Integumentary System Study Guide

Describe the differences between the effects of the 1,2,3 degree burns.

1st degree- only epidermis is damaged, skin is red and swollen. Ex: sunburns 2nd degree- epidermis and upper dermis are damaged and skin is red with blisters ex: boiling water burns 3rd degree- destroys all layers Including the nerves and the blood and burn is gray- white or black and often there is no pain felt.

The thin skin contains how many cell layers and where is it located?

4, all locations one body besides palms of hands and soles of the feet

What is male pattern baldness?

A genetic trait caused by hair follicles that are overly sensitive to one of the make sex hormones. Produces shorter and finer hair

What layer of the skin (Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis) is responsible for or contains the structures needed for the following functions? A) protection B) lipid storage C) Sensory Reception D) cooling body temperature

A) epidermis B) hypodermis C) dermis D) epidermis and dermis

How long does it take for your skin to wrinkle in water? What causes it?

About 30 minutes. Nerve cells cause blood vessels in the dermis to constrict, creating the wrinkling. (Note: wrinkled fingers give better grip when wet, similar to treads on a wet tire.)

Compare apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands. What does each secrete? Which is responsible for body odor?

Apocrine sweat glands secrete an oily fluid that acts as a pheromone, responsible for body odor as it is found only in armpits and genitals. Merocrine sweat glands discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of skin

Describe how skin cells change as they move from the lower layer up. When do they stop dividing? At what point are they most keratinized? At what point do they die?

At the lowest level (stratum Basale) the cells continuously divide. As they move up, the begin to stop dividing and start dying. They stop dividing and begin to divide at stratum granulosum and they are most keratinized and at statrum Corneum.

List the three types of skin cancer and explain which cells they affect. Which is the most dangerous?

Basal Cell carcinoma- affects cells in the stratum Basale Squamous cell carcinoma- occurs in the stratum spinsoum Malignant Melanoma- most dangerous, affects the blood and lymph notes

Place each of these skin in the epidermis in order from youngest to oldest? (Status corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale, stratum spinsoum

Basale, spinsoum, granulosum, corneum

What is Botox and how dies it help to remove wrinkles in the skin?

Botox is a toxic substance by the bacteria clostridium botulinum. Botox blocked a neurotransmitter that signals the contraction of muscles in the skin, which can diminish certain types of wrinkles such as frown lines and brow lines.

How are most skin injections spread?

By contact

scar tissue

Connective tissue that fills in a gap caused by injury

What layer is tattoo ink injected too? Why this layer?

Dermis bc it would not be stable or permanent In the epidermis layer.

Keratin

Durable, water resistant protein found in skin, fingernails, and hair hair

Why does the stratum basale form epidermal ridges? How are these ridges visible to us?

Epidermal ridges are raised areas that increase the surface contact area with the dermis. The epidermis has no blood vessels, so all nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the dermis. Visible thru fingerprints, they create the whorls and contours of the fingerprint

Give an example of a fungal infection, bacterial injection, and viral infection of the skin. Which can be treated with antibiotics.

Fungal injections include athletes foot, toenail fungus, and ringworm. Only anti-fungal medicines such as Lamisil are effective. Bacteria= staph, impetigo, boils (all caused by normally harmless species of bacteria), treated with antibiotics and transmitted by contact Note: MRSA is a strain of stomach that is resistant to many antibiotics. Viral= warts, herpes, chicken pox, cold sores (infects epidermal cells and overgrowth and itching) it is also airborne and direct contact. Viral infections are difficult to treat but may be preventable thru the use of vaccination. Only bacteria injections can be treated with antibiotics.

What way do cells that are created at the base (near the dermis) move?

Gradually moves upward towards the outer surface

What is the definition of hair?

Hair is a nonliving structure produced in hair follicles. Hair follicles project all the way into the hypodermis.

Compare the roles of fibroblasts and macrophages in skin repair.

Healthy wound healing involves fibroblasts, the main connective tissue cells present in the body, and macrophage, which form in response to injection

What is the underlying change that occurs in skin to account for each of these symptoms of aging?

