interpersonal comm quiz

what is perception

perception is the active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and other phenomena. perception is an active process, we actively work to make sense of ourselves, others and interactions

what is personal constructs

personal construct is a 'mental yardstick' we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgement. examples of this are intelligent-not intelligent, assertive-not assertive, responsible-not responsible

what is dismissive attachment style

promoted by caregivers who are disinterested in, rejecting of, or unavailable to children.

what is secure attachment style

facilitated when the caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child. in response the child develops a positive sense of self worth and a positive view of others

What is anxious-ambivalent attachment?

fostered by inconsistent treatment from the caregiver. sometimes, the caregiver is loving and attentive; at other times, the caregiver is indifferent or rejecting. the caregivers communication is not only inconsistent but also unpredictable

what is interpretation

interpretation is the subjective process of explaining our perceptions in ways that make sense to us. to interpret the meaning of another's actions, we construct explanations or attributions for them

what is self fulfilling prophecies

one particularly powerful way in which direct definitions and reflected appraisals can affect our self-concept is through self fulfilling prophecies, which occur when we internalize others' expectations or judgements about is and then behave in ways that are consistent with those expectations and judgements

what are identity scripts

particular others also influence our identity by providing identity scripts, which are rules for living and identify. they define our roles in society

what is the generalized other

particular others are not the only influence on our identity. it is also shaped by what Mead called the perspectives of the generalized other, by which he meant the general or overall society. Every society and social group has values, experiences and understandings that are widely shared among members but may not be endorsed by those outside of the culture or group

what are attachment styles

patterns of caregiving that teach us who we and others are and how to approach relationships

what is the self and what affects our quality of self

the self arises in communication and is a multidimensional process of internalizing and acting from social perspectives culture, race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic class

what is a stereotype

a predictive generalization applied to a person or situation. based on the category in which we place someone or something and how that person or thing measures up against the personal constructs we apply, we predict that he, she, or it will do

what are prototypes

a prototype defines the clearest or most representative example of some category. each of these categories is exemplified by a person who is the ideal; thats the prototype. for example if you have a great best friend then that person is your prototype of a best friend. the prototype (that best friend) helps you decide who else fits in that particular category, you compare everyone to that friend

what is constructivism

a useful theory for explaining how we organize experience is constructivism, which states that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemas. we rely on four schema to make sense of interpersonal phenomena: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes and scipts

what is an attribution

an attribution is an explanation of why something happened or why someone acts a certain way. attributions have four dimensions. the first is locus which attributes a person's actions to internal factors or external factors (ex- he has no patience vs. the traffic jam frustrated him the second is stability which explains actions as the result of stable factors that won't change over time or unstable factors that may or will be different at another time (shes type A personality vs she acted that way because she has a headache) the third is specificity, which explains behavior in terms of whether the behavior has global implications that apply in most or all situations or specific implications that apply only in certain situations or under certain conditions

what is the Johari window and what are the four components

Johari window is a model of different sorts of knowledge that affect self development. four types of info are relevant to the self: 1. open or public info is known both to us and to others. your name, height, major and tastes in music probably are open information that you share easily with others 2. the blind area contains info that others know about us but we don't know about ourselves. for example, others may see that we are insecure even though we think we've hidden that well. Others may also recognize needs or feelings that we haven't acknowledged to ourselves 3.hidden information is what we know about ourselves but choose not to reveal to most others. you might not tell many people about your vulnerabilities or about traumas in your past because you consider this private information 4. the unknown area is made up of information about ourselves that neither we nor others know. this consists of your untapped resources, your untried talents and your reactions

what is fearful attachment style

cultivated when the caregiver in the first bond is unavailable or communicates in negative, rejecting, or even abusive ways to the child. children who are treated this way often infer that they are unworthy of love as unloveable and others as rejecting

what is direct definition

direct definition is communication that tells us explicitly who we are by labeling us and our behaviors. family members, as well as peers, teachers, and other individuals, define us by telling us who we are or expected to be there are two kind-positve direct definition and negative direct definition and both affect how we feel about ourselves

what is reflected appraisal

reflected appraisal is our perception of another's view of us. how we think others appraise us affects how we see ourselves. others are mirrors for us-the views of ourselves that we see in them (our mirrors) influence how we perceive ourselves. if others communicate even indirectly that they think we are smart, we are more likely to think and act that way

what are two attributional errors

researchers have identified two common errors people make in their attributions. the first is self serving bias. as the term implies, there is a bias towards ourselves and our interests ex- to explain a failing grade on a test, you might say you did poorly because that professor (external) put a lot of tricky questions on that test (unstable, specific factor) so all your studying didn't help (outside of personal control) the second kind of attributional error is called the fundamental attribution error. we tend to overestimate the internal causes of others' undesirable behaviors and underestimate the external causes for others but with ourselves we conversely are likely to underestimate the internal causes of our own misdeeds and failures and overestimate the external causes

what is social comparison

social comparison is the process of assessing our selves in relation to others to form judgements of our own talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth social comparisons are our own use of others as measuring sticks for ourselves. we gauge ourselves in relation to others in two ways

what is a script

the final cognitive schema we use to organize perceptions is the script. A script is a guide to action, they consist of sequences of activities that are expected of us and others in particular situations such as saying hello when you greet someone

what is the first perspective that affects us

the first perspectives that affect us are those of particular others. particular others are specific people who are important in our lives when we are young, particular others are family members and caregivers. Later in life, particular others are include peers, teachers, friends etc. beginning of a self concept when we interact with others, we see how others view us