intimate relationships chapter 12

___ of people in abused relationships stay in those relationships

1/3

___% of women and ___% of men in the US have experienced violence in relationships

24, 14

___% of battered women also report sexual abuse

40

a useful model of situational couple violence (SCV) that organizes the influences on SCV into instigating triggers, impelling influences, and inhibiting influences

I3 model

most acts of violence in close relationships results from impetuous, impulsive failures of self-control, that is ___, and some violence is part of a program of ruthless subjugation of one's partner, that is ___

SCV, IT

differences in available ___ may be one of the reasons men are typically more powerful than women in traditional marriages, because normally they would work outside the home and the wife would not

alternatives

women who have high ___ are drawn to possessive, controlling men; a man's intrusive jealousy and surveillance reassures this type of partner that he still cares, and the more/less psychological abuse a woman has encountered in the past, the stronger her preference for abusive men

anxiety, more

both men and women are more violent in such couples where a man is high in ___ of intimacy and a woman is high in ___ about abandonment

avoidance, anxiety

one of the 2 broad types of power: allows one to encourage, but not compel, the desired behavior from a partner; by changing one's own behavior, one encourages a partner to alter his or her actions in a desirable direction too; ex: "ill cook your favorite meal if you clean the bathroom"

behavior control

people who reported they were more powerful than their partners said they frequently used this strategy

bilateral

people low in power (both men and women) are more ___, tend to be more concerned about ___, and are more likely to suffer from ___

cautious, punishment, depression

one of the 6 bases of power: the ability to levy punishment on a partner; doing something our partner does not like or taking away something the partner likes; the resource for this base of power is a punishment; you can do something to them they do not like or take away something they do like

coercive power

when people adopt ___ orientations in committed romantic relationships, they typically use their power for the benefit of their partners and their relationships, not for selfish ends

communal

this scale helps people describe their use of psychological and physical aggression against their romantic partners; violent actions can range from mild harm such as grabbing or pushing to others that inflict large injuries, such as beatings or burnings

conflict tactics scale

one of the manners in which power is expressed; men and women behave similarly when interacting with others of the same sex, but when interacting with the opposite sex, men interrupt women more, can be 5 times more often, and men tend to say more than women do

conversation

many people do not leave abusive relationships because: -the ___ of leaving may seem too high -one's ___ may seem bleak -the ___ of greater ___ as a result of leaving

cost, alternatives, fear, violence

the idea that in most relationships, both partners have power over one another; the interactions of 2 partners emerge from their mutual influence on one another

counterpower

power varies based on the other person's ___ and ___ for the resource; if we have access to a resource that the other person does not care about, then we really don't have any power

desire, need

styles of power vary across what 2 themes?

direct vs indirect, unilateral vs bialteral

one of the influences on both impelling and inhibitory influences, 2 of the 3 influences on SCV in the I3 model; these include personality traits and long-standing beliefs

dispositional

when a couple has a history of angry ___, rates of violence are higher, both physical and psychological even higher

disputes

one of the influences on both impelling and inhibitory influences, 2 of the 3 influences on SCV in the I3 model; these influences include background factors such as cultural norms, economic conditions, and family experiences

distal

intimate terrorism tends to be rooted in influences that are more ____ than those that may trigger SCV

enduring

according to this theory, we dont want to seek to selfishly maximize rewards, we want to benefit the partner as well; people in satisfying, committed relationships tend to use power benevolently to enhance their own and their partner's well-being

equity theory

legitimate power may result from what 3 types of norms that are used as resources?

equity, reciprocity, social responsibility

one of the 6 bases of power: comes from superior knowledge and experience; ex: partner who is more skilled with computers; partner who is a better cook; the resource for this base of power is expertise

expert power

one of the 2 broad types of power: allows control of a partner's outcomes no matter what the partner does; ex: husband wants sex but the wife does not

fate control

what are the 2 broad types of power based on the interdependence theory?

