Intercultural Communication final

Ting-Toomey's 3 Variable Levels:

1. Culture-level variables: individualism vs collectivism; high vs low contect; power distance 2.Individual-level variables: self construal (interdependent vs. independent) 3. Relational-contextual variables: in-group vs. out-group

A biased prediction, due to the tendency to focus on the most salient and emotionally charged outcome.

Availability heuristic

Adaptation/Acculturation (Stages of Culture Shock)

Bi-cultural Identities develop Constructive Responses Stable Adaptations Personal Growth

Dominating Facework

Characterized by an individuals need to control the conflict situation and defend his or her face. self-face

Marginalization

Chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture. experience alienation from both cultures and feel a sense of abandonment

According to the criteria put forth by the author, not all groups have a culture yet. What does it take for culture to emerge?

Communication

CAT

Communication Accommodation Theory

Low communication receptivity deals with which of the five major elements?

Communication receptivity

The tendency to engage in behaviors that elicit results which will confirm our beliefs

Confirmation bias

The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions

Confirmation bias

Culture Shock (Stages of Culture Shock)

Confusion Frustration Preoccupied with Cleanliness Lack of Control Fatigue Stress/Anxiety Depression Paranoia

According to Tseng's five styles of cultural adjustment, which style adopts elements of neither culture, but finds their own way?

Creative Adjustment

CIT

Cultural Identity Theory

Individual Factors

Cultural Variability, Personal Traits, face concerns

Global attitude

Describe individuals who are open to others, better at communicating, show interest in differences and are aware of them, and have a level of exposure to these differences that makes them able to discern them

DMIS

Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

Four styles of conflict

Discussion, engagement, accomodation, dynamic

Five primary communication styles

Dominating, integrating, obliging, avoiding, and compromising

Emotionally Restrained

Emotions are disguised in order to maintain harmony • Less display of non-verbal behavior • Less variation in speech rate, loudness, and pitch • Concern exists that displaying emotion will hurt others' feelings

The perception that one's in-group is the center of everything whereby all other groups are scaled and rated with reference to the in-group is called.

Ethnocentrism

A subsystem of stereotyping is categorization. T or F

False

According to the Psychology Today article, there is a single Black culture. T or F

False

After discussing the importance with regards to issues of power, history and intention, Mary Jane Collier still maintains, in terms of overcoming conflict and understanding an "other's" point of view, the best approach is not to talk about certain things, and hold back. T or F

False

Ascription is usually framed individually and avowal is framed communally. T or F

False

Ascription one of the nine properties of CIT says this is who I am. T or F

False

CIT maintains that we only have one primary cultural identity T or F

False

Cultural Identity Theory maintains that we only have one primary cultural identity T or F

False

Dodd and Baldwin essay attempts to answer the question of how intercultural relationships can become as commonplace as intracultural relationships. T or F

False

In an alliance, the insider outsider distinction still remains, it is not open to question and critique. T or F

False

In general, the definition of friendship, or what it means to be a friend, differs from culture to culture. T or F

False

Intercultural relationships are formally established in the same way as intracultural relationships. T or F

False

It is not possible for individuals to have multiple identities all at once. that is why it so difficult to have friends from another culture. T or F

False

Jensen's article "White Privilege Shapes the US." Begins with a discussion he had with a fellow colleague about affirmative action. T or F

False

Mary Jane Collier also discussed SIT as it relates to intercultural relationships. T or F

False

Memberships in cultural groups are usually more voluntary than involuntary. T or F

False

Relational alliance means that cultural distinctiveness no longer matters. T or F

False

Relational empathy discussed how much one cares for the other. T or F

False

Rules are always deliberate, well thought out in or Family of origin. T or F

False

Stereotype threat is the cause of prejudice. T or F

False

The illusory correlation principal is the tendency for people to see members of an out group as less diverse and more stereotype than the members of that group see themselves. T or F

False

The two main components of the sociocommunicative style are assertiveness and openness. T or F

False

There were seven properties of the cultural identity theory. T or F

False

Typically, ascriptions are individually framed and avowals are communally framed. T or F

False

We define our own identities apart from other groups. T or F

False

We have a tendency to over generalize about our own groups, and use labels that make fine and more detailed distinctions about out-group. T or F

False

When we make the decision that our relationship partner is an "other" we have positive tone for the relationship. T or F

False

When we make the decision that our relationship partner is an "other" we have set POSITIVE tone for the relationship. T or F

False

FOO

Family of Origin

Drawing different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented.

