International relations midterm

Among the early realist writers was/were

Sun Tzu & Thucydides.

The goal of transforming entire societies from a culture of conflict to a culture of peace is associated with peace studies. T / F

T

The sequence of steps in the rational model of decision-making is __________.

clarify goals, order goals by importance, list alternatives to achieve goals, investigate consequences of alternatives, and choose the course of action

International relations __________.

concerns the relationships among the world's governments

_______________ argue that "anarchy is what states make of it".

constructivists

Consideration of the political organizations, government agencies, and economic sectors of states is the focus of the __________ level of analysis.

domestic

International relations revolves around the key problem of how ________

group can reconcile its collective and individual interests

A crisis is a foreign policy situation characterized by

severe time constraints and decision-makers under stress.

Realists believe that

states are the most important actors in IR

__________ is a necessary component of a state.

territory

Anarchy in the international system refers to __________.

the absence of a central government that can enforce rules

A security dilemma occurs when __________.

the actions taken by a state to ensure its own security threaten the security of other states

Positive peace __________.

A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war

Constructivism

A) is interested in how actors define their national interests, threats to those interests, and their relationships to one another. B) relies heavily on international norms and their power to constrain state action.

Foreign policy

A) is the strategy used by governments to guide their actions in the international arena. B) emphasizes the individual and domestic levels of analysis.

According to Realism, rationality implies that

A) states are unitary actors that can think about their actions coherently and make choices. B) states can identify their interests and put priorities on them. C) states are able to perform cost-benefit analysis on actions.

In the Cold War era, just as was the case for the United States in Vietnam, the Soviet Union could not defeat rebel armies in __________.

Afghanistan

According to power transition theorists, who argue that the most dangerous time for major war is when power is relatively equally distributed, a war between __________ and __________

China, the United States

Which event in the post-World War II period probably brought the United States and the Soviet Union closest to nuclear war?

Cuban Missile Crisis

How do dominance and reciprocity compare as solutions to collective goods problems?

Dominance relies on a power hierarchy acting as a central authority, whereas reciprocity operates without any central authority.

Which president warned of the growing influence of the military-industrial complex in his farewell speech?

Eisenhower

The United Nations is an example of a Nongovernmental Organization (NGO). T / F

F

The first attempt at creating a collective security system was the __________.

League of Nations

How can liberal theories of international relations be distinguished from realism?

Realists see the rules of international relations as timeless and unchanging, whereas liberal theorists see the rules of international relations as evolving incrementally.

During the foreign policy process, taking in only some kinds of information is known as ________ .

Selective perception

What treaty is commonly thought of as the start of the modern international system?

Treaty of Westphalia

An example of Cold War alliances between states is the __________.

Warsaw Pact

Sovereignty is __________.

a state government answering to no higher authority

The collective goods problem is the problem of how to provide something that benefits __________ members of a group regardless of what each member contributes.

all

That trade increases wealth, cooperation, global well-being, and, ultimately, peace is __________.

an explanation by Immanuel Kant of how peace and cooperation are possible

Which of the following is true? A) Democracies are generally more peaceful than authoritarian governments. B) Democracies almost never fight each other. C) A country in transition to democracy is as peaceful as a stable democratic country. D) B and C.

b

The general idea that one or more states' power is being used to counter that of another state or group of states is called __________.

balance of power

In a _____ system, there are two great centers of power, whereas in a _____ system, there are five or six centers of power.

bipolar, multipolar

Groups within states that influence the state's __________ are called substate actors.

foreign policy

The _____ model of decision-making consists of negotiations between bureaucratic agencies with divergent interests.

government bargaining

Among other things, a nation is a __________ share characteristics such as language and culture.

group of people who

Modern realist theory developed in reaction to __________.

idealism

"Human nature is essentially good, and with appropriate international structures, can be the basis of cooperative international relationships." This would be stated by a(n)

idealist.

Scholars of peace studies emphasize the __________ level of analysis when recommending strategies for achieving peace.

individual

The __________ level of analysis concerns the perceptions, choices, and actions of human beings.

individual

The principle of sovereignty suggests states not meddle in the __________ and decision processes of other states.

internal affairs

The art of __________ and effectively maneuvering in a world of power politics among sovereign states is the emphasis of classical realists.

managing state affairs

The theory that focuses on the importance of the structure of the international system, rather than on the internal makeup of individual states, is known as __________.

neorealism

The ability to get another actor to do what it would not otherwise have done, or not to do what it would have done, is the definition of __________.

power

The most important feature of international relations according to a realist is __________.

power

Thucydides is considered to belong to the __________ school of thought.

realist

Conflict resolution

refers to the peaceful settlement of disputes.

Hegemony exists in a _____ system.

unipolar

With respect to the impact of gender on war and peace, difference feminists believe that __________.

women are inherently more peaceful than men