fate control and behavior control

when it comes to responses to violence, women are often influenced by romantic norms that encourage them to "___ ___ ___"

forgive and forget

the patterns of the use of direct/indirect and bilateral/unilateral strategies is a ___ difference that is wrapped up with the sexs' relative resources

gender

some examples of inhibiting influences: -violence is less likely in cultures that promote ___ ___ -____ people are less likely to aggress when they are angry -a good capacity for ___ ___

gender equality, conscientious, self control

one of the 3 necessary factors for the I3 model of situational couple violence; factors that make it more likely that partners will experience violent impulses; some of these influences that predispose one to violence are events from much earlier in life

impelling influences

some examples of these include: personality, violent family origin, mismatched attachment styles, situational factors (heat, noise), poor relationship skills

impelling influences

women are more likely to engage in this sort of aggression, by trying to ruin someone's reputation by spreading rumors or gossip

indirect aggression

one of the 6 bases of power: comes from access to specific information that a partner wants; ex: gossip; the resource for this base of power is information

informational power

one of the 3 necessary factors for the I3 model of situational couple violence; factors that encourage partners to refrain from acting on violent impulses; ex: conscientiousness, higher levels of commitment and satisfaction, sobriety, social/cultural norms

inhibiting influences

one of the 3 necessary factors for the I3 model of situational couple violence; causes one or both partners to be frustrated or on edge; ex: conflict, rejection, betrayal

instigating triggers

a combination of: -strong ___ -strong ___ factors -weak ___ ---> leads to a strong likelihood of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration

instigation, impelling, inhibition

people who are high in ____ tend to use more direct, bilateral strategies

instrumentality

people who have ___ ___ ___ who emphasize interdependency with others are routinely generous when they resolve disputes with others of lower power

interdependent self construals

when this type of couple violence is present in a relationship, it occurs more often than SCV does; it is more likely to be one-sided, escalate over time, and involve serious injury; it is the form of couple violence that is most likely to get a battered spouse to seek shelter elsewhere

intimate terrorism

one of the types of relationship violence: the use of violence by one partner to control and oppress the other; includes the use of intimidation, threats, isolation, economic subordination, and physical abuse; almost exclusively used by males

intimate terrorism (IT)

when it comes to nonverbal behavior, powerful people tend to: -use ___ interpersonal distances -display more ___ facial expressions -assume body positions that are ___ and take up more space

larger, intense, assymetrical

people who engage in intimate terrorism come from two types: 1. they resort to violence because they are clumsy and pathetic, and threats of harm are their efforts to keep their partners from ___ 2. others are more ___ or ___ and violence is just another tool with which to get what they what

leaving, antisocial, narcissisitc

one of the 6 bases of power: when partners believe we have a reasonable right to tell them what to do and that they have an obligation to comply; may be due to authority; can occur in terms of equity and reciprocity or social responsibility (taking care of your partner when they are sick, the sick person is in power)

legitimate power

partners who are coerced are more/less compromising than they would have been had a gentler power been employed

less

spouses are more/less violent than cohabiting couples are

less

when it comes to fundamental, central decisions regarding the relationship, such as deciding when to get married, the ___ is more likely to call the shots

man

this is when we work to regulate and control our partner's access to potential rivals, and vice versa; could involve taking up a lot of their time so there is little opportunity for them to stray, but sometimes violence can be used to enforce a mate's fidelity

mate-guarding

when it comes to style of power in heterosexual relationships: -men/women tend to be more direct and bilateral -men/women tend yo be more indirect and unilateral

men, women

one of the types of relationship violence: occurs when both partners engage in intimate terrorism; very uncommon

mutual violent control

one of the manners in which power is expressed; compared to men, women use less assertive eye contact, body movement, and touch

nonverbal behavior

in being adept to this, women gain valuable information that can make them more pleasing partners and that can increase their influence over men, but can also cause them to behave as subordinates when dealing with people of higher status

nonverbal sensitivity

these types of resources are valuable in some situations but not others (only valuable to certain people); ex: love and affection

particularistic resources

people (both men and women) who are high in power tend to not be good at ___ taking, believe they can control ___ events, and judge subordinates as more ___ available and interested in them

perspective, uncontrollable, sexually

both the husband and the wife are happier when ___ is shared, making for more stable and happier relationships

power

the ability to influence the behavior of others and the ability to resist others' influence on us

power

the principle that the less dependent partner (the one who desires the relationship less) has more power in the relationship; a better comparison level for alternatives means more power

principle of lesser interest

power is ___ if desired resources are readily available elsewhere

reduced

one of the 6 bases of power: comes from a respect and love for a partner; the partner's affection and adoration give one some power; the resource for this base of power is respect and/or love

referent power

one of the influences on both impelling and inhibitory influences, 2 of the 3 influences on SCV in the I3 model; these involve the current state of the couple's relationship

relational

one of the reasons men and women do not share equal power is because of a disparity in these; men get paid more than women for the work they do even if it is the same work, and men are more likely to hold the reins of governmental, judicial, and corporate power

