Integrated Geoscience Accel Chapter 4 Unit Review

Batholith

a mass of rock formed from the cooling of magma inside of the crust

Pipe

connects the chamber to the surface

aa

cooler slower flowing, jagged

Continental crust is made mostly of________ and oceanic crust is made mostly of ___________

granite, basalt

Explosive

high silica and high dissolved gases (felsic, granitic)

Caldera

hole that occurs when the magma chamber collapses

What is the probability of earthquake occurrence based on

reoccurrence rates of earthquakes in an area and the rate of strain buildup

Dome mountain

rising magma where the crust is blocks the escape of the magma, Black Hills

Which type of information was NOT collected by Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis

seafloor magnetic data

Harry Hess' theory of _______ explained how ocean crust is generated and destroyed

seafloor spreading

crater

the bowl shaped depression at the top of the volcano

elastic deformation

the straight line on a stress-strain graph

Plate technonics

12 major plates Plate motion causes compression, tension or shear Causes continental drift

What causes the seafloor to spread

Rising molten magma

Transform examples

San Andreas Fault

Seafloor Spreading explained

Seafloor spreading is NOT equal Younger crust near the ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes come from young seafloor Magnetic fields can be determined Hottest near the ridges

S-waves

Secondary waves Transverse waves Travels through solids

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence

Similar to Oceanic-Continental Volcano is created under the ocean and creates a volcanic island

Asthenosphere

Subsection Below the Lithosphere Plastic

Lithosphere

Subsection Crust Top of mantle Makes up the plates

L-waves

Surface waves Slowest Most damaging

Richter Scale

1 to 10 scale 1 = 1x 2 = 10x 3 = 100x

Tsunami

A large ocean wave that is generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake

Convergent O/O examples

Aleutian islands Caribbean Mariana Trench

If an Earthquake registered high on the Richter scale and low on the Mercalli scale, then it occurred most likely in which type of location?

An area with few residents

Convergent O/C examples

Andes

Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent

As convection cells push upward, magma breaks through the crust and creates new crust

Where does an earthquake originate

At the focus

Plastic

Causes permanent deformation

Core

Center Iron and nickel Very dense Outer core: Liquid Inner core: Solid

Why did Wegener think that the Antarctic continent had been closer to the equator in the geologic past

Coal beds were found to exist near the equator

Hot spot

NOT A BOUNDARY Age doesn't change No earthquakes Creates island complexes Crust neither created nor destroyed

Continental drift geographic evidence

Evidence of similar fossils found on multiple continents Mountain ranges match across oceans Evidence of glacial deposits on multiple continents

Earth's Internal Structure

Heterogeneous Liquid and solid

Convergent C/C examples

Himalayas Rockies

What is the crustal part of the lithosphere primarily composed of

Igneous rock

Seismogram

Instruments that measures the type of earthquake waves and magnitude

Which waves are called body waves

P waves and S waves

Earthquake waves

P, S, and L waves Mechanical

Most of the world's major earthquakes occur in areas bordering the

Pacific Ocean

Where are most earthquakes associated with

Plate boundaries

______ waves push and pull rocks in the same direction along which the waves are traveling

Primary

Which type of fault results in horizontal shortening

Reverse

The record produced by a seismometer is called a _______

Seismogram

What is the study of earthquakes called

Seismology

What type of instrument can measure the vibrations of an earthquake

Seismometer

What is the rating from the Richter scale based on

Size of the largest wave

What type of fault is the San Andreas

Strike Slip

What is a rating for an earthquake from the modified Mercalli scale based on?

The amount of damage

Tectonic

The deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction

What are shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquake classifications based on

The depth of the focus

How are convection currents set in motion

The heat from radioactive decay

Why do mountains have roots

The roots provide buoyancy to support the large mass of the mountains

Why does knowledge of Earth's interior come from seismic waves?

They change speed and direction when they encounter different materials

Rift valley

When a divergent plate boundary forms on continents

Laccolith

a domelike sill

Magma chamber

a pocket of pooling magma

Composite

alternating pyroclastic flow and lava flows

Pyroclastic flow order

ash, Cinder, Tephra, Bombs, Blocks

Shield volcano

basaltic, broad gentle slopes, thin layers of lava

Pluton

batholith of stock, rock formed from the cooling of magma under the crust

Side vents

can burst through the surface branching off of the pipe

Ductile Deformation

causes permanent strain

What is isostasy

equilibrium that has been established between continental and oceanic crust

Cinder cone

explosive, small, steep slopes, lots of pyroclastic material

Pahoehoe

faster, billowy, hotter

Fractures in rock where sections of rock might suddenly move to create an earthquake are called

faults

he thickness of the ocean sediments that are close to a mid-ocean ridge is ________ the thickness of ocean sediments that are far away from the mid-ocean ridges

less than

Quiet

low silica and low dissolved gases (mafic, basaltic)

Stock

mass of rock formed when a smaller body of magma forms inside of the crust

Which scale measures the damage done by an earthquake due to its intensity

modified Mercalli scale

sill

occurs when lava moves parallel to the layers formed on a volcano

Dike

occurs when lava moves perpendicular to the layers formed on the volcano

Pyroclastic flow

occurs when particulate matter erupts

The roots of a mountain are______

often many times deeper than the mountain is high

During oceanic-oceanic convergence, where do island arc volcanoes form?

on the plate that is subducted

Subduction

one plate is forced beneath another at a convergent plate boundary Forms trenches Melted crust forms volcanism

Vent

opening

Which type of stress pulls a material apart

tension

An Earthquake on the ocean floor can produce a(n)

tsunami

Lava flow

what comes out

Branch pipe

when a pipe branches off of the main pipe but does not burst through the surface

What is isostatic rebound?

when the crust rises as it loses overlying material and mass

Volcano

where the magma exits the surface and becomes magma

What is the polarity of a magnetic field that has the same polarity as the present magnetic field

A normal polarity

What type of force is exerted on a tectonic plate near the part of the convection current where the mantle is cooling

A sinking force

Which cannot form as a result of oceanic-oceanic convergence?

