Intro to Art Midterm

Georgia O'Keefe: What was she often decribed as and why?

She was often described as a pioneer because she made her own way in art and lived her life as she wanted.

Georgia O'Keefe: Where was Georgia O'Keeffe born and what did she know she wanted to do?

Sun Prairie, Wisconsin and knew at the age of ten that she wanted to be an artist

Contour

slow, continuous line around a subject

Giotto and Leonardo: Giotto was considered ..

"The father of the Italian Renaissance"

Principles of Design: Texture

Texture refers to the surface quality or "feel" of an object, such as roughness, smoothness, or softness

Giotto and Leonardo: Giotto was inspired by

by Greek and Roman murals

Georgia O'Keefe: How do her paintings take on a abstract quality?

by using line and color

Color Theory: Split complementary

are formed from finding complements - like yellow and purple - then choosing the colors on either side of the complement - like blue-violet and red-violet

Color Theory: Color Values

are the lights and darks of a color you create by using black and white white + color = tint color + black = shade

Michelangelo: Why did Michelangelo depict his self portait in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew?

as a personal confession of guilt and unworthyness to god. He was also depressed.

Georgia O'Keefe: Where did she recieve art lessons in her early life?

at home

Giotto and Leonardo: Gesso

made from glue mixed with finely ground chalk. Used to create a painting surface for egg tempera painting.

Giotto and Leonardo: Sfumato

misty background, softening lines so that objects do not have outlines, creating the illusion of space.

Giotto and Leonardo: What does a Master do?

ran his own buisness or workshop. might higher people to make things or he might want to do it himself producing fewer things

Color Theory: Triadic Colors

colors that are equally spaced on the color wheel

Michelangelo: Madonna of the Stairs

completed when Michelangelo was about 16.

What did Uccelo do very well

created almost computer like images using perspective

Principles of Design: Organic Shape

curvilinear - found in nature

Georgia O'Keefe: Where was the first place she began teaching at and in what year?

in 1915, She began teaching at columbia college in South Carolina, O'Keeffe began to explore the principles she learned from Arthur Dow.

When did Durer use multiple vanishing points?

in his woodblock prints

Michelangelo: Michelangelo's self-portrait is seen where in the sistine chapel?

in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew.

Georgia O'Keefe: When did she marry Alfred Stieglitz

1924

Giotto and Leonardo: Renaissance lasted how long?

1400-1600

Color Theory: Cool Colors

Cool colors are found on the left side of the color wheel

Giotto and Leonardo: Leonardos work was considered

mysterious

Pablo Picasso and Cubism: Synthetic Cubism

- Braque and Picasso invented this new art form called collage from the french word Coller meaning "to glue." - Incorporated stenciled lettering and paper scraps.

Pablo Picasso and Cubism: Analytical Cubism 1907

- Inspired by African Art at a museum show in Paris, Picasso began to simplify his subject matter. - He was intrigued by the simple geometric shapes of the African masks . - Wanted to reveal the essence of the subject . - Took multiple points of view on one picture plane. - Simplified and employed geometric shapes.

Pablo Picasso: Where did Picasso learn to paint?

- Pablo entered the School of Fine Arts but it was mostly his father who taught him painting. - By 1894, (age 13) Pablo's works were so well executed for a boy of his age that his father recognized Pablo's amazing talent, and, handing Pablo his brush and palette, declared that he would never paint again.

Pablo Picasso: Rose Period 1905-1906

- Picasso settled full time in Paris. - He met his first love Fernande Olivier and his depression vanished. - Used delicate pinks and earth colors to paint circus performers like harlequins and acrobats. - Sentimental and Romantic

Pablo Picasso: Blue Period 1901-1904

- Picasso's first original style. - Grew out of his years an impoverished artist. - Called blue period because of the indigo and cobalt colors used. - He was obsessed with blind beggars and homeless, literally projecting the "blues" he felt during this time. - Elongated the figures to further add expressionistic quality.

Pablo Picasso and Cubism: Analytical Cubism

- Worked closely with Braque. - Their work is so similar that even art historians have a difficult time distinguishing between the two artists' works during this time. - Monchromatic colors and shifting of picture planes.

Michelangelo: When did he create The Last Judement?

20 years after he completed the ceiling

Georgia O'Keefe: How much older was Alfred from Georgia

23 years older

Principles of Design: Form

3 dimentional shape. volume.

Color Theory: Analogous

3-5 colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel (next to)

Perugino and Raphael: Raphael died at what age

35

Michelangelo: How long did it take him to paint the Sistine Chapel?

4 years

Michelangelo: When did Michelangelo die?

