inter psy
10) Eidelson & Eidelson (2003) conclude that psychologists have important contributions to the understanding of intergroup conflicts.
10) Eidelson & Eidelson (2003) conclude that psychologists have important contributions to the understanding of intergroup conflicts. a) True. b) False c) They do not address this point. d) They address this point but do not draw a conclusion.
Eidelson & Eidelson write that "There is perhaps no more dangerous force in social relations than the human mind. People's capacities to categorize, interpret, and go 'beyond the information given' readily lead to __________"
Eidelson & Eidelson write that "There is perhaps no more dangerous force in social relations than the human mind. People's capacities to categorize, interpret, and go 'beyond the information given' readily lead to __________" a) greater and greater levels of destructive technology that endanger humanity b) stereotyping and dehumanization that escalate and entrench group conflict. c) continuing massive bloodshed, terror, and related horrors in the years ahead d) both individual and group beliefs that are distorted and cause group conflict
Eidelson and Eidelson (2003) discussed five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. Which of the following correctly identifies the five beliefs?
Eidelson and Eidelson (2003) discussed five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. Which of the following correctly identifies the five beliefs? a) Superiority, injustice, vulnerability, distrust, and helplessness. b) Superiority, justice, vulnerability, distrust, and helplessness c) Inferiority, injustice, vulnerability, distrust, and helplessness d) Inferiority, justice, vulnerability, distrust, and helplessness
37) Moghaddam wrote that "Psychologists have a unique role to play in formulating and implementing international policies to influence interob jectivity ...". By interobjectivity he means
a) A deeper, more objective understanding of one's own motives b) Increased use of the objects of technology to combat terrorism c) The need to think of all people as humans rather than as objects d) The understandings shared within and between cultures.
36) In Moghaddam (2005), which below is one of the two factors that help terrorists sidestep inhibitory mechanisms?
a) Awareness amongst the victims of an impending attack b) Categorizing the target as in-group c) Awareness amongst the terrorists of similarities with the target d) Categorizing the target as the enemy.
As identified by Moghaddam (2005), the key factor in perceived legitimacy and willingness to abide by government regulations and fairness of the decision-making process refers to which form of justice?
a) Distributive justice b) Interactional justice c) Procedural justice. d) Environmental justice
44) In Davis (2008b), what three criteria do people consider when they decide something is just or unjust?
a) Equity, Equality, Need. b) Equity, Equality, Access c) Equity Equality, Location d) Equity, Equality, Leadership
Which of the following floors on Moghaddam's staircase to terrorism deals with "moral engagement"?
a) First floor b) Second floor c) Third floor. d) Fourth Floor
48) Davis (2008b) describes the contents of a unique book entitled History Lessons: How Textbooks from around the World Portray U. S. History. One example provided was how textbooks read by school children in _________.
a) Germany, England, Russia, Japan, and the United States present the US involvement in World War II b) Saudi Arabia, Great Britain, France, Israel, Syria, and the US portray current conflicts in the Middle East. c) Russia, China, Cuba, Germany, England, India, Egypt and the US describe the events and end of the cold war d) England, the Netherlands, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and the US describe the end of colonialism in Africa
According to the staircase of terrorism as outlined by Moghaddam (2005), most people who focus on perceptions of fairness occupy which of these floors?
a) Ground floor. b) First floor c) Second floor d) Third floor
According to Eidelson & Eidelson (2003), which best describes the relationship between individual level and group level core beliefs?
a) Group level core beliefs have greater influence than individual level core beliefs. b) Theory and research on collective beliefs have developed independent of individual-level conceptualizations. c) Individual level core beliefs have greater influence than group level core beliefs d) Theory and research on group beliefs have developed together with individual-level conceptualizations.
17) Davis (2004) suggested that lessons learned from studying the ideologies and actions of the young German revolutionaries of the 1960s and 1970s could be useful in understanding current conflicts
a) In the Middle East. b) At the end of the Cold War c) In Northern Ireland d) In the Horn of Africa
49) German reunification was led by Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, who took the following step to restore social justice?
a) Provided permanent jobs for East Germans who had lost jobs due to being non-competitive in skills and training b) Allowed families that had fled the communists, thus losing their homes, to recover these original family homes c) Business properties confiscated by the communists were returned to their original owners whenever possible d) Businesses confiscated by the communists were auctioned off and the proceeds paid to the historical owners.
Which was not included in Moghaddam's policy recommendations arising from the staircase metaphor?
a) Support contextualized democracy through procedural justice b) Educate against categorical us-versus-them thinking c) Promote interobjectivity and justice d) Use prevention as a last resort.
