Inter-person. Com. Final

Scriptedness means that the conversation is well-learned and happens without conscious thought or choice.

True

Sometimes the purpose of a conversation isn't evident until it's over. True or False

True

The mutual desire for the intimate relationship distinguishes workplace romance from sexual-harassment. -True -false

True

When using assertive message skills, positive and negative facework is critical.

True

Conversation

an interactive, extemporaneous, locally managed, and sequentially organized interchange of thoughts and feelings between two or more people.

Sequential task-completion culture

an organizational culture where large or complex tasks are broken into separate parts and completed one part at a time and in order.

Stereotyping

applying a stereotype to a particular individual, and treating that person as though he or she embodies all the characteristics associated with that stereotype.

Automatic social cognition

arriving at conclusions about others, our self, or a situation without much consciousness, intention, or awareness of their future impact.

Ritual question

a question about the other person or the situation that is easy to answer and doesn't pry into personal matters.

Possible self-concept

a set of ideas about what you are capable of being

Incongruence

a situation in which there is a gap between perception and reality.

Implicit personality theory

a specific kind of schema that connects a set of personality traits and behaviors

Language

a symbolic system used by people to communicate verbal or written messages.

Religion

a system of beliefs, rituals, and ethics based on a common perception of the sacred or holy.

When adults are self-reliant and independent, but struggle to trust others, they have a ____________ attachment style. a. preoccupied b. fearful c. dismissive d. secure

dismissive

Semantic meaning

meaning of a verbal message derived from the language itself.

Pragmatic meaning

meaning of a verbal message that arises from understanding the practical consequences of an utterance.

Fictive kin

people who are considered family members even though there are no genetic or marital ties.

Self-generated social media cues

items of information that people post on their own profiles, such as status updates and profile pictures

Relational uncertainty

lack of confidence in a relationship.

Self-fulfilling prophecies

predictions that become true because we act in ways consistent with the prediction.

Using inclusive language when you are with a wide swath of people is also known as: a. coordinated management of meaning b. linguistic sensitivity c. pragmatic meaning d. concrete language

linguistic sensitivity

Facts

statements whose accuracy can be verified or proven.

Digital communication literacy

the ability to critically attend to, analyze, evaluate, and express digital messages.

Motivational component of emotion

the action that emotion encourages you to take.

Speech act

the action that the speaker takes by uttering a verbal message that implies how the listener should respond.

Listening apprehension

the anxiety we feel about listening that interferes with our ability to be effective listeners.

Words

the arbitrarily chosen symbols used by a language or speech community to name or signify things.

Maxim of quantity

the assumption that others will provide an appropriate amount of information, neither too little nor too much.

Maxim of relevance

the assumption that others will respond in coherent ways to what has been previously said, in line with the topic or purpose of the interaction.

Maxim of manner

the assumption that others will say things in an orderly way.

Maxim of quality

the assumption that others will tell the truth.

Fearful attachment style

the attachment style experienced by adults for whom it is difficult to form intimate relationships because they don't believe that they are worthy of a good relationship and they don't trust others to meet their relationship needs due to the anxious ambivalent attachments they experienced as infants and children.

Secure attachment style

the attachment style experienced by adults who are able to easily form intimate relationships because they have high self-worth and trust others due to the secure attachments they experienced as infants and children.

Impression formation

the judgment process of developing an initial concept of another person.

Cognitive Component of emotion

the meaning or interpretation of the emotion-provoking event.

Speech community

the members of a larger language community who speak a common dialect with a particular style and observe common linguistic norms or scripts.

Customers and clients

the people, groups, or organizations that use an organization's goods or services.

Relational listening style

the personal listening style that prefers to focus on what a message tells us about our conversational partners and their feelings.

Analytic listening style

the personal listening style that prefers to gather information and tend to think carefully about what we hear.

Capitalization

the process of sharing our successes and leveraging the good feelings that come from them by telling others with the expectation that they will celebrate with us.

Attending

the process of willfully striving to perceive selected sounds that are being heard.

Principle of negative reciprocity

the proposition that we repay negative treatment with negative treatment.

Culture shock

the psychological discomfort you experience when you must interact in a new culture.

Conversation orientation

the richness of family interaction, including how frequently and spontaneously members interact, sharing thoughts on many topics, and including children in decision making.

Syntax and grammar

the rules for combining words to form sentences and larger units of expression

Ought self-concept

the set of ideas about what you think you should be.

Ideal self-concept

the set of ideas about who you would like to be, recognizing that this may not be completely achievable.

Working self-concept

the set of ideas about yourself that you are actively remembering at any given time.

Feared self-concept

the set of ideas about yourself that you don't want to have

Relational self-concept

the set of ideas you have about yourself in a particular relationship or in sets of relationships

Talk time

the share of time participants each have in a conversation.

Fundamental attribution error

the tendency to believe that others' negative behaviors result from their choices, whereas our own negative behaviors stem from conditions over which we have no control.

Social cognition

how we make sense of other people, ourselves, and our social world.

Face

how we want our partners and others who are present to view us; our public self-image.

Self-construal

how you see yourself

In the course of a conversation, Marvin told Breanna what he believes she just said, restating her words and attempting to verify them as correct, as well as her emotions. This is called: a. Paraphrasing b. repeating c. questioning d. hunting

hunting

Joe is trying to find a mate on eharmony.com. He posts pictures that are 10 years old, because he has gotten a little out of shape. He does this to present himself in a way that will enhance the intensity and intimacy of the relationship before they actually meet. The term for this intensity of intimacy is ______________. a. hyperpersonal b. overpersonal c. relational intensity d. none of the above

hyperpersonal

The reality of social media is that people will and can't see the stuff we post, and it will potentially stay around for a long time this issue is _____. -association -editability - visibility and persistence - media matching

Editability

High-context culture

a culture in which much of the real meaning of a message is indirect and can only be accurately decoded by referring to unwritten cultural rules and subtle nonverbal behavior.

