c. changed the nature of foreign policy with their votes d. established a newsletter, Sisterly Voices, in order to express their views on elections

a. generally voted like their husbands

Among other things, a nation is a __________ share characteristics such as language and culture. a. group of people who b. set of relationships which c. a group of elected politicians who d. collection of territories which

a. group of people who

Ballistic missiles __________. a. have trajectories that typically rise out of the atmosphere and then descend b. were replaced by airplanes as the main strategic delivery vehicles c. vary in range and throw weight, but have similar accuracy d. must be fired from fixed sites

a. have trajectories that typically rise out of the atmosphere and then descend

The backing of opposite sides in the Laotian civil war in 1960 by the CIA and the U.S. State Department is an example of __________. a. interagency tension b. interest groups c. the military-industrial complex d. diversionary foreign policy

a. interagency tension

The National Security Agency __________. a. is primarily involved with encoding U.S. communications and breaking codes of foreign communications b. was created by President Roosevelt to oversee the State Department c. is one of the smallest intelligence agencies d. is a unit within the National Security Council

a. is primarily involved with encoding U.S. communications and breaking codes of foreign communications

The glorification of war and military force, and the structuring of society around war, is known as __________. a. militarism b. national security c. the military-industrial complex d. warrior cult

a. militarism

With respect to legislatures playing a role in deciding whether to use military force, __________. a. most legislators know little about foreign affairs b. legislatures can reach decisions quickly on the use of military force c. having a legislative debate over the potential use of military force can complicate the issue d. debate over the use of military force demonstrates a state's resolve to its adversaries

a. most legislators know little about foreign affairs

Palestinians can be considered to be members of a __________. a. nation b. nonsovereign state c. sovereign state d. failed state

a. nation

Thomas Hobbes belongs to the __________ school of thought. a. realist b. neo-conservative c. objectivist d. Marxist

a. realist

How do dominance and reciprocity compare as solutions to collective-goods problems? Dominance __________. a. relies on a power hierarchy acting as a central authority, whereas reciprocity operates without any central authority b. is the basis of cooperation in IR, whereas reciprocity typically leads to conflict c. has advantages and disadvantages, whereas reciprocity has only advantages d. forms the basis of most institutions in the international system, whereas reciprocity has limited applications

a. relies on a power hierarchy acting as a central authority, whereas reciprocity operates without any central authority

A new concern of activists about the sale of weapons is __________. a. sales of small arms, especially assault rifles, to unstable conflict zones b. U.S. sales of biological and chemical weapons to Israel c. sales of ballistic missiles to South America d. sales of fusion weapons to Middle Eastern countries

a. sales of small arms, especially assault rifles, to unstable conflict zones

The current constellation of power in the international system could best be described as a __________ system. a. unipolar b. multipolar c. bipolar d. tripolar

a. unipolar

Some liberalists have argued that introducing communication to the Prisoner's Dilemma in the form of a lawyer that can relay messages between both prisoners could change the payoff matrix in favor of cooperation. Applied to international relations, who or what could play the role of the "lawyer"? a. An individual like a military officer b. A superpower like the United States c. A local neighborhood organization d. A regional organization like the South Asian Association

b. A superpower like the United States

Which of the following events in the post-World War II period probably brought the United States and the Soviet Union closest to nuclear war? a. Korean War b. Cuban Missile Crisis c. U.S. involvement in Vietnam d. Building of the Berlin Wall

b. Cuban Missile Crisis

Which of the following describes the levels of analysis on which Peace studies focuses? a. Individual and interstate b. Individual, domestic, and global c. Global and interstate d. Interstate, individual, and global

b. Individual, domestic, and global

With respect to international regimes, which of the following is true? a. The concept of international regimes includes elements of liberalism but not realism. b. International regimes coordinate the behavior of states to assist them in overcoming collective-goods problems. c. International regimes are actors that are more important in the international system than are states. d. International regimes assist states in realizing their interests even when they could do so through unilateral leverage.

b. International regimes coordinate the behavior of states to assist them in overcoming collective-goods problems.

CIA covert operations in the 1950s overthrew governments unfriendly to the United States in __________. a. Romania and Iraq b. Iran and Guatemala c. Korea and South Africa d. Cuba and Vietnam

b. Iran and Guatemala

Shi'ite Muslims live predominantly in __________. a. United Arab Emirates, Syria, and Afghanistan b. Iran, southern Iraq, and southern Lebanon c. southern Iraq, Kuwait, and Qatar d. Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Jordan

b. Iran, southern Iraq, and southern Lebanon

The theory of imperialism that argued that European capitalists were investing in colonies where they could earn big profits, and then using part of those profits to buy off the working class back home, was developed by __________. a. Mao b. Lenin c. Stalin d. Marx

