Intro to Art Exam 2

Symbol of Saint Matthew

(2D style) -The Incipit page of the Gospel of Saint Matthew demonstrates a changing cultural balance - The texts are written in the language of the new religion Greek and Latin, -There is a diminished role of the Old Testament versus the New Dispensation of the New Testament. -The composition follows prototypes (models) of Greco-Roman world, but these prototypes are translated into vernacular (local) styles.

Koran page with beginning of surah 18, al-Kahf (The Cave)

*ninth or early tenth century -demonstrates the value of the written word, especially from the Koran. -Text appears not only on the newly popularized paper, but also ubiquitously in architectural contexts.

Hiberno-Saxon art

- Hibernia=ancient name for Ireland; - "Insular"=Irish-English islands. - Isolated monasteries, independent from Rome. -Monk's activities spread Christianity. -Monasteries centers of learning and manuscript decoration.

Luxury Arts of Islam

- Islamic culture venerates all forms of creativity equally. -Without the primacy of figural painting or sculpture, calligraphy, mathematics, architecture, weaving, metallurgy, painting, ceramics and tile-making flourish.

The Palatine Chapel at Aachen

- is based on San Vitale at Ravenna, yet solid geometric forms are clear and severe. -Italian bronze, marble and columns are imported to add to the imperial character. - Like the Ottoman Turks looking at Hagia Sophia, Charlemagne appropriates and "improves" images of power. -First vaulted structure of the Middle Ages.

Early Medieval Art in the West (500-1000)

-"Middle Ages"— between end of Rome and beginning of Renaissance (the rebirth of Greco-Roman culture). -Germanic migration: Huns, Gauls/Franks, Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Lombards, Anglo-Saxons, Celts. -Warrior-lords. Feudal system. - European government becomes localized, rather than dependent on Rome.

Beau Dieu

-(Beautiful/Benevolent God) on the trumeau of the central doorway: fully modeled figure of Christ with massive drapery folds enveloping his body from the waist down. -Statue stands freely and appears more independent of its architectural setting. --With growing humanism in religion, Christ's incarnation and human ancestry is emphasized (that he is born of the Virgin Mary). - Christ is shown in a more benevolent guise, dominating both good and evil, embodied in the lion and basilisk.

The Ognisanti Maestà

-1310, works within the Madonna Enthroned tradition, but presents the virgin as warm, matronly and fertile. -The heavenly court seems to be occupying a more definite space as figures are not simply spaced up as in medieval compositions but instead overlapping. *overlaps to show real space

Salisbury Cathedral

-In contrast to French desire for vertical height, -English Gothic architecture at first is characterized by an emphasis on horizontality with a wide and squat façade and a long rectilinear plan. -Only a few flying buttresses exist - they really don't need any, as the building is not that big.

Ottonian Scultpure

-Inspired by Santa Sabina in Rome, Bishop Bernward installs bronze doors at St. Michael's with biblical scenes. - Old Testament from top to bottom on the left door; New Testament from bottom to top on the right door. -Doors tell the story of fall and return to grace using exegesis by matching pairs like tree of knowledge and the tree of life (the Cross).

Imam

-Man who leads prayer -stands on the minbar -No alter -No priest

Santiago de Compostella

-typical of new type of pilgrimage church. - Square module system, geometrical division of space. - Barrel vaults with transverse arches cover the nave. -Side aisles, lower in height, are covered with groin vaults; -greater numbers of pilgrims were accommodated and efficiently moved through church. - Ambulatory at the east end also facilitated traffic flow. -Relics usually at the east end in apsidioles, or radiating chapels or crypts. -Stone vaults were fireproof, majestic, and enhanced acoustics. *Structure form of a cross

Bonze objects, twelfth century

-various precious vessels, such as buckets and pitchers demonstrate both the Muslim delight in daily life and the expertise of craft and composition -even in terms of animate subjects - as long as they are not in a religious context.