89

Giotto and Leonardo: Fresco

= fresh Painting is done on wet or "fresh plaster" - Giotto was famous for his fresco's used for murals.

Principles of Design: Contrast

A large difference between two things, such as light and shadow, color and black/white

Principles of Design: Line

A line is defined as a mark with length and direction, created by a point that moves across a surface. A line can vary in length, width, direction, curvature, and color.

Georgia O'Keefe: After her husband died she moved where?

After her husband died she moved to New Mexico to be in the country she felt was a part of her.

Georgia O'Keefe: Georgia O'Keeffe was what kind of artist?

American abstractionist artist

Principles of Design: Value

An element of art that refers to luminance or luminosity - the lightness or darkness of a color.

Principles of Design: Balance

Balance is a sense of stability in the body of work. Balance can be symmetrical (formal) or assymmetrical (informal)

Color Theory: Neutral Colors

Black, white, gray and sometimes brown

Perugino and Raphael: Euclid in the School of Athens

Bramante's likeness is Greek Mathematician/pupil of Socrates. Raphael is in the corner next to Perugino. Looking out at the viewer

Who created linear persepctive?

Bruneleschi

Color Theory: Secondary Colors

By mixing two primary colors Red + Yellow = Orange Yellow + Blue = Green Blue + Red = Violet

Color Theory: Complementary

Complementary colors are opposite on the color wheel; if you want to be noticed wear complementary colors! - children's cereals and sport teams use complementary to get the public's attention

Michelangelo: Eve appears in which of his paintings

Creation of Adam

Georgia O'Keefe: Who took Georgias work to Alfred Stieflitz gallery?

Early in 1916, Anita Pollitzer took some of Georgia's drawings to Alfred Stieglitz's 291 gallery. He was to exclaim, "At last, a woman on paper!". He told Anita the drawings were the "purest, finest, sincerest things that had entered 291 in a long while.", and that he would like to show them.

Giotto and Leonardo: What period was before Renissance

Gothic

Principles of Design: Emphasis & Focal Point

Emphasis - Any forcefulness that gives importance to some feature or features of an artwork; something singled out, stressed, or drawn attention to by means of contrast, anomaly, or counterpoint  Focal Point = portion of an artwork's composition on which interest or attention centers

Georgia O'Keefe: How many of her paintings did Alfred Exhibit

Exhibited 10 of her charcoal pictures in 1916

Georgia O'Keefe: Where did she teach for 3 years?

For the next 3 years she taught art in Amarillo, Texas public schools.

Perugino and Raphael: How was Raphaels apperence and characteristics?

Raphael was friendly and comfortable with people, he was exposed to many artists as a young child.

Giotto and Leonardo: Three Phases of Renaissance

Giotto - Early Renaissance Masaccio - Mid Renaissance Leonardo - High Renaissance

Georgia O'Keefe: When did Alfred Stieglitz die?

He died in 1946, 22 years after they were married

Michelangelo: How did Michelangelo symbolize different groups in the Sistine Chapel?

He used colorful clothing

Georgia O'Keefe: Where did her sister take her in 1912?

In 1912 her sister took her to an art class at the University of Virginia. The teacher was a follower of Arthur Dow.

Georgia O'Keefe: In 1929 she traveled where and discovered her love for what?

In 1929 she traveled west and discovered her love of the deserts and mountains of New Mexico.

Georgia O'Keefe: What did O'Keefe use to paint with?

In oils, watercolors and did some drawings in charcoal

Georgia O'Keefe: In the 60's how was her intrest renewed in her work?

In the 60's interest was renewed in her work, with its bright, exciting colors, much like the psychedelic colors that were popular at this time.

Color Theory: Intermediate or Tertiary Colors

Intermediate, or Tertiary, colors are created by mixing a primary and a secondary. red-orange yellow-orange yellow-green blue-green blue-violet red-violet

Principles of Design: Pattern & Repetition

Involves multiples of the same element.

Principles of Design: Color

Is an element of art with three properties 1) Hue, the name of the color, e.g. red, yellow, etc. 2) Intensity or the purity and strength of the color 3) Value, or the lightness or darkness of the color

Giotto and Leonardo: Aerial /Atmospheric Perspective

Leonardo called it the perspective of disappearance.

Giotto and Leonardo: What was Leonardos intent when painting the last supper

Leonardo's intent was to capture different emotions of Jesus' disciples when painting the Last Supper.

Perugino and Raphael: Which artists did Raphael incorperate in the school of Athens?