b. Lenin

Who was the revolutionary who believed that Russia should make its greatest ambition the spreading of revolution to other nations in order to build a worldwide alliance? a. Fidel Castro b. Leon Trotsky c. Mikhail Bulgakov d. Chairman Mao

b. Leon Trotsky

A recent historical example of the principle of state sovereignty is __________. a. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait b. North Korea's violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty c. Rebel strikes in Somalia d. China's withdrawal from the international system

b. North Korea's violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty

Recently North Korea and Iran were players in recent crises involving? a. Arms sales to Nepal b. Nuclear weapons programs c. Massive oil spills d. Overthrown governments

b. Nuclear weapons programs

Which of the following is a short-term element of power? a. Technological capacity b. Quality of a state's bureaucracy c. Forestry forces d. Education of the population

b. Quality of a state's bureaucracy

How can liberal theories of IR be distinguished from realism? a. Realism believes people learn from negative historical events, whereas liberalists believe they learn from positive ones. b. Realists see the rules of IR as timeless and unchanging, whereas liberal theorists see the rules of IR as evolving incrementally. c. Realism is less likely to believe in the unitary-actor assumption than liberal theories. d. Realists favor absolute gains, whereas liberals favor relative gains.

b. Realists see the rules of IR as timeless and unchanging, whereas liberal theorists see the rules of IR as evolving incrementally.

Which of the following statements regarding aircraft carriers is false? a. They are instruments of power projection. b. Russia is the world leader in terms of operating aircraft carriers. c. They are extremely expensive. d. They are used as an instrument to imply a threat to use force.

b. Russia is the world leader in terms of operating aircraft carriers.

Mutually assured destruction (MAD) is based on which of the following? a. Launch on impact b. Second-strike capability c. First-strike capability d. Launch on warning

b. Second-strike capability

What was the result of the Korean War at the time of the 1953 truce? a. The United States shifted its support to North Korea. b. South Korea became a key political ally in Asia. c. North Korea controlled more of the Korean peninsula. d. China shifted its support to South Korea.

b. South Korea became a key political ally in Asia.

The Iran-Contra scandal resulted from the activities of which government agency? a. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) b. The National Security Council (NSC) c. The Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) d. The National Security Agency (NSA)

b. The National Security Council (NSC)

Which of the following statements describes an argument in favor of the position that a new Cold War will emerge between the United States and Russia? a. Russia promotes good relations with U.S. allies and confronts U.S. enemies. b. The United States is committed to NATO expansion that Russia considers a direct threat to its security. c. Strong Russian democracy creates tensions with the United States. d. Europe is divided in its support of either the U.S. or Russia.

b. The United States is committed to NATO expansion that Russia considers a direct threat to its security.

Which of the following statements regarding terrorism is true? a. It aims to embolden a civilian population in order to use its discontent as anadvantage. b. The primary effect of terrorism is psychological. c. Terrorism is an irrational, random use of violence. d. It refers to political peace acts that target civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.

b. The primary effect of terrorism is psychological.

The so-called military-industrial complex in the United States could be considered a/n __________ actor. a. transnational b. substate c. international d. governmental

b. substate

Which of the following is a reason why the control of small islands causes serious interstate territorial disputes? a. They can provide forest rights to the state in control. b. They can provide strategic advantages to the state in control. c. They add to the overall size of a country. d. They may contain important oceanic resources.

b. They can provide strategic advantages to the state in control.

What treaty is commonly thought of as the start of the modern international system? a. Treaty of Rome b. Treaty of Westphalia c. Treaty of Paris d. Treaty of Versailles

b. Treaty of Westphalia

An international system based on feminine principles would include which of the following characteristics? a. Independence of states b. Violence as a form of leverage being the most prevalent choice c. Respect for sovereignty outweighing human rights d. Responsibility of the people to care for each other regardless of national borders

b. Violence as a form of leverage being the most prevalent choice

International relations revolves around the key problem of how __________. a. to solve global poverty b. a group can reconcile its collective and individual interests c. to properly negotiate treaties d. to deal with the issue of global warming

b. a group can reconcile its collective and individual interests

The general idea that one or more states' power is being used to counter that of another state or group of states is called __________. a. security dilemma b. balance of power c. bandwagoning d. containment

b. balance of power

UN cooperative defense is an example of __________. a. hegemonic stability b. collective security c. regional stability d. bandwagoning

b. collective security

Which of the following is a potential realist explanation for why states engage in balancing behavior? They __________. a. are trying to maintain instability in the international system b. do not trust each other c. believe that a balance of power provides influence d. believe that a balance of power provides peace

b. do not trust each other

Warfare without __________ involving irregular forces is called guerillas war. a. armies b. frontlines c. hegemonic intentions d. lethal gasses

b. frontlines

The U.S. home mortgage market initiated the __________ of 2008-2009. a. international bond market b. global economic recession c. minor global economic spike d. international economic competition