Framing

Tourist Phase (Stages of Culture Shock)

Interest in Culture Honeymoon Phase Positive Reaction to Stress Euphoria Photographs

Self face (dominating)

Is the concern for ones own image

Cross-Cultural Adaptation: An Integrative Theory

Kim, Y.Y.

KAPS

Knowledge, Affective, Psychomotor Component, Situational Features

Kim's Model of Intercultural Conflict

Macro level (societal) Intermediary Level Micro Level (individual)

Who wrote the article Intercultural Friendships as Interpersonal Alliances"?

Mary Jane Collier

ODIE

Observe, Describe, Interpret, Evaluate

To engage in mindfulness, individuals need to learn.

1. To be open to new information 2. To create new categories 3. Be aware that multiple perspectives typically exist in viewing basic phenomenon.

Conflict Process factors

INTERACTION STYLES How does individual A's competitive style combine with Individual B's avoidance style? What type of FACEWORK do the individuals engage in? How do individuals manage their EMOTIONS?

Indirect communication

Includes the use of ambiguous language, or hinting, and the burden of understanding rests with both the sender and receiver.

Direct communication

Includes the use of precise language where one's intentions are explicitly stated and the sender is responsible for making his or her case known.

Cultural Transmutation

Individual chooses to identify with a third cultural group that materializes out of the native and host cultural groups. Examples: gangs, homosexual groups, religious groups. Most similar to seperation new cultural identity created: called "fusion"

Four factors that come into play during an intercultural conflict episode

Individual factors, Conflict process factors, situational features, conflict outcomes

Integrated Model of communication

(Arasaratnam) maintains that competence stems from knowledge about other cultures, an approach theory, and the application of approriate and effective communication behaviors

Milton Bennet's intercultural sensitivity model :

(ethnocentrism) denial-defense-minimization--> acceptance-adaptation-integration (ethnorelative)

Intercultural sensitivity model (explained):

(ethnocentrism)- belief that one's cultural group is superior to all others denial- does not recognize cultural differences defense- recognizes some differences; sees them as negative minimization- unaware of projection of own cultural values; still sees own values as superior acceptance- shifts perspectives to understand that the same "ordinary" behavior can have different meanings in different cultures adaptation- can evaluate others' behavior from their frame of reference and can adapt behavior to fit the norms of a different culture. integration- can shift frame of reference and also deal with resulting identity issues (ethnorelative) -shifting from ethnocentrism to ethnorelative, he/she shifts from COGNITIVE to AFFECTIVE to BEHAVIORAL responses

underlying factors that create intercultural friction:

1. assumptions: individualism (low context) vs. collectivism (high context) 2. rhythms: mono-chronic vs. poly-chronic 3. norms: equity (individual reward) vs. communal (satisfying needs and expectations of ingroup members) 4. conflict styles: individualistic (direct, silent= admission of guilt or incompetence) vs. collectivistc (indirect, silent= signal of approval or disapproval) 5. ethnocentric lenses: individualism (outcome-oriented model is superior; dispositional attributions that hold individuals accountable) vs. collectivism (process-oriented model is superior; situational attributions that hold context accountable)

five underlying factors that create intercultural friction:

1. assumptions: individualism (outcome-oriented, low context) vs. collectivism (process-oriented, high context) 2. rhythms: mono-chronic vs. poly-chronic 3. norms: equity (individual reward) vs. communal (satisfying the needs and expectations of in-group members) 4. conflict styles: individualistic (direct; silence= admission of guilt) vs. collectivistic (indirect; silence= signal of approval or disapproval) 5. ethnocentric lenses: individualism (outcome-oriented is superior; dispostional attributions that hold individuals accountable) vs. collectivism (process-oriented is superior; situational attributions hold context accountable)

3 variable levels in intercultural conflict:

