International Relations Final Exam

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

-Established at Bretton Woods -Built to prevent currency crises -Says they'll give loans to those countries but they don't give them for free--> must follow the "Washington Consensus" to get the loan -These guidelines benefit the rich and hurt the poor the most -Once IMF gives loan gives green light to private investors to give more money to those countries--> the private investors give the most money -IMF demands they make structural adjustments, which follow the classical liberal economy theory -If currency is about to crash can go to IMF and get sector (macro) loans to protect against crisis so people/investor money doesn't pull out if get worried country is failing -Coordinates: currency exchange rates, loans, national accounts

Bretton Woods

-Established: World Bank, International Monetary Fund, WTO -Gold standard -Era 1944-1973 -Created to prevent another Great Depression

UN General Assembly

-Every country has one vote -Passes non-binding resolutions -Makes recommendations

Comparative Advantage

-Every society has some kind of advantage -Countries should promote what they are good at/does well -Sell what you do best and buy the rest--> more efficient

Satisficing

-Everyone's second choice -Least common denominator -Everyone can live with it, but it is nobodies first choice

Cornucopians

-Everything is going to be fine--> don't worry about it -More people is a good thing because leads to more minds and the market will take care of the problems -People want to be rich and will make sure they'll get there -Will find a solution to the problem once problem is really bad -Julian Simon = hardcore cornucopian

Priomordialism

-Explain the persistence of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture

Autarky

-Falls under economic nationalism/mercantilism -Trump follows this idea -State goal: autarky--> self sufficiency -Should not rely on other countries' exports -Developed industries at home to prevent the dependency on others

Hugo Grotius

-Father of international law -Help to develop the international legal concept of freedom of the seas

UN Charter

-Founding document of the UN -Is a treaty President signed with 2/3 of Senate agreement -Said: states are sovereign (can't get involved in a country's domestic issues), states are equal, states have obligations -Bicameral system: general assembly and security council

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

-Free trade agreement where countries agree not to have any interference between the members in it -Free trade zones--> everyone benefits, don't want to compete with each other -Lowers trade barrier with Canada, US, Mexico - Post NAFTA analysis: higher paying jobs, but localized pain

Grameen Bank

-Gave small loans to village women because saw them as more responsible

Soft Balancing

-Going against the hegemonic country/main power -Weaker states decide that the dominance and influence of a stronger state is unacceptable

Central Banks

-Government banks that manage, regulate, and protect both the money supply and the banks -Currencies re controlled by Central Banks -Deals with bond makret: stocks and bonds -US: Federal Reserve

Groupthink

-Groups pressure members to conform; look for unanimity -Go along with groups -When leader at meeting people tend to agree with them -Sometimes have specific devils advocate to produce more options

Moral Hazard

-Happens when there is no punishment for failure -No consequences for failure--> makes people make more risks -Lack of incentive to guard against risk fo one is protected from its consequence; no incentive to make good choices *Why some say not to forgive poor countries and debts*

HIPCs

-Heavily Indebted Poor Countries -Countries having a hard time paying back money/loans -Create ways to renogiate debts to relieve the burden of debt on countries -Bono--> says that countries won't be able to develop because can't pay back loans and have large debt

Currency Crises

-Sudden devaluation of a nation's currency -Moves in pacts. Want to get your money out early if something goes wrong -IMF built to prevent currency crises -May result from chronic balance of payments deficits or from market speculation about the ability of a government to back its currency -Occur when governments lie and make investors loose confidence; corruption--> leads to ripple affect of other countries that suffer too

Second Strike Capability

-The "Nuclear Triad" -Ability to respond after the first strike of nuclear weapons -Have them on bombers, submarines, missiles to make surer have second strike -This can prevent the first strike from ever occuring

Structural Adjustments

-The IMF in order to get the loans the countries have to adopt liberal economists theory -Market better when left alone even if there may be some localized bad because of it. reforms hurt the poor the most, nobody is forced to make these structural changes 1. Cut taxes 2. Cut spending 3. Tax reform 4. Exchange rates floating freely

PEPFAR

-The President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR/Emergency Plan) is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease, primarily in Africa. -The program initially aimed to provide antiretroviral treatment (ART) to 2 million HIV-infected people in resource-limited settings, to prevent 7 million new infections, and to support care for 10 million people (the "2-7-10 goals") by 2010. -PEPFAR increased the number of Africans receiving ART from 50,000 at the start of the initiative in 2004 to at least 1.2 million in early 2008.