14) Which of the following organizations of international psychology was not discussed by Davis (2004)?
a) The International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP) b) The International Council of Psychologists (ICP) c) The International Union of Advanced Psychologists (IUAP). d) The International Union of Psychological Sciences (IUPsyS)
The problem with defining international terrorism, as explained by Davis (2004), is best described by which of the following statements?
a) There are many differing viewpoints and definitions among researchers. b) The one definition we have does not generalize well to world populations c) There are far too few definitions available d) The most commonly used definition targets areas beyond terrorism
Which of the following is not one of the effective methods to counter international terrorism, as discussed by Davis?
a) Train more psychologist worldwide b) Facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration. c) Further utilize the international organizations of psychology d) Educate the public
Moghaddam (2005) reported that differences in absolute material conditions do not account for terrorism.
a) True. b) False c) He does not address this point. d) He addresses this point but does not draw a conclusion.
19) In discussion the melding of aggression and political ideology, Davis (2004) summarized research showing that for political violence to occur
a) a theoretical justification must legitimize the destructive activities. b) a nation must show higher levels of prewar than of postwar violence c) an aggressor must see all political ideologies as being evil d) two strong political ideologies must clash as in the Clash of Civilizations
42) In discussing the possibility of a universal system of social justice, Davis (2008b) noted that the United Nations was established by _________ following a war and is increasingly recognized as _________ of the world's people.
a) all nations; representative b) victors; representative c) all nations; not representative d) victors; not representative.
According to Moghaddam (2005), feelings of deprivation that arise because of the position of an individual's group relative to that of other groups is called _________ deprivation.
a) anomic b) egoistical c) fraternal. d) structural
According to Moghaddam (2005), when an individual feels deprived because of his or her position within a group is called _________ deprivation.
a) anomic b) egoistical. c) fraternal d) structural
Helplessness is explained by Eidelson and Eidelson (2003) as a
a) belief that an individual is mistreated by others or by the world in general b) self-perpetuating belief that planned actions will have undesirable outcomes. c) belief that the individual is better than others, carrying a sense of entitlement d) self-perception enabling an individual to feel as though they are in harm's way
According to social learning theory, most people have learned how to perform aggressive acts from aggressive models in the media. However, most individuals don't actually perform these acts because they
a) believe that human nature provides strong moral inhibitions against doing so b) see action heroes using aggression successfully but are cynical about "good guys" c) expect fewer rewards than punishments for performing aggressive acts. d) think human nature is to maximize survival and aggressive acts threaten survival
In Moghaddam (2005), sociopolitical order that allows for participation in decision making and social mobility through the utilization of local, culturally appropriate symbols and strategies is called:
a) contextualized democracy. b) contextualized communism c) restricted democracy d) restricted communism
In discussing the "varieties of the justice experience," Davis (2008b) refers to all of the following forms of justice except ______________.
a) distributive justice b) retributive justice c) interactional justice. d) restorative justice
7) Collective core beliefs or group worldviews are the _________ through which groups and group members interpret their ____________ experience (Eidelson & Eidelson, 2003).
a) dividing points; separate b) templates; separate c) dividing points; shared d) templates; shared.
16) In the chapter on "Countering International Terrorism", Davis (2004) summarized research suggesting that the personality of terrorists is
a) driven mostly by irrational, pathological, and unconscious forces b) much like the stereotypical passive-aggressive personality type c) consistent with rational, logical thinking and strategic choice in pursuit of their goal. d) often in conflict between impulses of moral engagement and moral disengagement
According to Moghaddam's staircase to terrorism metaphor, "displacement of aggression" occurs on the
a) first floor b) second floor . c) third floor d) fourth floor
50) The chapter of social justice concludes with a quote from Czechoslovakia's first post-communist President, Vaclav Havel: "We must try harder to understand than to explain." Applied to the pursuit of social justice, the message is that
a) if we listen carefully, we can "discover" the fundamental meaning of social justice in nature b) in order to rehabilitate social justice, we must seek the universal key to an elementary sense of justice c) the concept of justice is a human construction and we need to recognize and respect multiple perspectives. d) the world is a puzzle to be solved, a machine with instructions to be discovered on the path to universal justice
11) In discussing theoretical issues, Eidelson and Eidelson (2003) note that core beliefs of individuals are frequently ____________ but collective beliefs ___________.
a) inflexible; have even more staying power. b) flexible; are even more flexible c) inflexible; flexible d) none of the above
6) An individual can experience significant and lasting adjustment difficulties (Eidelson & Eidelson, 2003) when his or her deeply held beliefs contain _________, or dysfunctional biases. Furthermore, these core beliefs are __________.
a) key distortions; self-perpetuating. b) key corrections; globally-perpetuated c) key distortions; globally-perpetuated d) key corrections; self-perpetuating
Moghaddam (2005) argues that ___________ deprivation is a better predictor of discontent than ___________ deprivation, potentially translating into collective action when paths to goals are blocked. a) objec
a) objective, perceived b) fraternal, egotistical. c) moral, functional d) procedural, distributive
35) In Moghaddam (2005), "inhibitory mechanisms" serve to prevent intraspecies killing. Amongst people, these mechanisms can be triggered by ____________.
a) offensive hand gestures b) pleading. c) getting punched d) distance
2) Eidelson & Eidelson (2003) use the terms "templates" or "cognitive templates". Templates are
a) organizing beliefs or mental frameworks that develop only late in life b) organizing beliefs shared with one's group and rarely questioned. c) organizing beliefs that usually more harmful than beneficial d) mental frameworks that are usually very similar for different groups
15) Among the causes for an individual to commit acts of terrorism, Davis (2004) discussed all of the following except:
a) psychological causes of international terrorism b) group dynamics and international terrorism c) interpersonal attraction and international terrorism d) individual relationships and international terrorism.