relative resources

from an interdependency perspective, power can come from a control of ___; we don't necessarily have to possess these, just control access to them

resources

on average, intimate terrorists are not well off, and appear to turn to coercive power because they control few other ___

resources

one of the 6 bases of power: the ability to bestow desired rewards; can be tangible material goods, intangible interpersonal benefits (emotional support); the resource for this base of power is a reward; you can give them something they like or take away something they do not like

reward power

one of the influences on both impelling and inhibitory influences, 2 of the 3 influences on SCV in the I3 model; the influences include the immediate circumstances

situational

this type of violence tends to be an equal-gender activity, but some evidence shows women are more likely to engage in this type, but men are more likely to cause injury

situational couple violence

one of the types of relationship violence: the most common; erupts from heated conflicts that get out of hand; occurs when both partners are angry and is tied to specific arguments, so it is only occasional and is usually mild, bring unlikely to escalate to seriously violent acts; may involve pushing, shoving, or hitting

situational couple violence (SCV)

one of the reasons men and women do not share equal power is because of this; these support male dominance in the sense that, even though in the US people tend to think women have skills that should make them more effective leaders than men, legitimate power still seems "unladylike" to some people

social norms

some rationales for violence in relationships: -feelings of ___ -the belief that ___ is a legitimate response to provocation and disrepect -not an abuser because they did not ___ it and did not cause as much ___ as they could have -___ sometimes blame themselves for the partner's aggression

superiority, aggression, enjoy, harm, women

the intimate terrorism cycle includes what 3 phases? (in correct order, goes in a circle)

tension building, acute battering, loving

most people who engaged in SCV (70%), sometimes because they were fighting back, did NOT continue to be violent once they changed partners

true

true or false: in no known societies do women dominate men; in all societies that accumulate wealth, men have enjoyed more power throughout history

true

true or false: in same-sex relationships, there are no sex differences in tactics of styles of power people use

true

true or false: indirectness when discerning what you want leads to dissatisfaction as well as follows from it

true

true or false: masculine people tend to be more direct and bilateral when it comes to styles of power

true

true or false: once violence starts in a PARTICULAR relationship, it tends to recur

true

true or false: powerful people judge others' moral transgressions more harshly than their own

true

true or false: there are NO differences between the sexes in the ways that gays and lesbians try to influence their partners

true

true or false: violence occurs more in same-sex relationships between men more than women

true

true or false: when interviewed about their political opinions, wives agree more with their husband's opinions when he answers the question first more than husbands agree with their wives when she answers the question first, even when wives earn higher salaries or are more experts on the issue

true

true or false: women are slightly more likely than men to engage in physical violence against their partners

true

when it comes to mate-guarding and violence, the insults, surveillance, and threats are all positively correlated with actual violence inflicted on their mates that becomes more likely when they worry that their mates have been ___

unfaithful

people who reported they were less powerful than their partners said they were more likely to use this strategy

unilateral

these types of resources can be exchanged with almost anyone in a wide variety of situations, and whoever controls them has considerable freedom in deciding what to do with them; ex: money

universalistic resources

which type of resources do men tend to control more and have more access to?

universalistic resources

in relationships where violence is used as a form of mate-guarding, men are also more likely to engage in ___ abuse by insulting their partner's looks, intelligence, and general worth in order to threaten their partners to remain faithful

verbal

a particularly potent instigating trigger is ___ or ___ abuse from one's partner

verbal, physical

acts carried out with the intention of physically hurting another person; range from acts that do relatively little harm to acts that cause grievous injury

violence

abused partners either try to end ___ or ___ their partners

violence, leave

one of the types of relationship violence: occurs when a partner forcibly fights back against intimate terrorism; because of the result of gender asymmetry shown in intimate terrorism, this is more common in women than in men

violent resistance

what is the least common type of IPV?

violent resistance

the more warm and caring a person is viewed as being, the less competent he/she is assumed to be and vice verse; this has a large effect on women especially because they are expected to be more warm and caring automatically; this helps maintain power disparities

warmth-competence tradeoff

when couple violence occurs, men/women suffer most of the injuries (62%)

women

when it comes to nonverbal behavior, women tend to get their way when they behave authoritatively toward ___, but makes a poorer impression on ___

women, men

surveys of ___ ___ tend to detect more violence from women than from men, but studies focusing on ___ couples, such as those in marital therapies or in court, usually find the husbands to be more violent

young adults, distressed