b. global economic recession

The __________ model of decision-making consists of negotiations between bureaucratic agencies with divergent interests. a. organizational-process b. government bargaining c. risk aversion d. rational

b. government bargaining

Public opinion __________. a. has greater force in authoritarian governments than in democracies b. has greater force in democracies than in authoritarian governments c. has more effect on foreign policy than domestic policy in democracies d. influences foreign policy decisions but is not influenced by them

b. has greater force in democracies than in authoritarian governments

Conflicts between middle powers and smaller states can be resolved or contained by __________. a. state leaders b. hegemons c. diplomats d. economics

b. hegemons

The Sino-Soviet split resulted in China becoming extremely __________. a. affluent b. independent c. philosophical d. militaristic

b. independent

Scholars of peace studies emphasize the __________ level of analysis when recommending strategies for achieving peace. a. international b. individual c. global d. national

b. individual

The two major subfields of international relations are __________. a. comparative politics and international security b. international security and international political economy c. international political economy and comparative politics d. conflict and cooperation

b. international security and international political economy

The __________ level of analysis concerns the influence of the international system upon outcomes, whereas the __________ level of analysis concerns the influence of trends and forces that transcend the interactions of states upon outcomes. a. domestic, interstate b. interstate, global c. individual, domestic d. global, individual

b. interstate, global

The value states place on home territory __________. a. has declined with the development of technology and trade as bases of wealth b. is far beyond any economic or strategic value it holds c. is equivalent to that of colonies d. is low enough that states will often exchange territory for money or other considerations

b. is far beyond any economic or strategic value it holds

Working through international institutions to achieve foreign policy goals is the preference of __________. a. realists b. multilateralists c. unilateralists d. isolationists

b. multilateralists

The nonproliferation treaty attempts to prevent the spread of __________. a. conventional weapons b. nuclear weapons c. biological weapons d. missile technology

b. nuclear weapons

The most important feature of international relations according to a realist is __________. a. morality b. power c. international law d. absolute gains

b. power

In what way did the United States attempt to contain Soviet influence around the world after World War II? By __________. a. maintaining military bases and alliances only in Europe, close to Soviet borders b. providing aid to rebuild Western Europe c. staging missile tests in the Arctic to intimidate the Soviets d. splitting with China

b. providing aid to rebuild Western Europe

Hegemony __________. a. causes instability in the international system b. reduces anarchy and deters aggression in the international system c. enhances the sovereignty of less-powerful states d. tends to allow conflicts among middle powers or small states

b. reduces anarchy and deters aggression in the international system

In the global North, the GDP per capita is roughly __________ times as high as in the global South. a. four b. six c. five d. three

b. six

Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty calls for members to come to the defense of a fellow member under attack. It was invoked for the first time when __________. a. Ethiopia attacked Somalia b. the United States came under terrorist attack in 2001 c. the Soviet Union and East Germany constructed the Berlin Wall d. Serbs attacked Bosnia in 1994

b. the United States came under terrorist attack in 2001

How many members of the Islamic conference played host to conflicts with non- Muslims or secular authorities? a. 2 b. 20 c. 21 d. 22

c. 21

In 1975, South Vietnam fell signaling apparent U.S. weakness on the global stage. U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict is an example of? a. A missile crisis b. Globalization c. A proxy war d. The Munich Agreement

c. A proxy war

Which are two intergovernmental organizations? a. OPEC and AAA b. WTO and UAW c. African Union and NATO d. IRS and Planned Parenthood

c. African Union and NATO

India faces which of the following concerns with its neighbor China? a. Both claim the region of Kashmir as part of their national territory. b. India relies on Chinese pipelines to ship oil and gas into East Asia. c. China is a major rival in the region but is willing to discuss trade and military cooperation. d. China is blamed for Islamic militant attacks in India.

c. China is a major rival in the region but is willing to discuss trade and military cooperation.

According to power transition theorists, who argue that the most dangerous time for major war is when power is relatively equally distributed, a war between __________ and __________ would be an example of this in action. a. Mexico, the U.S. b. Haiti, Dominican Republic c. China, the U.S. d. Germany, France

c. China, the U.S.

Which of the following statements regarding the use of technology in military is true? a. War has become more deadly over the years. b. Electronic warfare refers to the uses of nuclear spectrum in war. c. Cyberwar refers to disrupting enemy computer networks to degrade command and control. d. Naval technology uses special radar-absorbent materials and unusual shapes in the design of aircraft, missiles, and ships to scatter enemy radar.

c. Cyberwar refers to disrupting enemy computer networks to degrade command and control.

Which of the following is true about rationality? a. It is easy to calculate intangible political benefits against the tangible costs of a war. b. It is relatively easy to determine the national interest, because all states are interested in power. c. Decision-makers often lack necessary information to accurately estimate the costs of an action. d. States arrive at decisions through their strongest leader, which is also known as the unitary-actor assumption.

c. Decision-makers often lack necessary information to accurately estimate the costs of an action.