1. cultural-level variables: individualism/ collectivism; high vs. low context; power distance 2. individual-level variables: self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) 3. relational-contextual variables: in-group/ out-group

3 outcomes for cross-cultural adaption are:

1. functional fitness: strangers in time achieve an increasing synchrony between their internal responses and the external demands in the host enviornment 2. psychological health: stranger's ability to communicate with host environment 3. intercultural identity: shake up of the strangers' sense of connection to their original cultural group; neither totally apart of nor totally apart from either culture; original identity begins to lost its distinctiveness and rigidity while an expanded and more flexible definition of self emerges "self shock"

3 environmental conditions that affect the adaptation process:

1. host receptivity: degree to which a given enviornment is structurally and pyschologically accessible and open to strangers. 2. host conformity pressure: extent to which the evironment challenges strangers to adopt the normative patterns of the host culture and its communication system; expectations about how strangers should think and act 3. ethnic group strength: stronger community= stronger pressure to confrom

3 sets of "open system" assumptions about the nature of humans:

1. humans have an inherent drive to adapt and grow 2. adaptation to one's social environment occurs though communication 3. Adaptation is a complex and synamic process

factors needed for intercultural communication competence(ICC) process:

1. knowledge 2. motivation 3. skills -the process requires KNOWLEDGE about the person with whom you are in communication, that you are MOTIVATED to communicate with him or her, and that you have the appropriate verbal and nonverbal SKILLS in order to encode and decode messages.

4 components of Spitzberg's ICC Model: (competence within a dyad)

1. knowledge component (cognitive) 2. affective component (motivation) 3. psychomotor component (skills/behavior) 4. situational features

Three cultures that bring cultural groups together:

1. mobility 2. voluntariness 3. permanence -must be continuous and direct contact between members of host culture and newcomers

Intercultural Conflict Competence: 5 types of conflict:

1. object: facts; true or false 2. relational: relationship and power issues; likes and dislikes 3. priority: moral issues; how we see other people; attributions 4. expressive: feelings and release of emotional tensions 5. instrumental: task related

two types of face needs:

1. positive: the need to appear competent and feel "included" or connected to others 2. negative: the need to feel freedom over over our own actions (autonomy, independence)

factors within predisposition:

1. preparedness: mental, emotional, and motivational readiness to deal with the new cultural enviornment 2. different ethnicities 3. personality traits : openness and strength

An individual's level of acculturation depends on:

1. the degree to which the person approaches or avoids interaction with the host culture 2. the degree to which the individual maintains or relinquishes his or her native culture's attributes

What best explains the acculturative process?

1. the role of communication 2. the role of the host environment and 3. the role of predispositions

4 levels of Cultural Awareness:

1. unconscious incompetence: -minimal awareness of cultural difference or mistakes make. "blissful ignorance." -you dont even know what you dont know 2. Conscious incompetence: -basic realization of cultural differences; minimal understanding of underlying reasons of the significance -you know you dont know 3. Conscious competence: -increased understanding of differences; deliberate behavioral adjustments are made to reduce misunderstandings -rational rider 4. Unconscious competence: -culturally appropriate behavior is more or less automatic for you now. -elephant and rider working together

Integrated Model Five common qualities

1.Empathy- includes ability to sense, accurately perceive, and appropriately respond to one's personal, interpersonal, and social environment 2. Intercultural experience/training- involves the actualy study of intercultural communication 3. Approach tendencies- the individual's interest in and effort to talk, understand, and extend help 4. Global attitude- individuals who are open to others, better at communicating, show interest in differences and are aware of them 5. Listening skills- individuals perceived as competent when willing to spend time listening and learning

Integration

A high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture. develops a bicultural orientation . also known as pluralism and milticulturalism

Conflict competence criteria

APPROPRIATENESS the degree to which the individuals behaviors are suitable for the cultural context in which they occur. EFFECTIVENESS the degree to which the individuals achieve mutually shared meaning, which leads to intercultural understanding. SATISFACTION the degree to which the individuals are able to create the desired images of themselves, and to what extent those images are accepted by the opposing party. PRODUCTIVITY the perception by both parties that a successful resolution was reached.