Nuclear Triad

-The military strategy of having a three-pronged nuclear capability, from land, sea, or air

Legitimacy

-The right to rule/the ability for a government to rule an area -Roman emperors legitimacy seen through military legitimacy -Divine legitimacy = higher power wants the person to be king -Democratic legitimacy = voting/people give the power through elections -Today only legitimate if your people want you to win/hold power

Human Security

-The security of people, including their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their dignity, and the protection of their human rights -Shifts security from state to an individual -The idea that we should redefine security and think of it more broadly--> look at it more at the individual level

Absolute Gains

-The total benefits that accrue to a state as a consequence of its interactions with other states without regard to the benefits that accrue to others

"Retreat from Doomsday"

-Theory about the future. John Mueller. War has become obsolete. We are in the most peaceful time ever. normative progression is unidirectional (history is linear). happy constructivist theory -Decrease in violence across the world: we don't plan for them anymore because it is not in a country's best interest to go to war -Warfare of all types are on the decline because ideas surrounding the use of force have changed -Conquest is dead -Precedents--> changing of ideas; ideas change on what is right versus wrong; ex: slavery -Society leaves barbaric way of life behind and it hasn't come back--> war seen as this

Current Account Balance

-Trade -Exports minus imports

MFN Principle

-Trade restrictions imposed by a WTO member on its most-favored trading partner must be applied equally to all WTO members -Set of rules that are enforced which demands the members to have all the same rules--> treat all members equally -Treat all as: most favored nation; principle of non-discrimination -Tariffs/regulations applied without discrimination

Sources of International Law

-Treaties -Customary rules (general rules that everyone accepts) -General principles (shared domestic laws) -Court decisions (precedents): prior court decisions --> current court decisions -Legal scholarship (opinions by scholars)

Gold Standard

-US economy used to be based on this -Only printed as much money as ounces of gold in treasury reserve ($35/oz) -Standard set confidence in the dollar

UNESCO

-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization -Economic and social council (ECOSCO) = social organizations to help people around the world -UNICEF, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, UNHCR

Ethnic Cleansing

-Want the other group OUT not dead -Darfur (2003-2008)

Power Transition Theory

-War can happen because of uneven growth -If one country is growing faster than another it produces fear, making war inevitable -Stronger state thinks they should go to war now because they are able to beat them now, but maybe not later -Creates instability idea

Offense-Defense Theory

-War not as common if the defense has the advantage, more common if the offense does -Whoever attacks first = believed will win

World Bank

-Was established in Bretton Woods, NH (1944) -Main goal: international development -Gives micro loans to make development projects -Board decides if they want to give the money--> US has largest economy so they have the most say in where the money goes -Conditionality standards -May not give money to projects that they don't think will be achievable -Criticism: doesn't think about the environmental consequences that may occur -Target of it: heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCS)--> countries having a hard time paying back money/loans

The League of Nations

-Woodrow Wilson created this. Went to Paris Peace Talks and came back with the 14 points -Goal was to prevent world wars -Based off of collective security: attach on one is an attack on all of us in the League of Nations -Idea that everyone would come to aid of the country that was attacked -Almost everyone joined it--> US and Soviet Union did not sign/join -US didn't support the collective theory idea -No one lived up to collective security like realists said cause it was not in state's own interest -League failed because WWII happened

Adam Smith

-Wrote the Wealth of Nations -Said individual is the key actor in economics, not the state -Economic liberalist -Rational individual action creates a self-regulating, efficient market--> if there is a need for the product the field will succeed/if people want it

The "Pottery Barn Rule"

-You break it, you fix it -Must put nation back together if you get involved militarily; the reason why countries did not get involved in Rwanda -Becomes responsibility if interveners to put nation back together--> makes people hesitant to get involved

UN Security Council

-A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces -Power realities--> not everyone is actually equal -Implements/decides -Makes binding decision on its members -5 permanent members: US, China, GB, France, Russia; winning countries of WWII -10 nonpermanent members are elected by general assembly -If any 5 permanent members veto a resolution--> stop it right away -Security council can put sanctions on other countries -Recommendations for peaceful settlements; compulsory measures (sanctions, troops); deploying peacekeeping troops, etc.

