Internet
current 32-bit IP address system
(IPv4) 2^32, support about 4.3 billion addresses -addressed will soon be in short supply
DSL (digital subscriber line)
-always on connection that uses the customer's phone line, but there is no dialing up and users can use the internet and talk on the phone simultaneously
port numbers
-can be used to track activity on the internet -can be used by hackers to gain access to computer systems -help servers organize the data packets that they manage, sending packets to correct software for service ex- server receives web page request on port 80 and dns requests on port 53 client application includes correct port number in the outgoing packet headers
today web pages use a combo of
-css -html -web programming languages -database technologies
web browser= 1 which requests web page from 2
1 internet explorer is a client 2 web server- ex. www. monster .com
http: //= 1 www.=2 google= 3 about/=4 index.php=5
1 protocol 2 web server 3 domain name 4 location on server 5 requested file
process of linking together documents from diverse sources
1. defined system for linking the documents 2. protocols that allow different computers to communicate 3. tools to help create the documents and the links between them
xml web content implemented using several files:
1. defines structure of data 2. provides the actual data 3. defines the format of the data presentation (HTML)
____ root DNS servers make up foundation of DNS
13
internet dates back to about
1970
largest ISP
Comcast Cable- boradband caves running through many phones
DSS < > or = to DSL
DSS<DSL
sputnik in USSR led U.S to ...
Dep. of Defense to advance space technologies, weapons and communication systems, ARPA and NASA , created internet
P2P personal computer
PC acts as both server (as other users access files) and client (at the user accesses others files) -ex- Gnutella file-sharing system
HTML to ____to ____
XHTML to HTML 5...require less plug ins
computer network
a collection of computing devices connected together to share resources such as files, software, processors, storage, and printers
internet service provider (ISP)
a company that provided individuals and organizations with access to the internet
peer-to-peer (P2P)
a network architecture that does not utilize a central server but facilitates communication directly between clients with computers acting as both client and server -make a portion of their file system available to other participants to access directly
router
a network device that manages network traffic by evaluating messages and routing them over the fastest path to their destination
internet 2
a research and development consortium led by more than 200 U.S universities and supported by partnerships with industry and government to develop and deploy advanced network applications and technologies for tomorrow's internet -group focused on developing new ways to improve the management and performance of the existing internet
BitTorrent
a type of P2P protocol that speeds up the download process by dividing files into small units and downloading multiple file unties simultaneously form different sources
IP address
a unique 32 bit identifier for internet isers and hosts -read as decimal numbers -4 numbers 0-255 separated by . -static (permanently assigned to a computer) or dynamic (assigned to computers as needed)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
acts as a web page address, incorporating the domain name of the web server and the location of the web page file on the server
high quality applications ex
adobe flex, ajax, microsoft silverlight
web browser
aka browser aka web client (ex- firefox, safari) is used to request web page from web servers, interpret the HTML code in the web page that is delivered, and display it onscreen -combined with plug ins and ajax allow you to view everything and interact with software -sends request to web server -in future may serve as primary user interface
plug-in
aka extension aka add-on works with a web browser to offer extended services such as audio players, video, animation, 3D graphics viewers, and interactive media
cookie
aka http cookie is a small text file placed on a users computer by a web server in order to identify the user whenever he or she returns to visit a website -behavioral targeting -create customer profiles
the web
aka world wide web is an internet service that provides convenient access to information and services through hyperlinks -developed by Tim berners-lee in his CERN research in geneva- started as personal organizational tool
IF DNS fails/corrupts
all internet traffic would be affected , constantly under attack, if some servers fail others take up the load
web development software
allows developers to create web pages more easily using a word-processing-style environment and automating complex coding activities -more manageable and accessible
bluetooth
allows devices to connect directly to each other to share files and services
cascading style sheet (CSS)
allows easy application of visual styles for fonts, colors, layout, and other page attributes to create a visual theme for web pages and sites -allows style for pages to be stored on site link .css files -customization of specific HTML tags
cable modem
always on connection that uses a cable tv connection to provide high-speed internet service
hyperlink
an element in an electronic doc that when clicked opens a related document
the cloud
an expression that refers to Internet servers
semantic web
an extension of the current web that seeks to provide a common framework to support easier and faster access to information -combine and integrate information from many sources and application
most popular web server software
apache
depending on the service and service provider internet connection might be:
blazing, fast, slow, filtered or unfiltered, limited or unlimited
Ex of hardware that transfers packets of data that travel over the internet (e.g.- email, photos, videos, etc)
cables, satellites, and routers
notebook computers
can access the internet using a connect card and a data plan from a cell phone service provider
.com .biz .edu .org .net .gov .name
commercial business commercial business educational institution nonprofit organization networking service government agency personal web site
web hosting company/ web host
company that provides web server services to individuals and businesses interested in maintaining an online presence -offere FTF, SFTP, SSL, email services, devewlopmental platforms, etc.