Intercultural experience/training

Actual study of intercultural communication

Discussion Style

An individual who approaches conflict directly but is emotionally restrained. This person emphasizes precise language and straightforward communication about the disagreement while withholding his or her emotions. Calm and collected emotionally

Emergent issues in Intercultural Alliances that appear to be central to intercultural relationships are: -Impact of History -Number of ethnic groups in the United States increasing -Power and Unearned Privilege -Orientation of Affirmation -Sensitivity to al cultures

-Impact of History -Power and Unearned Privilege -Orientation of Affirmation

Affective Component (Motivation)

-approach avoidance tendencies: one's level of motivation to interact with others from different cultures -intercultural communication apprehension (ICA): fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated interaction with persons from different cultures -willingness to communicate across cultures -interdependent with knowledge component because more knowledge one has, more likely one is to approach situations involving intercultural communication

Facework

-communicative strategies employed to initiate, manage, or terminate conflict; the specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors that we engage in to maintain or restore face loss and to uphold and honor face again -the variable that ties culture to peoples way of handling conflict

Micro Level (individual)

-each individual's unique attitudes, dispositions, and beliefs that she /she brings to the conflict -Cognitive simplicity/rigidity -In-group bias: degree to which the individual is ethnocentric -insecurity/frustration: individual has high uncertainty and fear of out-group members -Divergent behaviors: behavioral patterns that clearly differentiate and distance him or her from out-group members

Macro Level (societal)

-factors that are out of the control of the interactants -History of subjugation: key factor in many intercultural conflicts -Ideological or structural inequalities: societal differences regarding power, prestigue, and economic reward -Minority group strength: the amount of power a particular group possesses

The Knowledge Component (Cognitive)

-how much one knows about the culture of the person with whom he/she is interacting with -verbal and nonverbal scripts -cognitive simplicity/rigidity -ethnocentrism

Situational Features:

-perceived competence varies with the ACTUAL SITUATION in which intercultural communication occurs -environmental context: should have some knowledge of the host culture's perceptions of time and space -previous contact: competence and trust take time to establish. competence grows as you interact more with the peoples of your host culture -status differential: certain nonverbal and verbal strategies may be more or less appropriate depending on the status of the individual you are interacting with -third party intervention: this addition may noticeably change the dynamics of the situation. status may go up or down, sex of third party may affect situational features (topics that were appropriate may become unfit and vice versa)

Acculturation (2nd culture learning)

-phenomena which result when group of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact with subsequent changes in the original culture pattern of either or both cultures

hammer's intercultural conflict style (ICS) inventory: -purpose -two fundamental features -when is conflict better managed

-purpose: to diagnose and manage intercultural conflicts -two fundamental features: 1. disagreement (cognitive component) 2. emotional reaction (affective response to the disagreement) -conflict is better managed after the conflicting partners have identified their personal style plus that of their counterpart

Intermediary Level (Kim's Model)

-refers to the actual location and context of the conflict (environment) -Segregation/contact: extent of interaction on a daily basis -Intergroup salience: observable physical and social differences. (race, language, speech patterns, etc.) -Status discrepancy: degree to which conflicting parties differ in status along cultural lines

what is intercultural sensitivity? Creator?

-the ability to be open to learning about and the accepting of different cultures - Milton Bennet

Psychomotor Component (Skills/Behavior)

-the actual enactment of the knowledge and affective components -verbal performance: how people use language -role enactment: how well one executes the appropriate verbal and nonverbal messages according to one's relative position and role in the host culture

intercultural conflict:

-the experience of emotional frustration or mismatched expectations between individuals from different cultures who perceive an incompatibility between their values, norms, goals, scarce resources, or outcomes during an intercultural exchange. -occurs when group membership factors influence how individuals approach, avoid, and manage conflict

Two types of Face Needs (Ting-Toomey)

Positive- the need to appear competenet and feel "included" or connected to others Negative- the need to feel freedom over our own actions (autonomy, independence)

Direct

Precise, explicit language "Say what you mean and mean what you say" where one's intentions are explicitly stated Prefers face-to-face, direct channels to solve issues Sender is responsible for making his or her case known

Separation

Prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated micro-cultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture

Situational Features

RELATIONSHIP PARAMETERS whether they trust or distrust each other, and the degree to which they see themselves as intimate and close. IN-GROUP-OUT-GROUP whether there are clear group differences between them, including race, ethnicity, and or sex differences.

The tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events

Recency effect

Adjustment (Stages of Culture Shock)

Reorientation Problem-solving Skills Conflict Resolution Appreciation of Host Culture Intercultural Relationships develop

The tendency to claim more responsibility for success than failures. It may also manifest itself as a tendency for people to evaluate ambiguous information in a way beneficial to their interests

Self serving bias

Four modes of acculturation

Separation, Marginalization, Integration, Assimilation

Beside nationality, race, and ethnicity, what is the fourth cultural identity discussed in Mary Jane Collier's essay.

Sex

S-A-G-D

Stress- Adaptation-Growth-Dynamic -stress responses are tempoprary and counterproductive - generally are accompanied by adaptation responses as well- dialectical push pull relationship

Intercultural communication competence (ICC):

The degree to which you effectively adapt your verbal and nonverbal messages to the appropriate culture context.

Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

The framework describes the different ways in which people can react to cultural differences.

Assimilation

The individual desires contact with the host culture while not necessarily maintaining an identity with his of her native culture. ultimate goal is becoming indistinguishable from other members of the host culture

Engagement Style

The person who is direct in his or her communication and is also emotionally expressive. This person is confrontational about the disagreement and forthtight with his or her emotions. "pulls no punches"

Stages of Culture Shock

Tourist phase Culture Shock Adjustment Adaptation/Acculturation

According to Dodd and Baldwin essay, we all intermarry, even if we marry the boy next door. T or F

True

According to the criteria put forth by the author, not all groups have a culture. T or F

True

According to the psychology today article, country music and heavy metal are both generally regarded as white. T or F

True

Ascriptions often serve to enforce in-group solidarity. T or F

True

Culture differences can be accommodated or accepted. T or F

True

Interpretations of what it means to be a member of an ethnic group may differ dramatically in different regions of the country. T or F

True

Mary Jane Collier's goal for the essay is twofold: to explore how individuals form different cultural backgrounds maintain their friendships as well as demonstrate respect for each other's cultural differences. T or F

True

McIntosh argue that people are taught about racism, not privilege. T or F

True

Sometimes just sensing an intention to affirm can be strong enough to compensate for behaving negatively towards another in an intercultural friendship. T or F

True

Supportiveness is "each family's degree of openness to communication and ability to incorporate and apply new information into family member relationships?" T or F

True

The opposite of heuristics is the scientific method. T or F

True

Which is not one of the five systemic elements discussed in the Dodd and Baldwin essay? -Cultural Adaptively -Trust -Cohesion

Trust

Difference between U curve and W curve (along with 2 U curves)

U curve: main model used for culture shock W shock: used for reentry culture shock. when those who have lived outside of their native culture and then return.

Difference between the U curve vs. W curve (two U curves):

U curve: the original model for culture shock W curve: model for "reentry" shock. when those who have lived outside of their native culture return. also known as two U curves: the initial culture shock experienced when the traveler enters a new culture and a reentry shock when they return home after an extended stay in a foreign country

Indirect

Use of metaphors Use of analogies Hint what you mean ; ambiguous Make use of third-party intermediary in conflicts the burden of understanding rests on both the sender and the reciever

Emotionally Expressive

Visually demonstrate feelings by laughing, gesturing, facial expressions Tone can vary in function to emotions Commitment, trust, and degree of involvement shown through emotions Credibility and sincerity gained through emotional display

Accomodation style

When one communicates about conflict indirectly and without emotion. This is the type of person who only hints at the nature of the disagreement and may prefer an intermediary to address the conflict. Sees emotional outburts as potentially dangerous

Listening skills

Willing to spend time listening and learning ans they know about cultural matters and are good at relating to different cultures.

Psychomotor component KAPS

actual enactment of the knowledge and affective component oVerbal performance o Nonverbal performance o Role enactment

Integrating facework

allows for the shared concern for self and other face and strives for closure in the conflict. mututal-face

Culture is constantly in flux

as conditions change, cultural groups adapt in dynamic and sometimes unpredictable ways.