Feminine culture

a culture in which people regardless of sex can assume a variety of roles depending on the circumstances and their own choices.

Low uncertainty-avoidance culture

a culture that tolerates uncertainty and is less driven to control unpredictable people, relationships, or events.

Collectivist culture

a culture that values community, collaboration, shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment.

Individualistic culture

a culture that values personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one's opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression.

Sexual harassment

a form of sex discrimination, including unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, that explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.

Mnemonic device

a learning technique that associates a special word or short statement with new and longer information.

Social class

a level in the power hierarchy of a society whose membership is based on income, education, occupation, and social habits.

Schema

a memory structure that connects something or someone to its related qualities.

Workplace romance

a mutually desired relationship between two employees of the same organization who become sexually attracted to each other.

Mediator

a neutral and impartial guide who structures an interaction so that conflicting parties can find a mutually acceptable solution to an issue.

Authoritative parenting style

a parenting style characterized by firm control balanced with ample nurturing; socializing children to become empowered and caring adults is valued and reinforced by setting and enforcing high standards supported by facts and reasoning.

Transcorporeal communication

a process through which a living person sends a digital message to a deceased person through a Web site or social networking site.

Egalitarian relationship

a relationship where partners agree to what each will contribute to their shared life and that their individual contributions are equally valued.

Clarifying question

a response designed to get further information or to remove uncertainty from information already received.

Family

a self-defined group of intimates who create and maintain themselves through their own interactions and their interactions with others.

Paraphrase

an attempt to verify your understanding of a message by putting it into your own words and sharing it with the speaker.

Relational jealousy

an emotional reaction to the belief you might lose a valued relationship to a third party.

Dispositional attribution

an explanation that puts the cause of a behavior within the control of a person.

Situational attribution

an explanation that puts the cause of the behavior outside the control of a person.

Indirect verbal style

message language that masks the speaker's true intentions and roundabout, vague message content whose real meaning is embedded in the social or cultural context.

Direct verbal style

message language that openly states the speaker's intention and message content that is straightforward and unambiguous.

Strategic relational maintenance

messages and behaviors are deliberately performed in order to maintain the level of intimacy in the relationship.

Routine relational maintenance

messages and behaviors that are performed without any deliberate intention to affect the relationship but have the effect of preserving intimacy.

Controlling messages

messages designed to influence or regulate a child's behavior.

Nurturing messages

messages of support, praise, affection, and attending to needs which encourage a child's physical, social, emotional, and intellectual development.

A conflict about the way you are communicating during the conflict is known as a: a. pseudoconflict b. fact conflict c. value conflict d. meta conflict

meta conflict.

Bullying

persistent, highly aggressive behavior directed by the aggressor, or bully, toward a specific person or persons, or target(s).

Relationship-oriented organizational culture

an organizational culture that is collectivist, like those of Japan, Spain, and Mexico, and prioritizes building relationships at work over results.

Results-oriented organizational culture

an organizational culture that is individualistic and, like the dominant culture of the United States, prioritizes results over building relationships at work.

Holistic task-completion culture

an organizational culture where large and complex tasks are completed by simultaneously working on all parts of the task; sometimes focusing on one part, then another, then back to the first, in an iterative fashion.

Workplace aggression

any counterproductive behavior at work intended to hurt someone else.

Inferences

claims or assertions based on the facts presented.

Soccer moms, Muslims, and Girl Scouts would all be considered ____________ in the dominant culture. a. co-cultures b. subcultures c. ethnocentric d. none of the above

co-cultures.

Your significant other finishes your sentences because she knows you so well. This is called __________. a. deliberation b. co-narration c. small talk d. partnership

co-narration.

A group of Latino students speak their native language when together, but when they are with other American students, they speak English. This is known as: a. conformity b. codeswitching c. stereotyping d. observing

codeswitching

In __________ cultures, direct speech that might hurt others in the group is discouraged. a. collective b. individualistic c. high power distance d. high uncertainty avoidance

collective

The seven steps of forgiveness can include: a. confession, venting, understanding, apology, forgiveness, set conditions, monitor b. confession, blaming, understanding, apology, forgiveness, set conditions, monitor c. confession, venting, understanding, forgiveness, set conditions, monitor, reciprocity d. none of the above

confession, venting, understanding, apology, forgiveness, set conditions, monitor.

We show conversational coherence by - taking turns - crediting sources - connecting what is said between you and the other person - not interrupting

connecting what is said between you and the other person

Controlled social cognition

consciously and intentionally stopping to think about something because you realize that how you think will affect what happens.

Supportive interactions

conversations whose goals are to provide emotional support for one partner.

A conflict pattern in which partners trade unrelated criticisms, leaving the initial issue unresolved is a. serial arguing b. counterblaming c. demand-withdrawal d. cross-complaining

cross-complaining

Independent self-concept

culturally based self-perceptions in which people see themselves as distinct from others with separate characteristics and abilities.

Interdependent self-concept

culturally based self-perceptions in which people view their traits, abilities, and characteristics within the context of a particular relationship.

Co-cultures

cultures that exist side by side with the dominant culture and are comprised of smaller numbers of people who hold common values, attitudes, beliefs, and orientations that differ from those of the dominant culture.