Rift zones

What is the name of Alfred Wegener's hypothesis about moving landmasses

Continental Drift

What is thought to be the driving mechanism of plate movement

Convection of heat in the mantle

The lesser Antilles and Appalachian Mountains are similar in that they were both formed by

Convergence

Amplitude

Degree of ground movement - caused by magnitude of waves

Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is

Denser and thinner

What causes differences in elevation on Earth?

Density and thickness of the crust

Locating the epicenter

Difference between P and S waves = distance Triangulation Intersection = Earthquake

Earth's Interior

Direct: Composition of rocks Indirect: Travel path and time of earthquake waves

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge mountains are an example of mountains forming

Divergent boundaries

Strike slip/Transform fault

Due to shear force Side to side movement

Which type of mountains form as the result of uplift far from plate boundaries?

Faulted mountains

Sir William Gilbert

First noted paleomagnetism

Stress

Force rocks experience The force per unit area acting upon a material

Heat

Formation of Earth Friction from moving plates Radioactive elements in mantle Little heat is lost

What evidence did Wegener use to estimate the time of Pangea's breakup

Fossil data

Evidence Alfred Wegener looked at

Geographic fit Fossil evidence Mountain evidence Glacial evidence

Seismograph

Graph produced by an earthquake

Reverse fault

Hanging wall is above the footwall Creates an acute angle

Normal Fault

Hanging wall is below the footwall Creates an obtuse angle

Hot Spot examples

Hawaii Yellowstone

What was one reason that Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift was rejected

He could not explain what was moving the continents

SP Interval

Lag time between P and S waves

Which of the following can not form as the result of oceanic-oceanic convergence?

Rift zones

Crust

Rigid outermost layer Very thin Varying rock compositions Silicate materials

Elastic

Material is able to snap back

Strain

Material's response to stress

Magnitude

Measures the amplitude of a wave

Divergent examples

Mid Atlantic Ridge Mid Ocean Rise

What two topographic features of the ocean floor were discovered only with the use of sonar

Mid-ocean ridges and deep-sea trenches

Tectonic activity examples

Mountain building Volcanism Trenches Earthquakes

Shadow zones

No P and S waves P waves are bent when passing through core S waves cannot pass through core

Mercalli Scale

Observational damage Less reliable

Which of the following is not associated with orogeny at convergent boundaries?

Ocean ridges

Continental-Continental Convergence

Pile on top of each other Creates mountains Rocks are bent and broken New crust near mountains No volcanism

Failure

Plastic is exceeded Earthquake is created

Divergent boundary

Plates move away from each other

Principles of Plate Tectonics

Plates move horizontally Plates interact along their edges Lots of tectonic activity

Transform boundary

Plates move past each other Does not age No creation or destruction

Convergent boundary

Plates move towards each other

Wegener proposed that the continents were

Plowing through oceanic crust

Epicenter

Point on Earth's surface above the focus

P-waves

Primary waves Longitudinal waves Travel through Earth

John Tuzo Wilson

Proposed the theory of plate tectonics Combined Hess and Wegener's ideas Plate movement due to convection in the mantle

Tension

Pulling materials apart Reverse fault

Compression

Pushes material together Normal fault

Henry Hess

Put evidence together to prove seafloor spreading

Paleomagnetism

The study of Earth's magnetic record

Pangea

The supercontinent from Wegener's theory of continental drift

Alfred Wegener

Theory of continental drift Did not prove it

Shear

Twisting materials Strike slip/Transform fault

Oceanic-Continental Convergence

Two convection cells point downward, more dense plate subducts Crust melts and builds pressure to create a volcano on the continental side

The Adirondack Mountains are an example of mountains that form due to:

Uplift

What type of mountains are generally made up of undeformed rocks?

Uplifted mountains

Which is not a mountain associated with plate boundaries?

Uplifted mountains and Hot spots

Mantle

Upper layer is semi-plastic Lower layer is rigid Hotter and more pressure Ultramafic minerals Magnesium and iron silicates (Green and black)

Moment-Magnitude

Used today More reliable than Richter scale

Convection Cells

When two cells are pushing up, a mid ocean ridge occurs Causes spreading and creates new crust Magma breaks through the surface and separates the crust, creating new crust When two cells are pushing down, trenches occur Causes subduction

Focus

Where the earthquake comes from

Continental drift supporting evidence

World seismicity Volcanism Age of seafloor Paleomagnetism Heat flow

Rocks close to the mid-ocean ridges are _______ rocks far from mid-ocean ridges

Younger than

Isochron

a line on the seafloor map that connects points of equal age

Why would a certain thickness of continental crust displace less of the mantle than the same thickness of oceanic crust?

continental crust is less dense

Why does the continental crust rise higher above the surface of Earth than the oceanic crust?

continental crust is thicker and is less dense