Integrative Pathophysiology Module 5
What is a lysosome?
a membrane-bound bag of degrading enzymes within a cell
what is a gene?
a section of DNA that has the code for making a protein
antigen-presenting cells function to
display foreign antigen on their cell surfaces bound to MHC for t-cell recognition
what are neutrophils?
early responders and most active in bacterial infections, the number of neutrophil bands indicate the severity of the infection
Leukocytosis with a "shift to the left" refers to
elevated immature neutrophils
Which clinical finding is most indicative of an acute bacterial infection?
increased (band) neutrophils
Activation of the complement cascade results in (Select all that apply.)
inflammation and chemotaxis
The primary function of eosinophils is to
kill parasitic helminths (worms)
interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are inflammatory cytokines secreted by
macrophages
The mononuclear phagocyte system consists of (Select all that apply.)
monocytes and tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes from the circulating blood migrate to organs and tissues to become macrophages
Functions of B cells include
synthesizing antibodies
functions of b cells include
synthesizing antibodies
What is the cytosol?
the liquid inside a cell that is not in organelles
What is the function of enzymes?
to facilitate chemical reactions
Passive immunity is provided by
transfer of performed human antibodies, injection of human immune globulin, injection with performed animal antibodies
Active immunity involves
vaccines with dead or altered organisms, active infections
The primary function of kinins is
vasodilation to enhance inflammation
Proteins that are increased in the bloodstream during acute inflammation are called
acute phase proteins: produced in the liver, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A
proteins are made of
amino acids
What is a vesicle?
an intracellular membrane-bound compartment
What is a vesicle?
an intracellular-membrane bound compartment
Immunity to a specific organism can be determined by
antibody titer
Functions of antibodies include
antigen agglutination, antigen precipitation, opsonization, complement activation
Functions of antibodies include (Select all that apply.)
antigen agglutination, antigen precipitation, opsonization, complement activation
The "classical pathway" for activation of the complement cascade is triggered by
antigen-antibody complexes
The membrane attack complex formed by complement is similar in function to
perforin
A white blood cell can ingest bacteria or cellular debris through the process of:
phagocytosis
Most receptors in cell membranes are made of:
protein
where are proteins synthesized on a cell
ribosomes
Function of t cell include
secreting cytokines, killing antigen-presenting cells, stimulating of b cells, killing virally infected cells
Functions of T cells include (Select all that apply.)
secreting cytokines, killing antigen-presenting cells, stimulating of b cells, killing virally infected cells
Characteristics of complement include (Select all that apply.)
stimulating chemotaxis, lysing target cells, having multiple plasma proteins, enhancing phagocytosis
The spleen is an important defense against infection, because it
filters the blood, macrophages in the blood filter out foreign substances, lymphocytes activated in the spleen can be transported to other lymphoid tissue to fight infection
Activation of the complement cascade results in (Select all that apply.)
inflammation, chemotaxis
Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α are inflammatory cytokines secreted by
macrophages