As discussed by Davis (2008b), the term "procedural justice" can be defined as ___________________.
a) reintegrating an offender back into the community b) perceived fairness by which decisions are made and outcomes determined. c) fairness of resource allocation, responsibility distribution, and decision outcomes d) punishing one individual who harms another
As discussed by Davis (2008b), the term "restorative justice" can be defined as ____________________.
a) reintegrating an offender back into the community. b) perceived fairness by which decisions are made and outcomes determined c) fairness of resource allocation, responsibility distribution, and decision outcomes d) punishing one individual who harms another
41) According to Davis (2008b), the desire for social justice is ___________.
a) relatively new b) not new. c) unattainable d) easily attainable
46) After Germany's defeat in World War II, the US helped rebuild the country under the Marshal Plan. Lessons from that experience that should inform US involvement in Iraq include all of the following except _______________.
a) removing all military and police who operated under Saddam would leave no one trained for these jobs b) US efforts to reintegrate former military and police to provide Iraq security will be seen by some as corrupt c) over time, nearly all Germans have come to see the US as both just and generous for how it helped the country. d) 65 years after defeated Germany began rebuilding with the aid of the US, the US remains a strong presence there
45) Issues of social justice and injustice are important for global security because whenever people perceive that they or their group are being treated unjustly, they are more likely to _________________.
a) resort to violent action to redress the perceived injustice. b) increase their contributions to the group and to society c) reject social movements that may overturn the social order d) attempt to join a different group where their circumstances will be more favorable
Interpersonal attraction research and theory (Davis, 2004) contributes to an understanding of international terrorism by documenting the influence of ___________________ on attraction and dislike, love and hate.
a) template of "Us" versus "Them" b) life style, ethnic, and economic differences c) feelings of superiority vs. feelings of inferiority d) similarity and dissimilarity of attitudes, values, and beliefs.
47) Case studies in seeking social justice and security discussed by Davis (2008b) include all of the following except ___.
a) the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Camp David accords that raised great hope but failed to bring justice. b) South Africa and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that sought justice after the end apartheid c) East Timor and the traditional Lisan system of restorative justice after the war of independence from Indonesia d) humanitarian aid workers in Afghanistan struggling to be perceived as neutral while providing services
43) As found in Davis (2008b), the term "procedural justice" is defined as _____________________________.
a) the partial and fair settlement of conflict and differences, or the designation of rewards or punishment b) the perceived fairness of the process by which decisions are made and outcomes are determined. c) the perceived unfairness of the process by which decisions are made and outcomes are determined d) the fairness of the process by which decisions are made and outcomes are determined
12) In suggesting directions for further research, Eidelson and Eidelson's (2003) propose all except __________ .
a) the relationship between the five beliefs and an individual's mobilization against an out-group b) how changes in collective worldview occur before, during, and after the onset of intergroup conflict c) development of structured interviews or questionnaires to accurately measure the five belief domains d) instruments to measure an individual's personal perceptions of the out-group's belief systems.
According to Davis (2004), "Terrorists are adept at infiltrating open societies and are careful to disguise their intentions. Thus, the danger they pose can be countered ..." best by
a) the vigilant, informed, average citizen with avenues for action when the need arises. b) educated professionals from other countries living in the US who support American ideals c) university personnel who come in contact with diverse individuals and diverse ideas d) leaders of countries that have had more experience fighting terrorism than have our leaders
According to Davis, an important gap in psychological knowledge relevant to countering terrorism is the lack of
a) understanding of the military and security services charged with protecting against terrorism b) expertise in medicine, economics, and political science that failed states need c) information, understanding, and skill in dealing with individuals of diverse cultures. d) historical, cultural, and geographic awareness of how people of other countries are different
8) According to Eidelson & Eidelson (2003), the belief of ___________ appears to be an especially important component of the group-level worldview of superiority.
a) vulnerability b) chosenness. c) helplessness d) perceived mistreatment
4) According to Eidelson and Eidelson (2003), presumed hostility and malign intent of others is closely related to _____.
a) vulnerability b) helplessness c) injustice d) distrust.
In arguing for worldwide sharing of psychological research and information, Davis (2004) recommends that
funding be increased in psychology to develop computer based language translation software b) the 191 nation-states identify their dominant languages and translate important works into English c) increased efforts be made to encourage everyone learning, teaching, or using psychology to learn English d) translation efforts begin among the world's 10 foremost languages: Mandarin, English, Spanish, etc.