The __________ level of analysis concerns the choices and actions of human beings. a. interstate b. global c. individual d. domestic

c. individual

Citizens of a given ethnic background are among a number of __________ which might form to lobby governments on foreign policy. a. pollsters b. propagandists c. interest groups d. government leaders

c. interest groups

States are not supposed to meddle in the __________ and decision processes of other states. a. philanthropic affairs b. alliances c. internal affairs d. maritime regimes

c. internal affairs

How can one distinguish between difference and liberal feminism? a. Difference feminists believe individual women in foreign policy and the military differ from their male counterparts, whereas liberal feminists believe women as a group do not differ. b. Difference feminists believe that a few well-placed women in key foreign policy positions can change the foundations of IR, whereas liberal feminists believe many women participating in foreign policy decisions are necessary to changeIR. c. Difference feminists believe that women's unique abilities can be used to transform the entire system of IR, whereas liberal feminists believe that female participation in foreign policy will enhance state capabilities. d. Difference feminists believe women can be just as realist as men, whereas liberal feminists believe realism reflects a masculine perception of social relations.

c. Difference feminists believe that women's unique abilities can be used to transform the entire system of IR, whereas liberal feminists believe that female participation in foreign policy will enhance state capabilities.

The Berlin Wall was built by __________. a. the United States b. Russia c. East Germany d. West Germany

c. East Germany

What is a less-tangible long-term element of power? a. National borders b. Public support for government policies c. Education d. Mobility of the state's military

c. Education

Which of the following conclusions can be derived from the data presented in Figure 2.2? a. The war on terror has led to an increase in favorability ratings among virtually all countries surveyed. b. Favorability ratings of the United States have continued to increase throughout the Obama administration. c. Global public opinion of the United States varies widely based on regions. d. At least part of the decrease in global opinion about the United States was not correlated to the Bush administration.

c. Global public opinion of the United States varies widely based on regions.

Which of the following are MOST likely to benefit from extended deterrence in an alliance? a. Small powers b. Middle powers c. Great powers d. Fluid powers

c. Great powers

How does a zero-sum game compare to a non-zero- sum game? a. In a zero-sum game, both players win, whereas in a non-zero- sum game, both players lose. b. Zero-sum games are more typical in international political economy, whereas non-zero- sum games are more typical in international security. c. In a zero-sum game, one player's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss, whereas in a non-zero- sum game, it is possible for both players to gain or lose. d. In a zero-sum game, one player's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss, whereas in a non-zero- sum game, players' gains and losses cancel each other out.

c. In a zero-sum game, one player's gain is by definition equal to the other's loss, whereas in a non-zero- sum game, it is possible for both players to gain or lose.

Which of the following is an example of a state that either acknowledges having nuclear weapons or that has exploded a nuclear weapon? a. Turkmenistan b. Japan c. India d. Austria

c. India

Which of the following is an example of a transnational actor? a. The US State Department b. National trade unions c. Intergovernmental organizations d. The international diplomats guild

c. Intergovernmental organizations

A current example of a naval blockade is the __________. a. Mexican blockade of U.S. ports in Texas b. Turkish blockade of Qatari ports c. Israeli blockade of Hamas-ruled Gaza ports d. Spanish blockade of Gibraltarian ports

c. Israeli blockade of Hamas-ruled Gaza ports

Modern realist theory developed in reaction to __________. a. constructivism b. the Cold War c. Marxism. d. idealism

c. Marxism.

The dissolving of huge multinational states like Austria-Hungary is an example of the influence of what powerfully disruptive force? a. Internationalism b. Socialism c. Nationalism d. Territorialism

c. Nationalism

__________ is an element of power on which an actor can draw over the long term, whereas __________ is an element of power that allows an actor to exercise influence in the short term. a. Technology, reputation b. Government, population c. Natural resources, military force d. Economic capacity, geography

c. Natural resources, military force

Which of the following best describes China's policy toward Taiwan? a. Social Constructivism b. Liberal institutionalism c. Realism d. Marxism

c. Realism

__________ is a unique style of conflict over borders, which involves efforts by a province or region to break away from an existing state. a. Ethnic cleansing b. Corruption c. Secession d. Irredentism

c. Secession

The __________ are an historical example of the control of small islands causing potentially serious interstate territorial disputes. a. Solomon Islands b. Marshall Islands c. Spratly Islands d. Midway Islands

c. Spratly Islands

Realists believe which of the following? a. Human nature is altruistic. b. States are the least important actors in IR. c. States act in an international system characterized by anarchy. d. Absolute gains are more important than relative gains.

c. States act in an international system characterized by anarchy.