Formality

degree to which a conversation follows scripted norms, rules, and procedures.

Covert intimacy

delivering messages that use mild insults, competition, or put-downs to signal closeness, trust, and equality.

Which of the following is the best strategy to use with someone who doesn't realize how they are behaving? a. criticism b. feedback c. describing behavior d. conflict

describing behavior.

Flaming

digital communication that displays hostility through insults, profanity, and other offensive language.

Salient

directing attention at people or things because they stand out in the social context, differ from our expectations, or are related to our goals.

Value conflict

disagreement caused by differences in partners' deep-seated moral beliefs.

Meta conflict

disagreement over the process of communication itself during an argument.

Gossip

discussion of people who are not present for the conversation.

Conversation tone

emotional and relational quality, or how it feels "inside" the interaction.

Sympathetic responsiveness

empathizing by feeling concern, compassion, or sorrow for another person because he or she is in a distressing situation.

Perspective taking

empathizing by using everything we know about our partners and our partners' circumstances to help us understand how they are feeling.

During the second phase of support interactions, comforters: a. take over all the problems. b. ask the other person if they are all right. c. focus on the emotions of the person in need of help. d. enact messages designed to support their partner.

enact messages designed to support their partner

Judgment

evaluating people and their behaviors.

Microaggressions

everyday insults, indignities, and demeaning messages sent to a member of a stereotyped group by well-intentioned others who are unaware of the hidden messages being sent.

Attributions

explanations we think of for why a particular person is behaving a certain way.

Idioms

expressions used by members of a language or speech community whose meaning differs from the usual meanings associated with that combination of words.

College students who have had a lot of turmoil with their parents may have a ____________ attachment style when leaving home. a. preoccupied b. fearful c. dismissive d. secure

fearful

To discourage jealousy in your partner, one strategy can include: a. blaming him/her for being jealous b. asking him/her to stop being jealous c. giving feedback/describing possessive behaviors in a tactful/sensitive way d. none of the above

giving feedback/describing possessive behaviors in a tactful/sensitive way.

Verbal message

the part of the message that is conveyed using a language.

Linguistic style

the patterned way in which a person uses language to communicate.

Vendors

the people, groups, or organizations that supply an organization with necessary raw materials or other goods and services.

Transactional style

the personal listening style that prefers speakers to remain on task and "get to the point."

Critical listening style

the personal listening style that prefers to focus attention on the accuracy and consistency of speakers' messages.

Somatic component of emotion

the physical experience of a feeling.

Ethnorelativism

the point of view allows you to see the value in other cultural perspectives.

Emotions

the positive and negative sensations we experience as a result of perceiving something in our environment that supports or threatens our well-being, which results in uncontrolled physical reaction expressed through verbal and nonverbal behaviors that motivate us to take action.

Feeling component of emotion

the positive or negative sensations that we recognize as happiness, anger, anxiety, contempt, pride, surprise, and so on

Cooperative principle

the pragmatic principle that states that conversational partners are able to understand what the other means to do with their verbal messages because they assume that their partners are collaborating by sharing verbal messages in line with the shared purpose of the conversation.

Critically evaluating

the process of determining how truthful, authentic, or believable you judge the message and the speaker to be.

Mindfulness

the process of drawing novel distinctions.

Remembering

the process of moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Responding

the process of providing feedback to your partner's message.

Listening

the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.

Self-schema

the qualities of yourself that you see as most central in defining or understanding who you really are.

Asking for feedback

the skill of eliciting observations from others about your behavior.

Celebratory support

the skill of helping others capitalize on their success.

Describing feelings

the skill of verbally owning and explaining the precise feelings you are experiencing.

Active listening

the skillful, intentional, deliberate, conscious process of attending to, understanding, remembering, critically evaluating, and responding to messages that we hear.

Phonology

the sounds used to pronounce words.

Chronemics

the study of how perception of time differs between individuals and cultures.

Culture

the system of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and orientations learned through communication that guides what is considered to be appropriate thought and behavior in a particular segment of the population.

Assimilation

the tendency to force new information to fit a memory structure, or filtering it out because it doesn't fit.

Primacy effect

the tendency to remember information that we heard first over what we heard in the middle.

Recency effect

the tendency to remember information that we heard last over what we heard in the middle.

Theory of conversationally induced reappraisals

the theory that having our emotions recognized and understood results in relief, which allows us to look for other explanations for how we feel and steps we can take to make the situation better.

Codeswitch

to alter linguistic and nonverbal patterns to conform to the dominant or co-culture depending on the topics or co-participants in a conversation.

The______________ listener wants the speaker to be direct and "get to the point". a. critical b. transactional c. analytical d. relational

transactional

Memorializing or leaving messages for departed loved ones on a social networking site is called a. post life communication. b. transcorporeal communication. c. virtual transcommunication. d. none of the above.

transcorporeal communication

Linguistic sensitivity

using language that respects others while avoiding language that offends.

Extemporaneous

uttered in the spur of the moment without lengthy preplanning.

Subtle stereotyping

when people who are minimally aware that they are basing their interaction on stereotypes nonetheless act toward someone on the basis of that stereotype.

Blatant stereotyping

when people who have extreme negative views of out-groups are willing (even eager) to express and promote those views, and readily apply their stereotypes to members of the out-groups.

If a relationship is important to you and you just want to "hide" your dissatisfaction, you may choose this conflict management style: a. withdrawal b. accommodating c. compromising d. none of the above

withdrawal

Concrete language

words that describe something that can be sensed.