Impearlism

-A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Floating Exchange Rates

-A system in which prices of different currencies move up and down based on the demand for and the supply of each currency -Market determines the currency rate -Used today -If thought country economy will grow than currency will go up in the next few years. A person should invest now/ get currency now -Type of monetary exchange rate is a regime where the currency price of a nation is set by the forex market based on supply and demand relative to other currencies

Preventative War

-A war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future -Preventative wars arise because states whose power is increasing cannot commit not to exploit that power in future bargaining interactions

International Court of Justice

-Adjudicates between states -Court of arbitration = chooses one side; no mediation -Encourages more responsible responses -Both sides agree to come and will do what ICJ decides -Case: between trade of countries

Mercantilism

-Aka economic nationalism -Trump follows this idea -Notion of trade that will make our home country stronger--> best way to generate wealth; ex: going abroad and finding colonies -Security > prosperity: security is more important than economy--> way to increase power -Economy is a component of power: government must maximize wealth of own country -Exports good, imports bad: more exports than imports. Buy consumer choices of own country; flow of more money in (net flow positive) -Economics is a competition--> state competition -Dominant theory in past; goal: enrich country at expense of other countries. Take raw products from colonies and use slave labor -State goal: autarky -Managed trade, not free trade. Through tariffs--> make imports more expensive than domestic products--> tax on incoming goods; protectionism and sanctions -Government must protect own interests first -IPE is a zero-sum game = one is winning one is losing -Napoleon's "Continental System" = Napoleon's people could not buy British goods because of economic/government manipulation--> wanted to starve them

Trans-Pacific Partnership

-An Asia-Pacific regional trade agreement currently being negotiated among the United States and eight other partners. The United States' TPP negotiating partners are Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. -Asian countries with some Western countries -Discuss environmental concerns -US pulled out of it -Failed because US refused to participate

UNICEF

-An agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries -United Nations's International Children's Emergency Fund -Intergovernmental organization -Executive board members are government representatives elected by the UN Economic and Social Council usually for three year terms

Bipolarity

-An international system in which there are two great powers or blocs of roughly equal strength or weight -Could be safer because checks and balances -Seen today as US and China

Multipolarity

-An international system in which three or more great powers have the capability to threaten the security and sovereignty of one another -Some might argue that peace is best preserved by a relatively equal power distribution (multipolarity) because then no country has an opportunity to win easily -Other approach: less stable because they'll fight each other

Hegemonic Stability Theory

-As long as you have one head person/actor strong enough to make/enforce the rules chaos won't break out -US does/is this right now--> product = spending a lot of money on army in result for peace -State gets to pick/choose where we intervene -If both sides in a rivalry know that aggression is suicidal, then stability can be maintained

The "English School"

-Associated with Bull's "The Anarchical Society" (1977) -Despite the anarchic nature of the international system, there is a "society of states," which creates rules based on shared fears (e.g., unrestricted violence). -Sets a middle path between Hobbesian realism and Kantian "world society," or between realism and liberalism.

Cartels

-Association of producers that come together to set a price -Don't let markets set the price

Pyrrhic Victory

-Benefits must outweigh the costs for it to be worth going to war

Democratic Peace Theory

-By Immanuel Kant -Democratic countries don't fight/go to war with each other -Possibly the reason why we are in the most peaceful time in world history

The "Clash of Civilizations"