Increased Injury and infection rate- the epidermis thins and stem cells (statin basale) activity declines, resulting in more injury and infection Reduced bone strength- vitamin D production declines, resulting in reduced bone strength Grey or white hair color- less melanin is produced so the skin becomes more sensitive to ultraviolet light, hair becomes grey or white Wrinkling- the network of elastic fibers In the dermis becomes thinner, causing sagging and wrinkling Also note: gland activity declines, making skin drier. Less hair and finer hair are produced.

Describe what occurs during each of theses stages during wound repair.

Inflammation- injured blood vessels leak fluid, causing swelling and redness Scam formation(proliferation)- new tissue is built as cells divide and new collagen and extracellular matrix is laid down. Scar tissue formation (remodeling)- the tissue is remodeled to a from that closely resembles its original state, scar tissue may remain Bleeding- blood initially escapes the epidermis

The arrector pilli muscle is a vestigial structure in humans. What purpose does it serve in other animals.

It can contract and pull on the follicle, causing the hair to stand up

What is the hypodermis?

It contains layers of areolar tissue and adipose tissue with many fat cells. It provides insulation, shock absorption, and an energy reserve.

What is itching?

It is a response triggered by nerves that begun firing when an irritant lands on the skin service and is rubbed into the dermis. Stratching is meant to remove the irritant with the nails.

What is eczema?

It is also known as dermatitis and it is a group of diseases that causes itchiness, red rash, and a rash. Caused by the immune system overacting to substances that are not normally harmful, such as dust mites. (Bacterial infection?)

What is epidermolysis bullosa?

It is caused by a genetic mutation that prevents the body from forming a specific type of collagen that binds the epidermis to the dermis. The two layers separate easily resulting in painful widespread blistering, disfiguration, and high rates of injection.

What is harlequin ichthyosis?

It is caused by a mutation in a Protein that transports lilies in cells of the epidermis. Without this lipid, the skin dehydrated and cracks easily which makes infections more likely.

What is the purpose of hair?

It provides insulation for the head and guards the entrances to the nose, ears, and eyes.

How does laser tattoo removal work?

Laser treatment breaks up the ink droplets in tattoos enough that white blood cells can carry them away.

The skin serves as a membrane. What is a membrane? What are some accessory structures of the skin?

Multiple tissues that serve as a boundary. Accessory structures: hair, nails, and glands

What are nails? What is a cuticle?

Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of the finger and toes. Production of nails comes from the nail root. Blood vessels in the underlying nail bed give the nail it's pink appearance. A cuticle is a layer of stratum corneum that overlaps the part of the nail.

Why does skin peel off in sheets instead of just one cell at a time?

Outermost layer of the skin cells is dead so as the new layer grows, it pushed out the dead layer to make room for the new

functions of integument

Protects, helps in homestasis, energy storage, sensory receptors, and secrets

epidermal ridges

Raised areas that increase the surface contact area with the dermis, appear as fingerprints

What is hair color the result of?

Result of different amounts and types of melanin produced at the hair follicle. Pigment production decreases with age, either resulting in grey (decreases melanin) or white (air bubbles) hair.

Scar tissue vs undamaged skin

Scar tissue has more collagen fibers and few blood vessels and feee accessory structures than undamaged skin. Collagen fibers travel in a single direction instead of the weaved pattern they usually have.

What is psoriasis?

Skin disorder where the skin cells of the epidermis grow at an abnormally fast rate. The rapid growth is triggered by the immune system. These cells are triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Be able to explain how the skin maintains homeostasis?

Skin helps in homeostasis or body temperature by providing insulation during cold and sweating when hot. Stem cells in the epidermis have a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis by providing new cells to replace those that are constantly lost.

What is each layer called and what does it represent?

Stratum, a different stage in the life of the skin cell

What specifically differentiates thick skin from thin skin? What areas of the body have thick skin

The composition of the epidermis depends on the location of the body. Areas of thick skin contain all 5 layers, (the Stratum Lucidum) examples: palms of hands and soles of feet

The dermis has two layers, list and describe them.