Precise words

words that identify a smaller grouping within a larger category.

The term "fictive kin" could refer to: a. your Aunt Joan, who isn't really your aunt, but a close friend of the family b. your Aunt Joan, whom you can't stand c. your Aunt Joan, your mother's sister d. none of the above

your Aunt Joan, who isn't really your aunt, but a close friend of the family.

Impression management

your attempt to protect your self-concept by influencing the perception that others have of you.

Listening style

your favored but usually unconscious approach to attending to your partner's messages.

Social presence

your personal sense that in a particular moment your conversational partners are immediately available to you—even if they aren't.

Media multiplexity

relationships carried out through more than one form of social media; people in closer relationships use more forms of social media.

Jargon

technical terminology whose meaning is understood by only a select group of people in a specialized speech community based on shared activities or interests.

Cultural identity

that part of your self-image that is based on the cultural group or groups with which you most closely associate and align yourself.

Lexicon

the collection of words and expressions in a language.

Values

the commonly accepted preference for some states of affairs over others.

Possessiveness

the desire to control another person to ensure that he or she is one's exclusive partner.

Denotation

the direct, explicit meaning of a word found in a written dictionary of the language community.

Intercultural competence

the effective and appropriate behavior and communication in intercultural situations.

Passive listening

the effortless, thoughtless, and habitual process of receiving the messages we hear.

Prejudice

the emotional reaction to a stereotyped group or individual from that group.

Motor component of emotion

the expression of emotion through nonverbal and verbal behaviors.

Cyberbullying

the extension of bullying behavior to electronic communication of any kind.

Conformity orientation

the extent of a family's willingness to listen to and value diverse ideas, and the degree to which family members are encouraged to think and behave independently.

Power distance

the extent to which members of a culture expect and accept that power will be unequally shared.

Conversational coherence

the extent to which the comments made by one person relate to those made previously by others in a conversation.

Uncertainty avoidance

the extent to which the people in a culture look for ways to predict what is going to happen as a way of dealing with the anxiety caused by uncertain situations or relationships.

Constructive criticizing

the feedback skill of diplomatically describing the specific negative behavior of your partner and its effects on others.

Connotation

the feelings or evaluations we personally associate with a word.

Benign violation

the idea that humor is created from behavior that is unexpected, but not harmful.

Sequential organization

the identifiable beginnings (openings), middles (bodies), and ends (closings) of conversations.

Self-face orientation

the inclination to uphold and protect our self-image in our interactions with others

Other-face orientation

the inclination to uphold and protect the self-images of our partners and other people affected by the conflict even at the risk of our own face.

Slang

the informal vocabulary developed and used by particular co-cultural groups in a society.

Dominant culture

the learned system of values, beliefs, attitudes, and orientations held by the majority of people in a society.

Sociolinguistic meaning

the meaning of a verbal message that varies according to the language norms and expectations of a particular cultural or co-cultural group.

Self-talk

the messages you send to yourself through your thoughts.

Policy conflict

disagreement caused by differences over a preferred plan or course of action.

When giving advice, presenting potential risks or costs will be confusing to your communication partner.

False

When meeting someone new, self-disclosure involves sharing highly intimate or risky information.

False

Women are more likely to engage in covert intimacy than men

False

Pseudoconflict

disagreement that is caused by a perceptual difference between partners and is easily resolved.

_______ is the extent to which the comments made by a person relate to those made by another previously in the same conversation.

Conversational Coherence

_____________ are interactive, locally managed, sequentially organized, and extemporaneous interchanges of thoughts and feelings between two or more people.

Conversations

Not being able to speak freely about one's presidential choice occurs in which type of culture? a. High power distance b. Low power distance c. Low uncertainty avoidance d. High uncertainty avoidance

High power distance

Scripted

Highly routinized.

Saying "LOL" when responding to someone in a technology environment is an example of a. Linguistic sensitivity. b. Denotation. c. Connotation. d. Jargon.

Jargon

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of language? a. Language is arbitrary. b. Language is concrete. c. Language is self-reflexive. d. Language is ambiguous.

Language is concrete

System-generated social media cues

Pieces of information that the system provides, such as the number of friends we have on Facebook

All of the following are considered low uncertainty-avoidance cultures except: a. United States b. Sweden c. Denmark d. Portugal

Portugal

You want to close a conversation. You've made the appropriate verbal statements. What can you do nonverbally to indicate that you are ready to walk away? a. Scan the scene around you with your eyes b. Lean in closer to your conversation partner c. Remain seated d. Continue to keep your paralanguage upbeat

Scan the scene around you with your eyes.

Ethnicity

a classification of people based on shared national characteristics such as country of birth, geographic origin, language, religion, ancestral customs, and tradition.

Serial arguing

a conflict pattern in which partners argue about the same issue two or more times

Mutual hostility

a conflict pattern in which partners trade increasingly louder verbal abuse, including inappropriate, unrelated personal criticism, name-calling, swearing, and sarcasm.

Mentoring relationship

a developmentally oriented relationship between a mentor, a more experienced and often older person, and a protégé, a less experienced and often a younger person.

Feelings paraphrase

a feedback message that conveys one's understanding of the emotional meaning behind a speaker's verbal message.

Content paraphrase

a feedback message that conveys your understanding of the denotative meaning of a verbal message.

Dialect

a form of a more general language spoken by a specific culture or co-culture that, while differing from the general language, shares enough commonality that most people who belong to a particular language community can understand it.

Workplace team

a formally established group with a clear purpose and appropriate structure in which members know each other's roles and work together to achieve goals.