Which of the following describes a recent cyberattack? a. The U.S.-Israeli virus targeting North Korea's nuclear centrifuge b. The Iranian virus targeting Iraqi military industries c. The U.S.-Israeli virus targeting Iran's nuclear centrifuge d. The Saudi virus targeting Turkish oil industry computers

c. The U.S.-Israeli virus targeting Iran's nuclear centrifuge

What does postmodernism fundamentally call into question altogether? a. The concept of state sovereignty b. Nuclear proliferation among developing nations c. The concept of states as actor d. International organizations

c. The concept of states as actor

Why are collective goods easier to provide in small groups than large groups? a. Small groups tend to have a central authority to enforce rules on members. b. The defection of one member has a smaller impact on the overall collective good. c. The defection of one member is harder to conceal. d. Small groups want to cooperate more than large groups.

c. The defection of one member is harder to conceal.

How does the great power system of the 20th century compare to that of the 18th and 19th centuries? a. World Wars I and II were major conflicts in the great power system of the 20th century, whereas the great power system of the 18th and 19th centuries saw no conflicts between more than two states. b. The Concert of Europe was a feature of the great power system of the 20th century, whereas the great power system of the 18th and 19th centuries saw constant conflict in Europe. c. The great power system in the 20th century was global, whereas the great power system in the 18th and 19th centuries was European. d. The U.S. dominated the great power system of the 20th century, whereas France dominated the great power system of the 18th and 19th centuries.

c. The great power system in the 20th century was global, whereas the great power system in the 18th and 19th centuries was European.

How is the identity principle distinguished from the dominance and reciprocity principles? a. The identity principle relies on mutually beneficial arrangements, whereas the dominance and reciprocity principles rely on members to sacrifice their own interests to benefit others. b. Contributions to development assistance or UN peacekeeping missions are better explained by the dominance and reciprocity principles than the identity principle. c. The identity principle does not rely on self-interest, whereas the dominance and reciprocity principles rely on achieving individual self-interest. d. the identity principle plays no role in preventing nuclear proliferation, whereas the dominance and reciprocity principles do play a role

c. The identity principle does not rely on self-interest, whereas the dominance and reciprocity principles rely on achieving individual self-interest.

Which of the following is characteristic of terrorism? a. Acts of terrorism kill hundreds of thousands of people every year. b. Terrorists are acting to gain leverage against nonstate actors. c. The primary effect of terrorism is psychological. d. Terrorist acts are typically random acts with no clear goal in mind.

c. The primary effect of terrorism is psychological.

Proponents of positive peace call for which of the following? a. Emphasis on war as a method of state expansion b. The elimination of armed forces c. The strengthening of norms against the use of violence d. The deconstruction of a global identity transcending national, ethnic, and religious divisions

c. The strengthening of norms against the use of violence

Which of the following theorists are most likely to believe that the European Union is ultimately going to replace its individual member states? a. Realists b. Economic liberalists c. Transformationalists d. Globalization skeptics

c. Transformationalists

During the Cold War, the alliance of states coordinated under the leadership of the __________ was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. a. European Union b. Soviet Union c. United States d. Ukraine

c. United States

An example of Cold War alliances between states is the __________. a. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance b. Eastern Alliance c. Warsaw Pact d. Baghdad Pact

c. Warsaw Pact

Sovereignty is __________. a. a goal of international organizations in world affairs b. the ability of one country to have influence over another c. a state government answering to no higher authority d. the development of participatory institutions of social life

c. a state government answering to no higher authority

A "kitchen cabinet" is __________. a. the group of opposition party members who would form the actual cabinet if the party came to power b. a small group of cabinet members who meet in the kitchen of the old executive office building c. a trusted group of friends with no formal positions in government who discuss policy issues with the leader d. a group of low-level bureaucrats representing cabinet departments and meeting informally

c. a trusted group of friends with no formal positions in government who discuss policy issues with the leader

Difference feminists argue that realism involves assumptions of masculinity because of the principle of __________. a. unified actors b. pursuit of local interest c. anarchic international politics and ordered domestic politics d. alliances that are permanent

c. anarchic international politics and ordered domestic politics

Most modern alliances __________. a. concern military and economic issues b. are often broken without consequences c. are formalized in written treaties d. exist for one issue at one time

c. are formalized in written treaties

For postmodernists, the breakup of the Soviet Union into 15 sovereign states is evidence of a problem with which belief of realists? States __________. a. are the central actors in IR b. pursue objective interests through international power politics c. are unitary d. have universal interests

c. are unitary

The post-Cold War era is __________. a. less complex and more predictable than the Cold War period b. less peaceful than the Cold War period c. characterized by transnational concerns such as environmental degradation and disease d. characterized by a less global international economy

c. characterized by transnational concerns such as environmental degradation and disease