The Gothic skeletal frame

-walls become membranes, made of stained-glass windows. -Flying buttresses eliminate the need for tribune galleries that were used in Romanesque period to buttress barrel vault. - Instead of Romanesque tribune gallery, above the Gothic arcade is a short triforium, and above the triforium are taller clerestory windows. -Compound piers help transfer the weight from the ribs of the vault downward.

The Arena chapel

-was constructed by Enrico Scrovegni (Banker) as a votive dedicated to the Virgin of Charity that he hoped would atone for the money lending business through which he and his father had grown rich. -The chapel is decorated from floor to vault with frescos depicting Scenes from the Life of the Virgin as well as Scenes from the Life of Christ. -The images are organized in registers divided into cells. -The figures are modeled with a consistent light source, and several scenes feature figures with their backs turned. -The figures in the scenes display human emotions, rather than idyllic stares *see notes for more

Reliquary caskets

-with symbols of the four Evangelists, are typically ornate and fairly mysterious as to its content. Ex: Reliquary of Saint Alexander, shaped as a life-size head (silver repoussé with gilt bronze, gems, pearls, and enamel) to contain the pope's skull. -Relics need not be bodily, they could be personal items or even instruments of martyrdom (as in the Crown of Thorns or the Holy Nails)

Who is Saint-Lazare?

Where? -Autun, France What? -features the Second Coming of Christ and the Last Judgment, signed by Gislebertus. -The sculpture of Christ is thin, angular and elongated, encompassed by a mandorla. - On Christ's right hand= the righteous and saved; on his left hand (sinister side)=damned. -Lintel shows souls lined up to be judged. The Archangel Michael weighs souls against the demons of hell.

Great Mosque

Where? -Damascus, Syria What? -prayer space for muslims (Gathering space) - appropriates the triumphal arch and pediment of Roman public architecture. -place of communal prayer, facing the qibla, or a wall indicating the direction of Mecca, the site of Muhammad's triumph. - qibla is designated by a niche called a mihrab. - From here the imam leads prayer, but performs no miraculous ritual as in the Christian tradition. Great *FRIDAY IS THEIR HOLY DAY

Ideal plan for Benedictine Monastery at St. Gall

Where? -Switzerland What? -is a square module, or "square schematism." --basilica-planned church: - second rounded apse and transept added to west side. - Benedict of Nursia founded the Benedictine order in 529. - Benedictine monasteries were firmly regulated. -Value placed on manual labor led to self-sufficiency and productivity of monasteries.

Maqsud of Kashans carpet from the funerary mosque of Shaykh Safi al-Din

Where? Ardabil, Iran When? - 1540 What? like architectural decoration is paradisiacal, enlivened by vegetation and pattern, but is otherwise unpopulated, leaving the faithful to envision themselves in the utopia that await them. -made of silf -people will carry back w/ them sets up international trading post -sovereigns -Islam objects that create sacred spaces to pray upon -Prophet says to pray you put your head on ground

Chartres Cathedral

dedicated to Virgin Mary. -Cult of Virgin Mary: reflects growing humanism; also reflects influence of chivalric code from crusades

oculus

is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. -Originating Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture. -It is also known as an œil de boeuf from the French, or simply a "bull's-eye".

compound pier with responds

is a tern used to describe a clustered column or pier which consists of a centre mass or newel to which engag or semi-detached shafts have been attached, in order to perform certain definite structural objects , such as to carry arches of additional orders -used to support traverse or diagonal ribs of a vault or the tie-beam of an important roof

How does the dome of the Mihrab look like?

is arcuated and covered in Byzantine mosaic - all patterned abstractly reflecting the complexity of the universe and glorifying the creative power of Allah.