-By Samuel Huntington -Fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or economic -Cultural differences will dominate over political ideology -The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural -Warns of growing threat to Western civilization along with Western ideologies (democracy, liberalism) from a population surge in predominantly Islamic countries and China -People's cultural and religious identities will be primary source of conflict -Due to the fact that people are able to find news sources that follow their beliefs already -Fault lines between civilizations have fundamental cultural differences -Clashes typically date back to the cultural differences, mostly religion (follows Constructivist idea) -Our identities are hardening and the future will be based off those and not national interests. People relate within their civilizations more than outside because of identities/beliefs. -Things will get worse because culture is hardening -The largest hardening conflict in future: Islam vs the West due to different values, identities, religion, culture -Less trust between civilizations today than in the past; reason why social media won't bring people together because people interpret things differently -People divide themselves into camps based off of culture -Harder to cooperate between civilization than in civilizations--> leads to more war

Compellance

-Coercive strategy -You must act for fear of the consequences if you don't

Deterrence

-Coercive strategy -You must not act for fear of the consequences if you do

Core vs. Periphery

-Core = rich countries/North; sell high end manufactured goods to periphery -Periphery = poor countries/South; supply the raw material to core and give cheap labor -Core preys on South--> hard for periphery countries to move up to the core -Rules of international trade are set by core countries so they profit off them the most

Geoengineering

-Cornucopia idea that market will come up with solutions -Artificial modification of the Earth's climate; should solve climate issue with technology 0-Ex: solar radiation management, carbon dioxide removal (planting trees)

Sovereign Wealth Funds

-Countries invest money into other countries -Public investment account--> investment account run by a country; oil rich countries tend to have these -US and most western countries don't have public investment account -Creates leverage of one country over another -Typically don't make a lot of money off of these--> create little interest because little risk associated with this -More money return for countries that invest in smaller countries because there is more risk associated with it

Sustainable Development

-Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs -Balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations -Look at long term not short term -Lives of people today are much better/better off than ever before: less poverty, violence, disease, hunger

Aum Shinrikyo

-Doomsday cult based in Japan -Released anthrax into Japan, but wasn't successful--> used WMD put couldn't kill a lot of people -Wanted a WWIII

Protectionism

-Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports -Protect own country (workers, goods, etc.) -Put tax on products/companies who move over sea

Marxism

-A "core" group of states dominates and subjugates a larger group in the "periphery" -Classes, rather than states, are the most important actors in international politics -Inequality is the greatest problem facing international politics -21st century will feature a rich, peaceful North and a poor, turbulent South -Lack of international government means that there is no way to restrain the excesses of global capitalism, so the rich will get richer at the expense of the poor -Idea of classes and how some people/states are getting richer while other people/states are getting poorer; there is a growing difference between the two -Issues between poor and rich states are drastically different -People are greedy by nature -International politics is the story of the "haves" vs "have nots" -Inequality is inherently unstable -People of global south are more aware of inequality due to technology -Environmental degradation hurts the south more because rich countries can help environment -Ex: limousine with reverse-tinted windows

Constructivism

-Ideas, identity, beliefs guide our choices on all levels -Our beliefs/values change over time not our intelligence -Human nature is constructed, not fixed; both optimism and pessimism are unwarranted...get cues from societies on how you should act -Ideas and identity provide structure to the world and our actions -People and states are not rational -Rules of international politics as ideas change; ideas evolve as people evolve -World is an international society of people, not a system of states: people share ideas and beliefs; norm entrepreneurs--> people who create new norms -To understand the world, examine its dominant ideas, norms, beliefs--> help those around us -Normative evolution = ideas of what is acceptable has changed. Ideas change and they can come back but they might not -Religion and culture are important variables -Individual level of analysis has the most explanatory power -As ideas and norms evolve, so too does state behavior -World is better considered to be a society of people rather than a system of states

Dumping

-Impediment to free trade that the WTO regulates -The government of a country helps an exporter sell a product at a lower cost abroad -Mean to crush other competitors; makes other competitors go out of business to create a monopoly -Government tells the companies they'll pay their employees -Unfair trade practice because doesn't let market decide what product is best

International Criminal Court

-International law institution -Focuses on war crimes/crimes against people/crimes against humanity -Will prosecute a person if a country itself wont -Most serious crimes -Fairly controversial because global south believes just prosecuting what global north wants -US believes it is political tool to tie up big countries--> US has not joined but is the reason it is a thing (Nuremberg Trials) -Examples: Nuremberg Trials = first/reason created; 6 Kenya men who caused election violence