The first Gulf War against Iraq is considered as an example of __________. a. preventive war b. deterrence c. collective security d. preemptive war

c. collective security

International relations __________. a. is largely concerned with bilateral relations between states b. involves only presidents, generals, and diplomats c. concerns the relationships among the world's governments d. influences daily life only when war occurs

c. concerns the relationships among the world's governments

The __________the relatively rich industrialized countries and the relatively poor countries is called the North-South gap. a. scarcity problem among b. conflict between c. disparity between d. unity among

c. disparity between

That trade increases wealth, cooperation, global well-being, and, ultimately, peace is a(n) __________. a. explanation by Thomas Hobbes of how peace and cooperation are possible b. key belief of orthodox Marxism c. explanation by Immanuel Kant of how peace and cooperation are possible d. theory developed to facilitate greater sovereignty

c. explanation by Immanuel Kant of how peace and cooperation are possible

Cognitive bias refers to the limitations of the __________ in making choices. a. military b. government leaders c. human brain d. diplomats

c. human brain

In order for women to have a profound influence on IR, they need to __________. a. adopt the realist beliefs of men b. participate as combatants in regional conflicts c. participate in key foreign policy positions in large numbers around the world d. have positions as state leaders rather than in the foreign policy bureaucracy

c. participate in key foreign policy positions in large numbers around the world

The most crucial aspect of the __________ is demobilizing and disarming militias. a. representing factions b. international organizations c. postwar transition d. economic reconstruction

c. postwar transition

The idea that the largest wars will result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy is referred to as the __________. a. security dilemma b. fundamental attribution error c. power transition theory d. hegemonic stability theory

c. power transition theory

International relations is largely a/n __________ discipline. a. historical b. theoretical c. practical d. economic

c. practical

Nongovernmental organizations are __________ organizations who act as __________ actors. a. public, transnational b. private, intranational c. private, transnational d. public, national

c. private, transnational

An example of a postmodern feminist approach to an assessment of military force should include the _________. a. support of common security b. deconstruction of progressive language c. roles of prostitutes at military bases and military wives d. roles of commanding officers and military wives

c. roles of prostitutes at military bases and military wives

The use of terrorist groups by states to achieve political aims is __________. a. counterterrorism b. possible only in wartime c. state-sponsored terrorism d. counterinsurgency

c. state-sponsored terrorism

Globalization is __________. a. not concerned with terrorism b. the management of territorial conflict c. the central trend in international relations today is d. focused solely on economic development

c. the central trend in international relations today is

The success of collective security depends on __________. a. the aggressor being internationally isolated and therefore easy to oppose b. the presence of a UN Security Council resolution c. the level of commitment and agreement among member states d. a formal treaty that outlines the member commitments

c. the level of commitment and agreement among member states

According to the text, the best single indicator of a state's power may be the size of its __________. a. army b. air force c. total GDP d. population

c. total GDP

Tactical nuclear weapons __________. a. remain in the former Soviet republics of Ukraine and Kazakhstan b. were once carried on long-range bombers c. were phased out by the United States and Russia when the Cold War ended d. are not integrated into conventional forces because of concerns about theft or accident

c. were phased out by the United States and Russia when the Cold War ended

There are as many as __________ NGOs and 5,000 IGOs globally. a. 5,000 b. 20,000 c. 26,000 d. 25,000

d. 25,000

How does a first strike compare to a second strike? a. A first strike is the basis of mutually assured destruction, whereas a second strike is the basis of nuclear utilization theory. b. A first strike is an attack against civilian targets, whereas a second strike is an attack against military targets. c. A first strike entails launching a conventional attack before using nuclear weapons, whereas a second strike uses nuclear weapons first. d. A first strike is an attack intended to destroy a state's nuclear weapons before they can be used, whereas a second strike means that a state can retaliate even after sustaining a nuclear attack.

d. A first strike is an attack intended to destroy a state's nuclear weapons before they can be used, whereas a second strike means that a state can retaliate even after sustaining a nuclear attack.

In the Cold War era, just as was the case for the United States in Vietnam, the Soviet Union could not defeat rebel armies in __________. a. Hungary b. Czechoslovakia c. Poland d. Afghanistan

d. Afghanistan

A recent arms control agreement, which included strict verification measures and the possibility of sanctions against nonsignatories, was completed for what type of weapons? a. Conventional b. Chemical c. Nuclear d. Biological

d. Biological

Because they are uncontrollable, which of the following weapons has virtually never been used in war? a. Chemical weapons b. Neutron weapons c. Conventional weapons d. Biological weapons

d. Biological weapons

Which of the following is a long-term power resource? a. Open-mindedness of a state's population b. The quality of the state's bureaucracy c. The refusal of one state to shape the thinking of other states d. Credibility of a state's commitmentsWhich of the following is a short-term element of power?

d. Credibility of a state's commitmentsWhich of the following is a short-term element of power?