Leonardo, Himself, Michelangelo, Bramante

Pablo Picasso and Cubism: Which painting started the Cubist Movement

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon The Maids of Avignon

Michelangelo: What kind of models did Michelangelo use to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Capel?

Male

Giotto and Leonardo: Masaccio vs. Giotto

Masaccio's work displayed a great deal of light and form creating more depth in his work compared to Giottto

Principles of Design: Space/Depth

May be created by overlapping, change in scale, perspective placement, color theory, or projection toward the viewer.

Principles of Design: Movement

Movement adds excitement to your work by showing action and directing the viewers eye throughout the picture plane.

Georgia O'Keefe: Who was she inspired by?

O'Keeffe was inspired by Arthur Dow who focused on the Principle of Harmony.

Perugino and Raphael: Who was Rapheals father?

Raphael's father was a successful painter, having a father who was a painter also influenced his love of art

Georgia O'Keefe: How did O'Keeffe create compositions using natural objects?

One of her favorite techniques was to monumentalize flowers and other natural forms. She changed their scale, enlarging and cropping them until they filled a large canvas. Often, O'Keeffe would "zoom in" on a small, intricate part of a flower - such as its stamen - enlarging it until it was no longer recognizable.

Compare the work of Pablo Picasso to the work of Georgia O'Keeffe. How did each employ the use of the element of shape in their work? Discuss the themes of each artist and how each approached abstraction in his/ her work?

Pablo Picasso and Georgia O'Keefe each employed the use of element of shape in their work by using 2 different kinds of shapes. Georgia O'Keefe often used organic shapes that had a curvilinier aspect to it and were shapes found in nature. She learned this from her inspiration Arthur Dow who taught her to draw the outline of shapes and compare each one to another, often dipiciting shapes found in nature, but not as much realistic. Pablo Picasso used more angular man made concepts called geometric shapes which is seen when his cubist movement began. Pablo Picasso and Georgia O'Keefe both used different themes in their paintings and approached abstraction in their work in different ways. Georgia O'Keefe liked to achieve abstraction through her bold curves, flowing lines, and vibrant colors. She looked at her subject which was often flowers, bones, landscapes or desserts very head on, often zooming in on the subject to a part where it was almost unrecognizable. Pablo Picasso achieved abstraction by looking at his subject points which he often got inspiraction from African Art and masks, from all different kind of views to revieal their true essence. He did this through analytical and synthetic cubism, where analytical was more about simplifed geometric shapes, and synthetic was based on the new art he invented called college meaning "to glue".

Perugino and Raphael: Great philosphers in the the School of Athens ?

Plato and Aristotle

Michelangelo: Who asked Michelangelo to paint the celiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Pope Julius II

Color Theory: Primary Colors

Primary colors are not mixed from other Red, Yellow, Blue

Perugino and Raphael: Who was the final master of the Italian Renissance

Raphael

Perugino and Raphael: Where did Rapheal go to study art ?

Raphael established himself in Florence "the center of Art" to study art

Perugino and Raphael: Why was Raphael consdiered "a great space composer"

Raphael was considered a great "space composer" for his ability to create perspective and placement of people/objects; two examples of this would be School of Athens and Disputa

Perugino and Raphael: What was Raphael's family name?

Santi

Color Theory: Shades

Shades are darkened colors

Principles of Design: Shape

Shape is an enclosed space defined by other elements of art. Shape is 2-Dimensional

Georgia O'Keefe: When did she travel internationally ?

She didn't travel internationally until she was in her sixties. She brought her experiences of flying home in a series of paintings, one of which was Sky Clouds.

Georgia O'Keefe: When she she pass away?

She died in 1986 in New Mexico.

Georgia O'Keefe: What did she often focous on in her paintings?

She often focused on the negative space (the area/space around the subject), and used it to help bring out the positive space, (the subject).

Georgia O'Keefe: What did she use as the subject of many of her paintings after she discovered her love of the deserts and mountains?

She used skeletons and skulls she found as the subjects of many of her paintings. She would bring back skulls and partial skeletons of desert animals to NY to paint, she found a kind of peace and beauty in them. She often added bright colors that she believed seemed to belong to the bones.

Michelangelo: Criticism of Sistine Chapel

The Master of Ceremonies Biagio da Cesena said that "it was most dishonest in such an honoured place to have painted so many nude figures who so dishonestly show their shame and that it was not a work for a Chapel of the Pope but for stoves and taverns"

Describe four artistic innovations that were discovered during the Renaissance period. Give specific examples (citing artworks) for each.