Avoiding Facework

behaviors focus on an attempt to save the face of the other person. other-face

verbal and nonverbal scripts

blueprints for communication that provide people with expectation about future communicative encounters with others -competent communicators develop and maintain a repertoire of scripts

growth gained from stress and adaptation brings transformation of

cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses

Knowledge KAPS

consists of how much one knows about the culture of the persons with whom one is interacting o knowledge of the cultures values, beliefs, and behaviors o verbal and nonverbal o ethnocentrism

cognitive simplicity/rigidity:

degree to which individuals process information about persons from different cultures in a simplistic and rigid manner -competent communicators are open and flexible

Secondary communication styles

emotional expression, third-party help, and neglect

Face

explains how people from different cultures manage conflict. Refers to a persons self worth or self image experienced during communicative situations. Is an emotional extention of the self concept.

According to Mary Jane Collier, it is by our own actions that determine who we are. T or F

false

Summary of Knowledge, Motivation, and Skill:

in order to be a competent communicator, one must be able to recognize which skills are necessary in a particular situation, have those skills, and be properly motivated to use those skills

Approach tendencies

involve the individual's interest in and effort to talk, understand, and extend help

Culture Shock

is a multifaceted experience resulting from the stress associated with entering a new culture

Other face (avoiding)

is the concern for anothers image.

Mutual face (integrating)

is the concern for both parties images or the image of the relationshp.

Culture is elastic

knowing the cultural norms of a given group does not predict the behavior of a member of that group, who may not conform to norms for individual or contextual reasons. Therefore, stereotypes (e.g. "Italians think this way," or "Buddhists prefer that") have limited use, and can lead to error if not checked with experience

host interpersonal communication:

new sets of relationships as an adequate support system, secures vital information and insight into the mind-sets and behaviors of the local people -the degree of interpersonal communication = an indicator of cross cultural adaptation

host mass communication:

not as important as interpersonal communication. important for cultural and language learning in early phases. "para-social relations"

5 Types of Intercultural Conflicts (Ting-Toomey)

objects- facts; true or false relational- relationship and power issues; likes and dislikes priority- moral issues; how we see other people; attributions expressive- feelings and release of emotional tension instrumental- task related

Situational features KAPS

perceive contact varies with the situation; actual situation o Environment context o Previous contact o Status differential o 3rd-party intervention

Dynamic Style

person who communicates indirectly about the disagreement but is emotionally expressive. Verbally, this person may use exaggeration and repetition of his or her messages while also employing a nonverbal emotionally confrontational form of expression.

Hammer's Intercultural Conflict Style (ICS) Inventory & its two fundamental features:

purpose is to diagnose and manage intercultural conflicts. style is a behavioral component fundamental features: 1. disagreement (cognitive component) and 2. Emotional Reaction (effective response to the disagreement)

Mary Jane Collier several dialects that must be handled well in order to have a good intercultural friendship. Which two from this list were discussed? -openness vs closedness -relational vs divergent cultural identities -Independence vs Interdependence -separateness and togetherness

relational vs divergent cultural identities -Independence vs Interdependence

Other-face need

seeks to incorporate the interests of the other.

Self face need

seeks to satisfy his or her interests during conflict.

Empathy (Integrated Model)

the ability to sense, accurately perceive, and appropriately respond to one's personal, interpersonal, and social environment.

enculturation

the acquisition of values, beliefs, and behaviors through the family and from childhood on; the process of becoming knowledgeable and competent in one's own culture (1st culture learning)

host communication competence

the capacity of strangers to appropriately and effectively 1. receive and process information and 2. to design and execute mental plans in initiating or responding to messages . Facilitates adaption in the most direct and significant way

Affective: KAPS

the degree to which one approaches or avoids intercultural communication-one's level of motivation to interact with others from different cultures o Approach-avoidance tendencies o Intercultural communication apprehension o Willingness to communicate across culture

ethnocentrism

the extent to which one perceives one's own group as the center of everything and judges other groups with reference to it -strongest predictor of general cultural understanding

Culture is multi-layered

what you see on the surface may mask differences below the surface