Great Mosque (Spain)

is built on Christian foundations - the prayer hall began as rented space in a Christian church. -Muslim architects expanded footprint and raised the roof, creating flying arches with polychrome voissiors. - Arches are horseshoe shaped, and become a signature Islamic style. - The maqsura is a screen of arches featuring scallops. - Has The dome of the Mihrab

The Dome of the Rock (Golden Dome)

is the third most holy site in Islam, as it marks the spot where Muhammad is believed to have made his "Night Journey," receiving revelations from the Archangel Gabriel. - The Jews also venerate the site as the place where Abraham was to sacrifice Isaac. -shrine is fashioned as a centrally-planned building, after the Early Christian martyria, such as Santa Costanza in Rome. - It carries a dome not unlike the Church of the Holy Sepulchre up the road, thus synthesizing the Jewish, Roman and Christian traditions. -What is new is the ostentatious decoration on the exterior as well as the interior. -Décor is based on calligraphy, geometry and vegetal designs. **No animate figures.

Atmospheric perspective

method of creating the illusion of depth, or recession, in a painting or drawing by modulating colour to simulate changes effected by the atmosphere on the colours of things seen at a distance.

What is a maqsura?

reserved space/ leader, prince for people who are more vulnerable -has arches going up -rails

13th century Italy was..

series of competitive republics *city states

importance of Monasteries?

served as important models of manufacturing and public works as they were virtually the only centers of literacy with schools, libraries and scriptoria.

Minnerates

tall towers to state this the place for prayer

clerestory

the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows. -It is clear of the roofs of the aisles and admits light to the central parts of the building.

Tympanum

use great space to tell a story -fill space with sculptures *most used is scene of the last judgement * vertical recessed triangular space forming the center of a pediment, typically decorated.

St. Michael's Abbey church

where? -Hildesheim, Germany What? -built under Bishop Bernward, features westwork towers matched by towers at the east. - The interior is clearly measured; features new alternating support system of columns and pillars, as well as a gallery. - Each bay uses the same square module as the transepts' crossings. -The double apse reorients the layout of the church and lateral entrances reference Roman Imperial basilicas. -The flat, wooden roof is extremely fire prone. Material -Bronze doors *look at notes for additional info

Reliquaries were important b/c?

A) Donations B) said to hold precious items inside

"Carved Ivory Plaque" was created by whom?

A) Islamic B) Not of religious content -Used on furniture

What does the Kaaba represent?

A) Pilgrimage B) Center of the Islamic world C) Stands in mecca D) Abraham (Ibrahim) why is Abraham important? -He is their patriarch

What was typically attached to cathedrals?

A) Schools B) Hospitals C) City's sense of identity

What were the different Physical representations of Mary during the medieval times for Christians?

A) The church cathedrals B) Rose windows C) Throne of wisdom

During the Gothic Period the walls of churches were?

A) Window -filled B) Tall C) Very thin

Medieval churches had what kind of ceilings?

A) Wood B) Ceilings would catch on fire often

What kind of designs are found in Islamic art?

Caligraphy

Paris Cathedral

Called Notre Dame, but of course all cathedrals in the Ile de France are dedicated to Notre Dame. - Site of constant innovation, the extant building is a hodgepodge of remodeling and restoration, but it is a good place to view the new flying buttress and the return of the oculus. Norte Dame=My lady

French Gothic Cathedrals

Cathedral=Bishop's church in an urban setting (as opposed to pilgrimage churches or monasteries).

triforium

a gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church.

Lintel

a horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window.

Giotto's conception of the last judgement shows how..?

a persons body is tortured according to his or her sins

Trumeau

a section of wall or a pillar between two openings, especially a pillar dividing a large doorway in a church.

Linear Perspective

a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.

Voissoirs

a wedge-shaped or tapered stone used to construct an arch.

nave arcade

an arcade marking the separation between a nave and its side aisles

How do you put cathedrals in chronological order?

by level of detail *Look at ch8 Powerpoint for examples

Cimabue's Maestà (Madonna and child enthroned

challenges the Byzantine norms by modeling his figures with value changes, implying 3dimensionality. - Space remains ambiguous as befitting for a scene set in another world. - The figures of Old Testament saints form a conceptual foundation for the Incarnation.

pinnacle

-is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, -afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations.