Foreign Direct Investment

-Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country -Investment over borders -Typically private sector with private sector -Occur at greater rate every year

Capital Account Balance

-Investments -Outflow - inflow -Is money flowing in -Reason US has balance of payments because more money is flowing in through investments than we send out

Jus in Bello

-Justice during war -How the war is fought -War is just if: no torture is used, civilians have the choice to fight, least amount of force is used to kill, least amount of lives lost

Jus ad Bellum

-Justice to war or leading to war -Before war

Realism

-Maximizing power and seeking interest -Power hungry, selfish people -First realists: Thucydides and Thomas Hobbes -Idea that power can never be equally distributed -A country that gains something means that another country must be losing something--> example of why militaries keep getting stronger and stronger -Relative gains are more important than absolute gains -Anarchy encourages all countries to look out for themselves (no central government) -Rules of morality that apply to individuals do not apply to states -States are "unitary actors" -Military strength is the most important measure of national power -Strong do what they will, while the weak suffer what they must -International politics is essentially a bellum omnium contra omnes, or "war of every one against every one" -Competition is inevitable (war); cooperation is difficult to achieve -Domestic politics is essentially irrelevant, making the regime type (state level of politics) not important--> allies chosen based off of interests not regime -International politics is a "zero sum game" : x + y = 0 -Security dilemma is unavoidable because we don't trust people -History is essentially cyclical--> repeats itself -System level of analysis has the most explanatory power -Ex: Billar balls

Peacekeeping

-Military operations undertaken with the consent of all major parties designed to monitor an agreement -Wear blue helmets to stand out as neutral -Lightly armed, keep peace--> not impose -Come once ceasefire enacted

Difference Feminism

-More women should be added to IR because they will provide different perspectives to issues -Women and men grow up very differently and in result the way that they look at the world is different -Women = more into cooperation and not using war as a source of force right away -Men = follow the belief of realists

MNCs

-Multi-National Corporations -Companies that span multiple countries -Ex: Fedex, Oracle

MAD

-Mutually Assured Destruction: the idea that the superpowers had so many nuclear weapons that they would completely destroy each other in a war

Anarchy

-No central government = total chaos - Idea that one must look after themselves because there is no global 911 = "self-help" imperative

NGOs

-Non-governmental organizations -Nonprofit organization that operates independently of any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a social or political issue -Ex: Red Cross, World Wildlife Fund, Greenpeace

Thomas Hobbes

-Notion of realism starts with him -Believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority -Saw life/politics as: "war of everyone against everyone" -Life without government would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short" -Anarchy--> without central government = total chaos. One must look after themselves because there is no global 911--> "self-help" imperative

Weapons of Mass Destruction

-Nuclear, biological, chemical warfare

Unipolarity

-One country has the most power -In the past, people considered the world unipolar with the United States as the country that had the most power

Genocide

-One group wants another group dead based off of identity, racial, ethnic, religious reasons -Rwanda (1994) -Want them dead not out

Relative gains

-One of the factors that realists argue constrain the willingness of states to cooperate. States are less concerned about whether everyone benefits (absolute gains) and more concerned about whether someone may benefit more than someone else

Zero-Sum Game

-One person's gain is another's loss -x + y = 0 -Component of realism that says that if one country gains another country must lose

Liberalism

-Optimistic view of life/human nature -Woodrow Wilson is father of the idea -International laws and institutions profoundly influence the way states behave -Regime type matters; democracies are better international actors than dictatorships -Since people are basically good, sustained international cooperation is possible -History is essentially linear; human progress is possible -The goal of leaders should be to improve the world, like Woodrow Wilson tried to do -International laws and communication are possible and states will follow them if states themselves enforce them -Everyone is interconnected--if one country loses all countries will feel the effects of it and vice versa with gains -Absolute gains are more important than relative gains -Military power is not the "ultima ratio", economic power matters too -War is often the result of misperception--> failed diplomacy -Free trade is better than managed trade State level of analysis has most explanatory power -Ex: spider web