Polychronic

a time orientation that views time as a continuous flow.

Monochronic

a time orientation that views time as being small, even units that occur sequentially.

Small talk

a type of conversation focused on inconsequential topics such as the weather, uncontroversial news topics, harmless facts, and predictions.

Cyber stalking

a variation on cyberbullying that occurs when an individual repeatedly uses social media to shadow or harass others.

Self-concept

a very large schema in memory that is the collection of all of the ideas you have about yourself, including your abilities, personality traits, and roles.

Understanding

accurately decoding a message so you comprehend the semantic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic meaning of a message.

Discrimination

acting differently toward a stereotyped group or individual.

Language community

all people who can speak or understand a particular language.

Primed

attending to things that have recently been thought about.

Engaging in ethical dialog includes: a. authenticity, empathy, confirmation, presentness b. authenticity, presentness, equality, disclosure c. authenticity, empathy, confirmation, presentness, formality d. None of the above

authenticity, empathy, confirmation, presentness.

When you show a speaker that you understand what he is saying by nodding your head and saying "uh huh," you are providing ____________. a. back-channel cues b. paraphrasing c. codeswitching d. clarification

back-channel cues

Ethnocentrism

being focused on one's own culture and viewing it as more important than the cultures of others.

Relational maintenance

exchanging messages or behaving in ways that keep a relationship at a desired level of intimacy, satisfaction, and health.

In order to describe your feelings, an effective strategy is to: a. identify what triggered the feelings, identify the particular emotion, use "I feel" to name the emotion b. blame the person who triggered the feelings, identify the particular emotion, use "I feel" to name the emotion c. save up all of your feelings for years d. None of the above

identify what triggered the feelings, identify the particular emotion, use "I feel" to name the emotion.

A(n) ___________ is comprised of our active vocabularies, our pronunciation of words, and our grammar and syntax when talking or writing. a. dialect b. idiolect c. syntax d. lexicon

idiolect

Lean media

media that rely heavily on language and other symbols, such as emoticons or emojis, to convey meaning.

Rich media

media where meaning can be conveyed through both verbal and nonverbal behavior.

Encouraging reappraisal

offering information, observations, and opinions that help the support recipients reframe the situation so that they see in a different light that is not associated with strong emotion.

Idiolect

our personal symbolic system that includes our active vocabularies, our pronunciation of words, and our grammar and syntax when talking or writing.

Self-esteem

our positive or negative judgment of the characteristics we think we have.

Social projection

overestimating the similarity between our preferences, traits, opinions, and concerns and those of others.

When we say that conversations are "locally managed", we mean that...

partners produce and monitor every aspect of the conversation

Compromising

resolving a conflict by bargaining so that each partner's needs or interests are partially satisfied.

Withdrawing

resolving a conflict by physically or psychologically removing yourself from the conversation.

Reappraise

revise one's perspective

Empathy

the cognitive and affective process of perceiving the emotions others are feeling and then acting on our perception.

Cognitive-emotional theory of esteem support messages

the theory that support providers can help restore self-esteem and promote problem-solving by encouraging more positive reappraisals.

Local management

the way that conversational partners produce and monitor every aspect of the conversational give-and-take.

Appraisal theories of emotion

theories that hypothesize that what we feel arises from what we think.

Back-channel cues

verbal and nonverbal signals that indicate you are listening and attempting to understand the message.

Self-disclosure

verbally sharing personal ideas and feelings with others.

Friendships

voluntary, platonic relationships characterized by equality and reciprocity

Conversation purpose

what the conversation is intended to do.

Low-context culture

a culture in which message meanings are usually encoded in the verbal part of the message.

When attempting to talk to a stranger, which of the following strategies should you try to include? a. paying attention to nonverbal cues b. asking a question that requires a lot of self-disclosure c. making a comment d. A & C only

A & C only: - paying attention to nonverbal cues - making a comment

When attempting to sustain a conversation, which of the following strategies should you try to include? a. Using free information b. Asking questions, particularly closed-ended one c. Seeking out topics of interest to the other person d. All of the above

All of the above - Using free information - Asking questions, particularly closed-ended one - Seeking out topics of interest to the other person

Which of the following factors affect credibility? a. Competence b. Trustworthiness c. Likability d. All of the above

All of the above: -Competence -Trustworthiness -Likability

Signs of relational uncertainty may include: a. Absence of clarity about the nature of the relationship. b. Tension between closeness and separation. c. Concern about the future. d. All of the above.

All of the above: -Absence of clarity about the nature of the relationship. -Tension between closeness and separation. -Concern about the future.

Which of the following is true about compromising? a. Both parties give up part of what they really want. b. From a personal-satisfaction standpoint, compromise is win/win. c. Compromising is appropriate when the issue is moderately important. d. Compromising is appropriate when attempts at forcing or collaborating haven't worked.

Both parties give up part of what they really want

When engaging in appropriate turn-taking, the following guidelines should be followed: a. Balance each participant's talk time b. Allocate more floor time to higher-status people c. Accommodate those who are more outgoing d. All of the above

Balance each participant's talk time.

_______________ is the process of sharing our successes with others and expecting that they will celebrate with us. a. Expectation b. Capitalization c. Momentum d. Partying

Capitalization

Which of the following is NOT a conversation characteristic? a. Conversations are extemporaneous. b. Conversations are locally managed. c. Conversations are sequentially organized. d. Conversations are linear.

Conversations are linear..