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial in Suffolk, England

-An Anglo king's purse cover: cloisonné technique--metal strips contain stones, gems, and colored enamel. (ONLY IN BURIAL SHIPS) -Motif of man/beasts from Mesopotamia; zoomorphic forms (eagles and ducks) and interlaced lines in geometric shapes demonstrate complicated, deliberate designs.

Early Italian Renaissance

-As a nexus for humanism, capitalism and nationalism, Florence is the leading center of Renaissance Art in Italy. -Florence's great prosperity and civic pride make it not only an ideal city for patronage, but it also makes it a political, commercial and ultimately, military target for other kingdoms and city states, such as Milan and Naples.

Pilgrimages and Crusades

-lead to church building and monumental architecture. - Churches accommodate pilgrims. Pilgrims believe sacred relics of holy figures, saints and martyrs, as well as the places of their lives and martyrdom have the power to amplify prayer. -Pilgrims also believe that the journey to see them also has value. -Main pilgrimage destinations were Rome, Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Dedicated to St. James the Apostle

French High Gothic Style (Amiens Cathedral)

-Employed a buttressing system that permitted thick weight-bearing walls to be virtually eliminated and allowed the four-part rib vaults to be built very high. -Walls and towers of west façade are deeply pierced. - Remaining surfaces are decorated with colonnettes, arches, pinnacles, rosettes, and decorative stonework. -The exterior features deep porches in front of doorways on west façade, and the open structure of towers reduces wall mass, replacing it with intricately framed voids. - Sculpture and ornament fill exterior beyond portal.

Romanesque Portal Sculpture

-Exterior sculpture concentrated at the west entrances. - Portals are symbolic thresholds between realm of worldly sins and heavenly city of God, embodied by the church. -Served to educate illiterate lay public with frightening and inspiring scenes of Apocalypse and Last Judgment. -They are certainly a response to Islamic exterior decoration.

The reliquary Crucifix

-of Archbishop Gero demonstrates a renewed realism that parallels the middle Byzantine desire to show a suffering, human Christ. -The physicality anticipates the Romanesque interest in the material presence of divinity

lancet

-tall windows - a lancet arch. a lancet window.

Sainte-Chapelle

-Shows High Gothic. - The walls have been all but eliminated and replaced by stained glass. - Sainte-Chapelle Holds relics-Christ's crown of thorns, sponge of vinegar, pieces of the lance and true cross and a nail from the crucifixion, obtained by St. Louis (Louis IX) on crusade, and purchased from his cousin, the Latin emperor of Constantinople. -The windows are composed in the Rayonannt style, defined by an extreme slenderness of architectural forms, stained glass takes up more space, and glass is set into thin tracery bars which make up radiating patterns, like flowers. -The program illustrates the sacred kingship of the Biblical past, as well as images reflecting the relics contained below.

Viking Ship Burials

-Vikings pagan until 11th c. Oseberg Viking ship burial Norway: Wooden animal head post: apotropaic device. - Decorative patterns from metalwork carved in wood, demonstrate control over the seeming chaos of nature. *tombs

Archivolts

-a band of molding, resembling an architrave, around the lower curve of an arch. - the lower curve itself from impost to impost of the columns.

Jambs

-a side post or surface of a doorway, window, or fireplace. - a columnar mass or pillar in a mine or quarry.