OPEC

-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -Oil cartel = association of producers that come together to set a price--> don't let markets set the price -Holds back oil to increase amount of money/price of oil -Controls the price -Domestically cartels are illegal because they are bad for economic competition. Internationally legal because can't arrest a country -All in OPEC producing at maximize rate except for Saudi Arabia--> only country that can lower the price of oil -Has a great affect on the environment because it continues the extraction of fossil fuels

Prospect Theory

-People are not ration -We as a species want to avoid losing as much as possible--> hurts more to lose than win -Motivated not to lose -Motivated by fear of losing more than hope of winning

The "Risky-Shift" Phenomenon

-People tend to take more risks when they are in groups; people tend to act less responsible in groups than as individuals -Nobody wants to be seen as the voice of reason; don't want to be seen as scared if reject decision

Microfinance

-Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries -Money given out for economic development -Project (micro) loans for roads, disease research -Used in Bangladesh: local/small loans given out at the household level -Says charity is no the answer to poverty because it does not help development and people need incentives to do better -Loans offer people the opportunity to take initiative

Group Mobilization Theory

-Reason why ethnic conflict, the clashing of identities, may result -Groups are mobilized by leaders -Has a leader that reminds groups of their greviences -Primordial hatreds -Relative deprivation

Diplomatic Recognition

-Recognizes/establishes diplomatic -That government is in control...it is a legitimate government -Don't need to like them

R2P

-Responsibility to protect -Fundamental responsibility of a state is to protect its citizens -If state can't protect citizens--> international community must

Sanctions

-Restrictions on trade

Sovereignty

-Right to rule within a country -Can act without interference from outside -External actors won't interfere with internal affairs -Seen after Treaty of Westphalia -Result of the treaty: international law, secularization, modern diplomacy, fixed borders, equality of states

Globalization

-Says nationalism isn't as important as it used to be -Hooked together in different ways -Regional economies, societies, cultures become integrated through an interconnected global network of communication -Good news: wider markets for trade, larger private capital inflows, better access to technology, availability of wider variety of goods -Bad news: reduction of sovereignty (Brexit), increase in competition may lead to some firms closing down (local firms hurt), risk of being left behind (there are losers), payoffs are larger, but so are the penalties for policy in action or errors

Unitary Actors

-Seeks own interests/acts in own interest -Realist idea

Reciprocity

-Self interest -Tit-for-tat by other countries in response -If you follow the rules, I will follow the rules and vice versa with rule breaking -Countries want to live in a society of rules because self-interest -Encourages others

World Trade Organization (WTO)

-Set of rules that are enforced -Demands the members to have all the same rules--> treat all members equally -Treat all as: most favored nation; principle of non discrimination -Tariffs/regulations applied without discrimination All members receive most preferential trade terms -Enforced through reciprocity: if you do something wrong the other side makes an exception/can do something wrong -Regulates tariffs, sanctions, dumping, cartels -Critics say: set up to only benefit the rich people in all countries and not he poor, no environmental concerns at all or local concerns (ex: Walmart hurts local stores), hard because creates destruction (problem for locals but also benefit because they can buy cheaper goods)

Simon-Ehrlich Wager

-Simon had Ehrlich choose five commodity metals: copper, chromium, nickel, tin, and tungsten. Simon bet that their prices would decrease, while Ehrlich bet they would increase. Ehrlich lost the bet; all five commodities declined in price from 1980 through 1990, the wager period. -Simon was right--> all 5 were cheaper than when they made the bet years ago -Simon's idea based on: would find more of each resource in the 10 years of the bet--> TRUE -Price goes up--> leads to exploration because profit motive

The Tragedy of the Commons

-Situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community -Dilemma arising from the situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interests, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long term interest -Global fisheries at risk b/c no one owns deep sea--> overfishing -Needs shared protection of parts or will lead to great issues -Hard to get countries to cut back on their national interests especially when there is competition

Rally 'Round the Flag

-Societal source of why decisions are made -When crisis happens--> leader is more popular -There is a spike in support during war time for government that usually only lasts 4 months -Ex: Bush highest approval ranking in history after 9/11 attacks