Which of the following best defines reward power? a. Derived from a person's ability to give or withhold tangible goods b. Derived from having knowledge in a specific field c. Derived from a person's position of power d. Derived from the belief that a person can harm us if we assert ourselves

Derived from a person's ability to give or withhold tangible goods

Fact conflict

Disagreement that is caused by a dispute over the truth or accuracy of an item of information

Becoming interculturally competent requires all of the following skills EXCEPT a. Matching your communication style to the other culture b. Displaying altruism c. Acquiring knowledge about another culture d. Tolerating ambiguity

Displaying altruism

Which of the following media represents a strong Social presence - email - text messaging - FaceTime - none of the above

FaceTime

According to your text, stricter laws are the best way to eliminate sexual harassment in the workplace.

False

At the pragmatic level of language, we are interested in the specific message to a specific other in a conversation.

False

Denotation is indirect, implied meaning.

False

Gossip is always unethical.

False

Like other feelings, jealousy is inherently neither good, nor bad.

False

The three techniques the authors identify for the purpose of enhancing our ability to attend consciously are: a. Get physically and mentally ready, choose the appropriate attending, and switch back and forth completely from speaker to listener. b. Get physically ready, observe nonverbal cues, and avoid interrupting. c. Choose the appropriate attending, switch back and forth completely from speaker to listener, and take notes. d. Switch back and forth completely from speaker to listener, choose the appropriate attending, and avoid asking questions.

Get physically and mentally ready, choose the appropriate attending, and switch back and forth completely from speaker to listener

Nguyen is afraid to ask his English professor for an exact rubric of how his paper will be graded. Nguyen may be from which type of culture? a. High power distance b. Low power distance c. Low uncertainty avoidance d. High uncertainty avoidance

High power distance.

A critical listener evaluates inferences. Identify which of the following is the most valid inference. a. Kelly is an excellent student. She spends five hours every evening doing homework. b. Pete is a poor student. He received two F's last semester. c. Ariane's career in marketing is rewarding. Every week she travels to a different city in the United States. d. Ahmad's education was costly. He spent $100,000 in tuition for the four years it took to earn his B.A. degree.

Kelly is an excellent student. She spends five hours every evening doing homework

Which of the following is NOT true of connotative meanings? a. Meanings change over time. b. Meanings are based on personal positive or negative perception. c. Meanings vary depending upon life experiences. d. Meanings have concrete definition.

Meanings have concrete definition

In conversation, which of the following maxims may be violated? a. Relevancy b. Quantity c. Manner d. None of the above

None of the above.

If someone is making a purchase and not very motivated to find out credible information about the purchase, which of the following methods are they likely using based on the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion? a. Central route b. Central and peripheral route c. Peripheral route d. None of the above

Peripheral route.

According to your text, what canNot be said about conversations? - similar to speeches, interviews, group meetings and debate - largely extemporaneous - sequentially organized - Only those involved in the conversation determine the topic, who will speak, the order of speaking, and how many turns each will take.

Only those involved in the conversation determine the topic, who will speak, the order of speaking, and how many turns each will take.

Which of the following statements describes an egalitarian relationship? a. Partners agree to an equal amount of chores. b. Partners enlist an outside third party to help resolve any large conflicts they incur. c. Partners agree to take on different household tasks based on their gender. d. Partners agree to what each will contribute to their shared life and that their individual contributions are equally valued.

Partners agree to what each will contribute to their shared life and that their individual contributions are equally valued..

All of the following are conversational maxims EXCEPT: a. Tell the whole truth. b. Relate what you say to the topic discussed. c. Pause before speaking. d. Be orderly in what you say.

Pause before speaking

Which of the following is NOT a step in encouraging reappraisal? a. Listen to how your partner is interpreting events. b. Notice information that your partner may be overlooking or overemphasizing in the interpretation. c. Read their nonverbal cues as you speak. d. Clearly present relevant, truthful information.

Read their nonverbal cues as you speak

Which of the following is NOT true of ethical persuasion? a. Puts favorable spin on unfavorable information b. Is always truthful c. Resists personal attacks d. Discloses the complete picture

Resists personal attacks

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a long-term relationship? a. Mutual respect b. Comfortable level of closeness c. Shared financial goals d. Presence of a shared plan or life vision

Shared financial goals.

The following guidelines can be helpful to initiate a collaborative conflict conversation EXCEPT: a. State ownership of the conflict. b. Mentally rehearse what you will say. c. Take as much time as you need to give your side. d. Do not blame or ascribe motives.

Take as much time as you need to give your side

You have to tell a vendor that you can't work with him/her for this particular sale. What is the best way to communicate that information? a. "We went with a better company." b. "I'm sorry, Jim. Our budget just isn't allowing for us to place an order for six months. But would you contact me in June and we can see how the fiscal year is going?" c. "My boss told me I can't buy from you now." d. None of the above.

The correct answer was: b. "I'm sorry, Jim. Our budget just isn't allowing for us to place an order for six months. But would you contact me in June and we can see how the fiscal year is going?".

If you bought a dress because you like it, but knew you couldn't afford it, you succumbed to: a. Merchandising b. Peer pressure c. The liking heuristic d. The authority heuristic

The liking heuristic

Following what others do when we make a decision is also known as: a. The social proof heuristic b. Bandwagon theory c. Groupthink d. Logic

The social proof heuristic.

Why should you tell someone if you need to ask several questions in a row? a. They may otherwise feel like you're interrogating them. b. They may get tired of answering you. c. They may need a break from responding. d. All of the above.

They may otherwise feel like you're interrogating them

"I sense that you are frustrated" is a sentence that paraphrases feelings.