Giotto's revolution of naturalism: Giotto di Bondone

-a student of Cimabue, continues his Master's push toward naturalism, aided by a cultural shift toward Humanism, that is, the belief that the experiences of the human condition, from joy to agony, are valuable and worthy of contemplation. -This is a poignant break from the medieval worldview that life is merely a precursor to heaven, purgatory or hell. *Modeling is brought back

Illuminated manuscripts

-are made in scriptoria of monasteries --liturgical books function as vehicles to Christianize, often for display on church altars. - Missionaries utilize indigenous designs to create continuity between pagan and Christian culture

Rose windows

-become standard features of French Gothic. - The rose window and tall lancets of Chartres Cathedral's north transept were the gift of Blanche of Castile, the Queen of France. -The stained-glass is held in place by an armature of stone bar tracery and carry symbols of mundane royalty that are elevated to the sacred. *they are round windows *Have tracery forms symmetrical desgin *portrays heaven

Duccio

-creates a massive Maestà, 1308-1311, for the city's cathedral. -The Altarpiece features the life of Christ set against the traditional gold ground but also includes lavish costumes and fully-modeled figures set in landscapes **composed of many individual paintings commissioned - The front panels make up a large enthroned Madonna and Child with saints and angels, and a predella of the Childhood of Christ with prophets. -The reverse has the rest of a combined cycle of the Life of the Virgin and the Life of Christ in a total of forty-three small scenes *symbol of civic pride

flying buttress

-external, arched support for the wall of a church or other building. - they enabled builders to put up very tall but comparatively thin stone walls, so that much of the wall space could be filled with stained-glass windows.

Lindesfarne gospels

-features an elaborate cross, an image made to evoke observation and contemplation of the complex creation of God. - The Evangelists and their symbols mark each gospel (Matthew-man, Mark-lion, Luke-bull John eagle), shown in the act of writing.

The Last Judgment

-fills the West wall , a typical design choice, as the west represents the setting sun and thus the end of time. -At the center of the composition sits Christ, enthroned in a mandorla, the universal judge, or pantokrator. -Below him stands the cross and below the cross the dead are resurrected. -The elect rise to join the orderly ranks of heaven while the damned are graphically tortured in a beastly and chaotic parody of the celestial court. - Giotto uses his ability to model figures to convincingly render the eschatological in human terms

The Royal Portal of Chartres

-has statues of Old Testament kings, queens, and prophets attached to columns on the jambs flanking all three doorways. - Statues are entirely wedded to jambs, though they do carry the likenesses of contemporary aristocracy. -The capitals are also carved, as is the tympanum, lintel and the archivolts above each doorway.

Ivory carving with court scenes, twelfth century

-illustrates delight in earthly pleasures, including wine, music and romance. -These human desires are often denied to the lower classes and the religious orthodox, but indulged by the aristocracy

High Medieval-Gothic Art and Architecture

1150-1400 -Paris: capital of a nation, of learning, of fashion, taste, arts, architecture and illuminated manuscripts. -The frontispiece of the Paris moralized bible depicts God (Jesus) as an architect, creating the universe with a compass, reflecting the changing social status of artists, here being equated with the Creator. Abbot Suger's renovations of the Royal abbey of St. - Denis marks a shift from Romanesque to Gothic, that is, "the modern style" or "French style"; also marks shift from feudal age of monasteries to age of cathedral and rise of centralized monarchy.

Mosque lamp from Cairo

1285, is emblematic of the Islamic tradition: non-figural, filled with calligraphy, and the product of master craft, coupled with a delight in objects for daily use.

Cologne Cathedral

600 years in the making with a decided preference to its Gothic era design. -The interior boasts an apse of glass reminiscent of the rayonant Sainte-Chapelle. Countless vertical lines formed by compound piers stress obsession with height. *Humanism is later trumped by the even more emotive Rottgen Pieta, or pity, which touts the agony of the Virgin as she holds the bloodied body of Christ

Pietro Lorenzett

Birth of the Virgin, 1342, in a Sienese bedroom, bringing the sacred event into familiar environs. -shows that mary is just like everyone else

What does the word "awesome" mean when it comes to art?

Divine

Romanesque Art

When? -c. 1050-1200 -The age of pilgrimages. Romanesque means "Roman-like" that is, the return to prominence of architectural features such as rounded arches and stone barrel vaults. - Feudal system continues, but economic growth and social mobility are present as towns are re-founded. - More merchants, traders and craftsmen. Centralized governments. Strong papacy.