The breakup of multinational states was peaceful in which instance? a. Yugoslavia b. Georgia c. Kurdistan d. Czechoslovakia

d. Czechoslovakia

Which of the following is true? a. A country in transition to democracy is as peaceful as a stable democratic country. b. A country in transition to democracy is as peaceful as a stable authoritarian country. c. Democracies are generally more peaceful than authoritarian governments. d. Democracies almost never fight each other.

d. Democracies almost never fight each other.

Which of the following is a concern connected to the recent expansion of NATO membership? a. Coordination and cooperation will become less difficult. b. Consensus in decision-making is becoming less difficult. c. The costs of the organization will be larger for each individual member. d. Enlargement may be seen as a threat by others.

d. Enlargement may be seen as a threat by others.

Which of the following statements describe a feminist argument with respect to IR? a. The gender identity of actors does not affect their views and decision processes. b. Gender is typically irrelevant for understanding how IR works because most heads of state are male. c. Males influence IR more often through nonstate channels than females do. d. Femininity is associated with private and domestic areas, whereas masculinity is associated with public and political spaces.

d. Femininity is associated with private and domestic areas, whereas masculinity is associated with public and political spaces.

Which of the following is a point of view on globalization? a. Globalization is the fruition of conservative economic principles where a national marketplace has brought a lack of prosperity. b. Globalization is changing international security more quickly and profoundly than international political economy. c. The world's major economies are more integrated today than before World War I, and the North-South gap is decreasing. d. Globalization diffuses authority, transforming state power to operate in new contexts.

d. Globalization diffuses authority, transforming state power to operate in new contexts.

__________ war is a war over control of the entire world order, whereas __________ war is warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another. a. Civil, hegemonic b. Limited, civil c. Total, limited d. Hegemonic, total

d. Hegemonic, total

__________ tested nuclear weapons in 1998. This is an example of a regional increase of tensions. a. Israel and Syria b. South Africa and Egypt c. Argentina and Brazil d. India and Pakistan

d. India and Pakistan

Which of the following explains the Japanese public's dislike of military force in foreign policy? a. The lack of Japanese foreign interests b. The lack of a strong military c. The lack of enemies d. Lessons of history

d. Lessons of history

Choices about how capabilities are used in situations and whether or not a state is willing to use its capabilities are known as __________. a. bargaining decisions b. foreign policy c. negotiating decisions d. power strategies

d. power strategies

How is a middle power distinguished from a great power? a. Middle powers can be small geographically but not highly industrialized, whereas great powers cannot be small geographically. b. Middle powers do not have nuclear weapons, whereas great powers do. c. Middle powers operate in a balance-of- power system, whereas great powers operate in a hegemonic system. d. Middle powers can be large geographically but not highly industrialized, whereas great powers have the world's strongest economies to pay for military forces and other power capabilities.

d. Middle powers can be large geographically but not highly industrialized, whereas great powers have the world's strongest economies to pay for military forces and other power capabilities.

Which of the following regions can claim the largest GDP per capita? a. Europe b. Japan/Pacific c. China d. North America

d. North America

In 2010, Russia offered to give Iran nuclear fuel in return for its enriched uranium. This type of nuclear deal can be considered an example of which principle? a. Dominance b. Collective interest c. Identity d. Reciprocity

d. Reciprocity

Control of the __________ Islands in the South China Sea is a source of conflic among several countries. a. East Timor b. Macau c. Malvinas d. Spratly

d. Spratly

As of 2009, which of the following states was a nation that the United States accused of supporting international terrorism? a. North Korea b. Liberia c. Iceland d. Sudan

d. Sudan

In 2011-2013, in the __________ civil war, Kurdish regions obtained substantial autonomy. a. East Timorese. b. Israeli c. Kurdish d. Syrian

d. Syrian

__________ is only informally recognized as a state, despite being a political entity often referred to as one. a. Iraq b. Israel c. Western Sahara d. Taiwan

d. Taiwan

Which factor contributes to determining whether or not economic conflict leads to violence? a. The naval strength of states in conflict temper violent tendencies. b. Privateering has been outlawed by the World Court, which has eliminated most conflicts. c. It is rarely an issue as most economic powers do not have strong military forces. d. The use of violence would diminish the profit of economic transactions more than could be gained by such violence.

d. The use of violence would diminish the profit of economic transactions more than could be gained by such violence.

Which of the following aspects regarding interest groups is correct? a. They have a nearly endless supply of funding. b. They are coalitions of people who share a common interest in the outcome of a neighborhood issue. c. They have a great deal of influence on foreign policy. d. They are organized in order to influence the outcome in political issues.

d. They are organized in order to influence the outcome in political issues.

What role do states play as economic units in the process of globalization, according to economic liberalists? a. They opposed the process. b. A handful of states dominate the process. c. They are the driving forces. d. They share equal power in the process.

d. They share equal power in the process.