True

A low-context culture is characterized as being accepting and having a low need to control unpredictable people, relationships, or events.

True

A willingness to share some of your personal experiences and perspectives can result in more stimulating and meaningful conversations. True or False

True

Cyberstalking is a form of cyberbulling

True

Flaming is a form of cyberbullying

True

Looking at a situation from a different perspective is also known as "reappraisal."

True

People from high uncertainty avoidance cultures use and value specific and precise language.

True

Power is not inherently good or bad.

True

The goal of analytical listening is to assess how often speakers make errors, or say things that don't fit together.

True

High uncertainty-avoidance culture

a culture characterized as having a low tolerance for and a high need to control unpredictable people, relationships, or events.

High power-distance culture

a culture in which both high- and low-power holders accept the unequal distribution of power.

Low power-distance culture

a culture in which members prefer power to be more equally distributed.

Masculine culture

a culture in which men are expected to adhere to traditional sex roles.

Ethical dialog

a conversation characterized by authenticity, empathy, confirmation, presentness, equality, and supportiveness.

Supportive climate

a conversational environment in which recipients will feel comfortable disclosing their problems and feelings.

To effectively communicate with your manager, which of the following guidelines should you follow? a. identifying how you can help your manager b. volunteering for specific assignments c. clarifying assignments d. all of the above

all of the above: - identifying how you can help your manager - volunteering for specific assignments - clarifying assignments

In order to maintain cohesion with coworkers, you can: a. use positive nonverbal cues that make you appear approachable b. be a good team member c. avoid gossip d. all of the above

all of the above: - use positive nonverbal cues that make you appear approachable - be a good team member - avoid gossip

Empathic responsiveness

also called empathic distress is the "warmest" or most emotional form of empathy involving personally experiencing an emotional response that is parallel to the other person's actual or anticipated display of emotion.

Turn-taking

alternating between speaking and listening in an interaction.

Free information

information volunteered during conversation rather than specifically required or requested.

Doug and Connie work in the same office. They talk about projects they are working on but never talk about their personal lives. What kind of relationship do they likely have.

informational peer relationship

Hyperpersonal

intensity and intimacy experienced in an online relationship, beyond what would occur if the relationship were conducted face-to-face

Intercultural communication

interactions that occur between people whose cultures are so different that the communication between them is altered.

Attention

is the process of focusing more closely on some of the stimuli in your environment.

Other-generated social media cues

items that other people post on your page, such as comments on Facebook or Twitter.

Specific language

language in an utterance that uses concrete and precise words, as well as details and examples, combining them in accord with the rules of grammar and syntax for that language.

Politeness

language strategies that show concern for face.

Qualifying language

language that indicates where a statement applies and does not apply, or indicates appropriate uncertainty about where it should apply.

Relationships where employees perform their job acceptably, but not exceptionally well and managers don't think of them when looking for extra help or special assignments are... a. in-group relationships b. mid-group relationships c. out-group relationships d. None of the above

mid-group relationships.

Ground rules

mutually agreed-on rules for behavior during conflict episodes.

According to your text, before you give advice you should? a. make sure there are no distractions in the room. b. tell them a lengthy story about an unrelated situation you experienced. c. redirect the conversation away from their problem. d. none of the above.

none of the above

Leave-taking cues

nonverbal behaviors that indicate someone wants to end the conversation.

Cultures that see time as a continuous flow are considered _____________. a. monochromic b. polychromic c. high power distance d. high uncertainty avoidance

polychromic

The fact that we can remember the first few street names when given directions, as well as the last few street names, is due to ______________. a. primacy and recency effect b. mnemonics c. content and feelings paraphrasing d. interpreting

primacy and recency effect

Which of the following is NOT a mediation guideline? a. maintain neutrality b. probe until someone accepts responsibility for the issue c. work to ensure equal talk time d. establish an action plan

probe until someone accepts responsibility for the issue.

Face negotiation theory

proposes that in conflict settings we prefer conflict styles consistent with our cultures and the face-orientations most consistent with those cultures.

Closed-ended questions

questions that can be answered with "yes," "no," or a few words.

Open-ended questions

questions that require answers with more elaboration and explanation.

Probing questions

questions that search for more information or try to resolve perceived inconsistencies in a message.

Memories

recollections of specific people and events that happened in the past.

Advice

recommendation about actions to take in response to a problem.

Collegial peer relationships

relationships between co-workers where a wider variety of topics are discussed and partners offer social support to each other in problematic work situations.

When creating a supportive climate, which of the following guidelines do NOT apply: a. directly state your intentions by emphasizing your desire to help b. promise to keep confidentiality c. convey warmth and caring nonverbally d. remind your partner of your commitment to the relationship

remind your partner of your commitment to the relationship.

Strategies to improve remembering include: a. repeating what was said b. taking notes c. creating mnemonics d. all of the above

repeating what was said

Display rules

rules about when, why, and how different emotions are to be expressed (or not).

To improve message ___________, one must use specific, concrete, and precise language. a. connotation b. denotation c. semantics d. hierarchy

semantics

Conversational maxims

specific rules that cooperating partners count on others to follow.

Co-narration

specific type of conversational sequencing in which people finish each other's sentences because they have intimate knowledge of the topic and each other's style

Traditional couples avoid in conflict rather than engage in it. -True -False

True

Women are disadvantaged in the workplace at times due to their linguistic style.

True

Clowns are the people, groups, or organizations that supply our organization with necessary raw materials or other goods and services

False

Behavior such as initiating a discussion of the issues at a meeting, offering information, and analyzing what was said or examples of what behavior?