Medieval

Middle ages Renaissance-> rebirth -Dark ages *because they don't see traits of Rome/ Greece referred to these ppl as Nors people=people up North in Denmark

Ottonian Architecture

Monasteries and Abbey churches use the square module that developed in the Carolingian era.

What does Lux Nora mean?

New light *significance? -w/ stain glass let light shine

Did the term Gothic refer to Darkness?

No *actual meaning of goth= based on the material used & french used it to mean contemporary french

What does the Ospedale degli innocenti represent?

Order & logic

Transition from Pagan to Christian art

Style: Interlace patterns, arabesques, and zoomorphic forms. Abstract, flat geometric patterns.

Gothic beyond France (English Gothic)

The English import the elements of the French style but do not use them all structurally - in a sense it is a superficial treatment

German Gothic

The Germans share the French desire for height by mid thirteenth century.

Italian Painting in the Gothic Age

The beginning of the end of the Medieval Style -incorporates real human features -working after nature

Abbey Church of Saint Denis

The birthplace of Gothic architecture is the choir of the abbey church of SaintDenis near Paris: innovative use of rib vaults resting on pointed arches was first introduced. -Architectural lightness of the rib vault, supporting columns slender, masonry walls reduced in thickness or eliminated. - The outer walls were opened up and filled with stained-glass windows. Reflecting the Theological doctrine: "God is light." Thus Gothic style is marked by illumination (not darkness) through architectural emphasis on glass and verticality

Cathedral of Norte Dame?

There were many (all of them named Norte Dame)

What does Chiarosecuro mean?

Treatment of light and shade in a drawing or painting

Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald

When? -ninth century What? -demonstrates Charlemagne's (or his grandson's) quest for imperial iconography. -Modeled after Statue of Marcus Aurelius, which was mistakenly identified as Constantine. - Like the ancient model the figure dominates the horse, showing mastery over nature. Why? -king wanted a classical character -going to define himself as a new ruler -want identity for himself Problem? -Pope was going to put crown on his head -which makes the pop more powerful because he creates these emperors

Guilds (Artisans)

Unions, social groups , clubs tasked with filling niches w/ sculptors Ex: group of stoners

the Porch of the Confessors

What? - statues of saints on the portal jambs -in the south transept of Chartres are more independent of the architectural framework. - Drapery folds are less stiff and the fabric falls over the bodies in soft folds. - Also, the faces are more individualized and given more distinctive personalities and iconographic attributes become animated and narrative.

Ottonian Period

When? - 900-1000 What? -Charlemagne's empire is divided by grandsons into three weaker kingdoms. -By the mid 10th century, a new Saxon line of German Emperors emerges, the three Ottos, as successors to Holy Roman Empire.

Carolingian Art

When? -(late 8th-9th century) What? -Charlemagne-- united much of Europe; - crowned by Pope in Rome in 800 as Holy Roman Emperor; -he and his successors revived Imperial traditions, classical learning, and Roman art and architecture.

The Islamic World

When? -7th century *Culture centered on a Semitic religion founded by Muhammad in the seventh century Timeline: -in 610 Muhammad receives revelations from Gabriel; preaches in native city of Mecca. - In 622, Muhammad is exiled to Medina. - In 630, Muhammad returns to Mecca with 10,000 soldiers; conquers the city, and cleanses the Kaaba, the cubic shrine thought to be erected by Abraham. - By 638, Muslims take Jerusalem, and in 644, Muhammad's revelations are codified in the Koran. -Over the next eight hundred years Islam becomes the religion of empires, including the Ottoman Turks, who take Constantinople in 1453.

Mosiac of Deeis

Who is shown? 1) Christ 2) Mary 3) John the Baptist What ? -both Mary and John the Baptist come to Christ on behalf of mankind

What does Zoomorphic & Anthropomorphic mean?

Zoomorphic = representing animal forms or gods of animal forms Anthropomorphic = having human characteristics