The dermis is the layer underneath the epidermis. The papillary layer contains arelor tissue with blood vessels and nerves. The rectiular layer contains connective dense irregular connective tissue that binds skin to the deeper layers of the tissue.

What is the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermic.

The epidermis, which is mostly made of dead squamous cells. The dermis, which contains blood vessels and accessory structures. The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, which contains adipose tissue.

What determines the border between the hair shaft and the hair root?

The hair cells die about Halfway between the papilla and the surface. So below the point is the hair root and above the point is the hair shaft.

What is the hair Papilla and matrix?

The hair papilla contains the hairs capillaries and nerves. The hair matrix contains epithelial stem cells that divide, push towards the surface, and keratinize.

What is the largest organ in the body?

The integument, or skin, is the largest Organ in the body. It is 16% of body weight and is 1.5 to 2 meters^2 in area

Use the ABCD rule to identify which of these two moles is more likely to be cancerous.

The one on the right beside it's not symmetric, The border is irregular, the colors are not the same, and the diameter is very large

Describe the layers of skin.

The stratum Basale is the deepest layer (youngest). It contains large stem cells that continuously divide. Cells are attached to eat other thru desmosomes. The stratum spinonsum is the next layer that contains the daughter cells produced by mitosis within the stratum basale. They continue to divide. In the stratum granulosum they begin producing keratin and cells die in the layer. The stratum lucidum is a layer of keratinized cells only found in thick skin. The stratum corneum is the outermost and exposed layer of skin. Made of 15-30 layers of dead, flattened, keratinized cells. Cells take 7-10 days to reach here and remain here for about 2 weeks until they are shed.

Melanocytes

The stratum basale contains melanocytes, cells that produce the pigment Melanin that colors the epidermis

What are sebaceous glands?

They are exocrine glands that secrete an oil called sebum into hair and skin. It prevents drying out and is antibacterial. Sebum production increases with hormone secretion during puberty.

How do skin cells change from when they are first produced until they are flakes off? (SHORT ANSWER)

They start off at the stratum Basale, and the cells continuously divide. They move up the the stratum spinsoum and continue to divide. In the stratum granulosum, they stop dividing and begin to die and also begin producing keratin. In stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) it is just a layer of keratinized cells. Finally the last layer is the stratum corneum, the oldest and the top layer which is the point where they are most keratinized. They take 7-10 days to reach here and then remain here for 2 weeks and then are shred.

What causes rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, a softening of the bones

When does a bruise occur?

When blood vessels in the dermis break and leak blood into the surrounding tissue.

What is the relationship between sebum and acne?

acne is the formation of pimples due to the blockage of a sebaceous gland pore

sebum

an oily secretion of the sebaceous glands.

ABCD rule

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter

What are melanocytes?

cells that produce melanin that colors the epidermis. This creates tanning which helps to protect against UV damage from sun exposure

Compare how skin visibly changes during cyanosis and jaundice. what is the underlying cause of each?

cyanosis- the bluing of skin caused by poor circulation or inadequate oxygen jaundice- yellow color that is caused by a buildup of RBC breakdown in the blood, sign of liver disease.

How is the growth of hair similar to the epidermis?

just as the basal layer of the epidermis forms the layers of epidermis that get pushed to the surface as the dead skin on the surface shreds, the basal cells of the hair divide and push cells outward in the hair root and shaft as the hair grows.

Why would human evolution favor skin with more melanin in areas near the equator, and skin with less melanin in areas closer to the poles?

skin closer to the equator had more melanin because it is exposed to more UV light; skin in the poles produces less because they don't have as much UV light

freckles

small, concentrated spots of melanin in fair-skinned people

What type of tissue is found in the upper layers of the epidermis? What is found in the dermis? The subcutaneous layer?

stratified Epidermis- squamous epithelial Dermis- connective tissue (Dense connective tissue) and areolar Subcutaneous(hypodermis) - adipose and areloar tissue