Task roles

"most companies today encourage their ploy ease to be in available all the time, even when at home with family. -True -false

True

In response to negative feedback, you should show gratitude for the feedback.

True

Forgiveness

a communication process that allows you and your partner to overcome the damage done to your relationship because of a transgression.

Demand-withdrawal

a conflict pattern in which one partner consistently demands while the other consistently withdraws.

Cross-complaining

a conflict pattern in which partners trade unrelated criticisms, leaving the initial issue unresolved.

Counterblaming

a conflict pattern in which you blame your partner for what he or she has accused you of doing, shifting responsibility and leaving the original issue unresolved.

Authoritarian parenting style

a parenting style characterized by high levels of control with low levels of nurturing; order and tradition, respect, and obedience of parents are valued and reinforced through punishment.

Permissive parenting style

a parenting style characterized by moderate to high levels of nurturing but little control over children's behavior; creativity and freedom are valued, rules and demands are few, and children generally get what they want.

Secure attachment

a strong, healthy emotional bond between infants and their parents or caregivers based on the belief that they are worthy of care and that other people can be trusted to provide it.

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

an anxiety-filled emotional bond between infants and their parents or caregivers stemming from worry that their needs will not be met and ambivalence about whether others can be trusted to care for them

Manager

an employee who is responsible for planning, directing, and monitoring the work of other employees.

Which of the following is NOT a guideline for giving constructive criticism? a. ask for permission b. criticize in private c. be specific about the behavior and why it is problematic d. ask the person what he/she believes they have done wrong

ask the person what he/she believes they have done wrong.

What is the process of communicating with people outside the organization in a mutually beneficial relationship called?. a. customer relating b. boundary spanning c. out-group relationships d. none of the above

boundary spanning

Intimate relationships

close relationships that have highly interdependent partners who are committed to each other, understand and trust one another deeply, and disclose in depth as well as breadth.

In-group relationships

close working relationships between managers and employees who consistently take on work above that which is expected and are rewarded in a variety of monetary and nonmonetary ways.

Grady and Alycia work for the same company, frequently eat lunch together and often sit next to each other in meetings. They like to talk about job-related experiences, they share helpful productive tips with each other, and they often talk about what they did over the weekend. What kind of relationship do they have?

collegial peer relationships

Out-group relationships

difficult and strained working relationships between managers and employees who consistently do not work up to standards or get along with the mangers.

Interpersonal conflict

disagreement between two interdependent people who perceive that they have incompatible goals.

Ego conflict

disagreement that results when both parties insist on being the "winner" of the argument to confirm their self-concept or self-esteem.

Result-oriented cultures -emphasize work outcomes -emphasize relationship building -take time before getting down to business -include Japan and Mexico

emphasize work outcomes

Long-term romantic relationships (LTRRs)

enduring romantic relationships that are intimate and where the partners have made some type of long-term commitment to each other.

Special peer relationships

equivalent to "best friend" relationships set within the work context, such relationships are rare and characterized by high levels of disclosure, trust, and social support.

Friends with benefits relationships

friendships that have a physical sexual component but are not intended to be romantic.

Life transitions

major events that not only affect one partner but also require adaptation within the relationship.

Which of the following is NOT a form of informal work relationship? a. workplace friendships b. mentoring relationships c. workplace romances d. none of the above

none of the above: - workplace friendships - mentoring relationships - workplace romances d. none of the above

Behavioral aggression

nonverbal acts intended to hurt someone.

Physical aggression

nonverbal acts of violence against another person with the intent to do bodily harm.

Co-workers

peers who work together, are at the same or similar levels in an organization's hierarchy, and who have no formal authority over each other.

Which type of culture-based workstyle prioritizes building relationships at the workplace over results? a. results-oriented organizational culture b. relationship-oriented organizational culture c. sequential task-completion culture d. holistic task-completion culture

relationship-oriented organizational culture.

Informational peer relationships

relationships between coworkers that are superficial in that interactions and conversations are devoted solely to work topics.

Mid-group relationships

relationships between managers and employees who perform their jobs acceptably, but not exceptionally well, so the manager usually doesn't think of them when looking for help with additional or special assignments.

Competing

resolving a conflict by satisfying one's own needs or advancing one's own ideas with little concern for the needs or ideas of the other person or for the relationship.

Accommodating

resolving a conflict by satisfying the other person's needs or accepting the other person's ideas while neglecting one's own needs or ideas.

Collaborating

resolving a conflict by using problem solving to arrive at a solution that meets the needs and interests of both parties in the conflict.

Verbal aggression

sending verbal messages intended to hurt someone.

Intimate interactions

series of conversations between the partners that nurture interdependence, commitment, understanding, trust, and disclosure.

Interference

the actions or choices of one partner that create obstacles for the other.

Preoccupied attachment style

the attachment style experienced by adults who are excessively focused on how their relationship partners think about and behave toward them because they have low self-worth and high trust in others due to the anxious ambivalent attachments they experienced as infants and children.

Dismissive attachment style

the attachment style experienced by self-reliant and independent adults who have difficulty sustaining close relationships because while they may have high self-worth they don't trust others due to the avoidant attachments they experienced as infants and children,

Attachment styles

the perception of adults about their self-worth and the trustworthiness of others based on their relationships with their parents and caregivers during their infancy and childhood.

Boundary spanning

the process of communicating with people outside of an organization in a mutually beneficial relationship.

Emotional infidelity

when one partner develops romantic feelings toward someone else.

Sexual infidelity

when people in long-term romantic relationships engage in sexual activity with someone other than their partners.