HTTP
controls communication between web clients and servers
internet3 aka national lambdarail (NLR)
cross-country, high speed networking applications in science, engineering, and medicine
packet-switched network
data that travels over the internet is broken into small data packets to traverse the internet more efficiently
IP
defines the format and addressing scheme used for the packets - required that all devices connected the internet have a unique IP address
TCP
enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data -guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets are delivered in the same order in which they were sent
top-level domain (TDL)
final portion of the domain name, ex- .com, .edu, etc classify internate locations by type or by location
ethic concerns with internet
freedom of speech, privacy and intellectual property rights
birth of the web shift internet focus
from supporting academic and government interests to supporting public and commercial interests
rich internet apps ex
google docs, hulu
government agencies working to limit
google's data collection
pharming
hacking technique of DNS that replaces IP addresses in the DS with the IP address of fraudulent web sites designed to spread malware
___ doesn't define a web server but rather the ____
hardware software
data packet
how data travels across internet a small coup of bytes that includes the data being sent and a header containing information about the data such as an email message, into small packets to make efficient use of the network -when delivered packets= reconstructed
all three links
hyperlinks for docs hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for comm. HTML for creating and linking
port
in a computer network context, a port is an address used by clients and servers that is associated with a specific service -client/server software with the assistance of telecommunications software use port number to determine which service the data packet is requesting
world wide web
in early 90s, provide a graphical interface to the internet that launched the digital information revolution
IANA
internet assigned numbers authority- process of moving to internet hosts to a new IP version
ICANN
internet corporation for assigned names and number manage domain names and number
internetworks
joining networks together into larger networks so that users on different networks can communicate
1957- computing done on
large mainframe computers accessed from within an organization through a network of terminal s
network service providers (NSPs)
large telecom companies that connect their networks so that users on all the networks could share information over the Internet
dial up
low-speed internet service that utilizes the customers existing phone line for internet access
DNS (Domaine name system)
maintains a database of all domain names and Ip addresses used on the internet and acts like a phonebook, supplying information to internet nodes and router s working to get data packets to their destination
cellular data connection
many cell phone companies offers internet access oner their networks at speeds up to 12 Mbps
cookies can threaten security and privacy
most companies- track within one website but advertiser use "third party" cookies because they are not placed on a computer by the company that owns the site -can delete cookie files
client/server
network architecture in which one computer or program (the client) makes a service request from another computer or program (the server), which provides the service
router typically located where
one network is going to another network
Web 1.0
one way was the one-way web with information traveling in one direction from servers to consumers
TCP/IP
protocols on which the internet is based are the transmission control protocol (TCP) and internet protocol (IP) -defining component of internet -allows many different types of networks and devices to join together in an immense global network -defines how information travels across the internet
modems
provide connections to ISP services using an Ethernet cable
XML (extensible markup language)
provides a method for describing and classifying internet-delivered data so that it is easier to organize and manage -publishers can use XML to separate data from web page formatting
shared virtual reality
provides immersive virtual environments over a network to be shared by participants in different locales
web server
refers to software that fulfills web page requests from web clients and the computers that run such software
voice over internet protocol/ voice over IP/ VoIP
refers to technologies that support voice communications using the Internet Protocol over data networks -supported by many businesses and smart phones -ex- xfinity package form comcast
internet backbone
refers to the main internet pathways and connections, made up of the many national and international communication networks that are owned by the major telecom companies such as verizon, at&t and sprint (the same companies and networks that provide telephone services) -consists mostly of fiber-optic cables
ARPA commissioned ARPANET
research into networking initial goal= establish closer communications for research by connecting the computer networks of four research institutions UCLA, Stanford, USSB, UU, nearly 1 billion hosts today vs 13 hosts in 1970
computer trick for hackers
scanning the internet for computers that have open ports- back door into a computer system good antivirus software will make sure that all ports on all computers are closed except for those being used by a service
open computer project
server design available for other companies to use through an open source program
internet hosts
servers that provide information and services to Internet users
now people use ____ instead of typing html tags
software tools that automate much of the production of HTML code -ex- adobe dreamweaver, word press, etc
SOPA
stop online piracy act- failed because gov favor internet user privacy over internet service provider snooping
WYSIWYG (pronounced "wizzie-wig") implies that...
the Web page you design with the Web development software will look the same when published on the Web.
HTTP= stateless protocol
the facts that a web server does not retain information (a particular state) regarding a client, or user, between visits -treats every request as a new transaction
web technologies
the hardware, software, and protocols that allow the web to exist.
content streaming
the media begins playing while the file is being delivered
HTML (hypertext markup language)
the primary markup language used to specify the formatting of a web page
internet uses DNS to
translate domain names into IP addresses -database of names and addresses stored on DNS
gemini observatories
twin 8. 1meter astronomical telescopes- used through internet2
web 2.0
two-way- inspired by the growing popularity of blogs social networking trend
server computers
typically powerful computers that can accommodate many simultaneous user requests -run 24/7
routers
use use the information in the packet header to direct the packet to its destination
markup language
used to describe how information is to be displayed
points of presence (POPs)
utility station used by NSPs to enable internet users to connect to their networks connected by internet backbone
BPL (broadband overpower line)
utilizes existing power lines to carry internet signals -have to plug in BPL modem
unified communications
when a system combines voice, video, and data communications into one interface -can boost productivity
DSS (digital satellite service)
wireless high-speed internet service that utilizes a satellite and satellite dishes, provided by companies such as earthlink, hughsnet
internet technologies
work together to provide information and services over the Internet, including a variety of protocols, hardware and software
internet
world's largest public computer network, a network of networks that provides a vast array of services to individuals, businesses, and organizations around the world