When it comes to nonproliferation treaties, the United States has __________. a. always led by example b. often unilaterally initiated arms reductions c. typically claimed exemption d. a mixed record

d. a mixed record

The collective-goods problem is the problem of how to provide something that benefits __________ members of a group regardless of what each member contributes a. the moral b. most c. at least 65% of d. all

d. all

Toxic substances that can create diseases and epidemics when launched against enemy troops or populations are known as __________ weapons. a. neutron b. nuclear c. chemical d. biological

d. biological

Levels of analysis offer __________ explanations for international events. a. military b. uniform c. individual d. different

d. different

Journalists serve as __________ of information passing from foreign policy elites to the public. a. audiences b. promoters c. proponents d. filters

d. filters

The major difficulty in building a fission weapon is that __________. a. the weapon is too technologically complex for most states to build b. large amounts of fissionable material are required c. fission occurs at only extreme temperatures d. fissionable material is difficult to acquire

d. fissionable material is difficult to acquire

According to the "clash of civilizations" thesis proposed by Samuel Huntington, __________. a. there is nothing inherent in cultural differences that would cause conflict b. liberal democracies will prevail over other types of governance in the post-Cold War world c. global financial crises will be the most important source of international conflict in the post-Cold War world d. international conflicts in the coming years will take place between the world's major cultural groupings

d. international conflicts in the coming years will take place between the world's major cultural groupings

The art of __________ and effectively maneuvering in a world of power politics among sovereign states is the emphasis of classical realists. a. war b. development c. diplomacy d. managing state affairs

d. managing state affairs

According to IR research, a unipolar power distribution appears to be best at maintaining __________. a. conflict b. free trade c. diplomacy d. peace

d. peace

With respect to globalization, __________. a. all sides agree that the North-South gap is disappearing b. states are becoming stronger, more important actors in IR c. opponents are united in their goals and tactics d. policies to expand free trade are a central focus of antiglobalization protesters

d. policies to expand free trade are a central focus of antiglobalization protesters

That there is a multiplicity of experiences and perspectives that defy easy categorization rather than a solitary, objective reality is a key idea of __________. a. modernism b. militarism c. Marxism d. postmodernism

d. postmodernism

The ability to get another actor to do what it would not otherwise have done, or not to do what it would have done, is the definition of __________. a. anarchy b. rationality c. realism d. power

d. power

A current example of a collective-goods problem is that __________. a. poverty is so common around the globe b. states have a hard time communicating c. states find it hard to cooperate on monetary policy d. states find it hard to cooperate to reduce environmental damage

d. states find it hard to cooperate to reduce environmental damage

Anarchy in the international system refers to __________. a. the absence of structure and rules b. the presence of disruptive states c. complete chaos d. the absence of a central government that can enforce rules

d. the absence of a central government that can enforce rules

A security dilemma occurs when __________. a. governments are unable to decide on a comprehensive security strategy b. budget constraints do not allow for proper domestic security measures c. supply lines are threatened d. the actions taken by a state to ensure its own security threaten the security ofother states

d. the actions taken by a state to ensure its own security threaten the security ofother states

Politicians have a difficult time running formal bureaucratic agencies because __________. a. they are in their positions longer than high-level bureaucrats b. the power of agencies is based on their proximity to the president c. only lower-level career officials owe loyalty to the politicians d. the agencies can be too large and too routinized to easily control

d. the agencies can be too large and too routinized to easily control

With respect to women in politics, __________. a. they tend to be softer on tough foreign policy issues than their male counterparts b. they are more peaceful and less committed to state sovereignty than male leaders c. the number of women serving in political party leadership positions is increasing d. the number of women serving in legislatures is increasing

d. the number of women serving in legislatures is increasing

With respect to power, __________. a. it is not difficult to accurately measure the power of another state b. if a state's own values become widely shared among other states, it is harder to exercise power over them c. more powerful states will always defeat weaker states in a war d. the relative power of a state is more important to realists than the absolute power of a state

d. the relative power of a state is more important to realists than the absolute power of a state

Which of the following is an element of prospect theory? Decision makers __________. a. work to avoid future catastrophic events b. attach their own feelings onto another actor c. asses the value of other decision makers d. use a reference point for comparison

d. use a reference point for comparison

With respect to the impact of gender on war and peace, difference feminists believe that __________. a. men are inherently more peaceful than women b. neither men nor women are more peaceful than the other c. war would be less likely with more women as combatants d. women are inherently more peaceful than men

d. women are inherently more peaceful than men

Diplomats __________. a. provide information that goes into making foreign policies but do not carry out those policies b. are career civil servants, not political appointees c. are employed by the defense ministry or department d. work in embassies and consulates abroad

d. work in embassies and consulates abroad