The four artistic innovations that were discovered during the Renaissance was Stufmato, Chiaroscuro, Contropassto and Linear Perspective. Stufmato often included a misty background and softening the lines of objects to create the illusion of space. This is seen in many paintings, but was first used in Leonardo's his most famous painting the Mona Lisa. Chiaroscuro was the modeling of lights and darks to show value, depth, and form. This is shown in Madonna of the Rocks by Leonardo, and the School of Athens through the folds in their clothes. Contropassto was the technique of sculpting a human figure in a pose in a way that shows body balance. With weight on one leg, the shoulders and hips counterbalance each other in a natural way so that the figure does not fall over, which was developed in the late Greek period. This can be seen in David by both Michelangelo and Donatello. Linear Perspective contains a horizon line, vanishing point and creates the illusion of space. This can be seen in The Delivery of the Keys by Perugino, with the door as the vanishing point.

Michelangelo: The only sculpture that Michelangelo ever signed?

The only sculpture that Michelangelo ever signed was the "Pieta" to prove it was his work.

Principles of Design: Unity & Harmony

The quality of wholeness or oneness (Gestalt) that is achieved through the effective use of the elements and principles of design.

Michelangelo: Why was the sculpture of David created?

The sculpture of David was created for Florence from the story of David killing the giant Golliath. This reflects the power and determination of the republic pride of Florence

Georgia O'Keefe: Where in new Mexico did she live?

There she lived in an area called Ghost Ranch, west of Taos. She continued to paint her bones, her ranch and the views she had from the ranch.

Giotto and Leonardo: Leonardo was an apprentice to

Verrochio

Color Theory: Tints

Tints are lightened colors

Color Theory: Warm Colors

Warm colors are found on the right side of the color wheel

Principles of Design: Variety

When elements are changed in scale, color, or form.

Georgia O'Keefe: Where did she move to when she was 15?

Williamsburg Virginia

Color Theory: Achromatic Color

a color that lacks hues. the colors are white black and gray.

Pablo Picasso and Cubism: Braque

developed cubism along with Picasso, historians were often unable to tell their work apart

Giotto and Leonardo: What was Leonardo NOT known for

finishing his work on time

Georgia O'Keefe: Her painting style included ..

flowing lines, bold curves and spaces as well as bright colors.

Giotto and Leonardo: Chiaroscuro

modeling from light to dark to show form. Folds in the clothes - painted from real subjects.

Color Theory: Monochromatic

monochromatic color schemes have only one color and its values

Georgia O'Keefe: Who was Alfred Stieglitz?

o A leading figure in the NY art world. o In addition to being a photographer and an artist he was also a "patron" of the arts. (a supporter or benefactor) o He encouraged the "new" particularly abstract art theories among the artists who flocked around him. o He hung show after show of the works of his "protégés." (people whose training or careers are helped along by an influential person or by a patron.) o He encouraged Georgia's interest in the new abstract styles o He set up her first one-woman exhibit of her drawings o He kept her moving ahead in her paintings.

Georgia O'Keefe: What did she teach her students at the Amarillo, Texas public schools?

o She helped her students find beauty in the surroundings that they had always thought to be desolate. o She learned an appreciation for children o She was remembered as an understanding teacher.

Georgia O'Keefe: Talk about the "new" direction in art that Arthur Dow had pointed out to her

o She went to study directly with him. o He was known for teaching art based on some of the principles of oriental art. o He taught concepts of using lines to draw outlines of different shapes and then showing the relationship of one shape to another. o Often the lines and shapes imitated those found in nature, but they weren't necessarily realistic.

Giotto and Leonardo: What does an apprentice do?

payed a master craftsmen to train himself to become like the him. little by little gave him more responsibility and was taught skills. the apprentice was soon allowed to paint starting with less important elements of the art to more important work

Georgia O'Keefe: What school did she enter at the age of 18 and what school did she then go on too?

she entered the Art Institute of Chicago and then went on to the Art Student's League of New York in 1907

Georgia O'Keefe: What began to happen to her eye sight in her old age?

she was losing her eyesight to Macular degeneration and was anxious to finish the painting.

Georgia O'Keefe: Why was she unhappy at the Art Student's League of New York?

she was unhappy with her work there, (felt she was not learning anything new) so she destroyed it all and went back to Chicago. Then she returned to Virginia to see her family

Georgia O'Keefe: What was the themes of her paintings?

the themes of her paintings included bones, deserts, landscapes and flowers.

Giotto and Leonardo: Foreshortening

to make a figure seem to come out toward the viewer.

Giotto and Leonardo: How did Leonardo create atmospheric perspective

used a blue haze

Giotto and Leonardo: mural is another word for..?

wall painting

Michelangelo: Why was the Sculpture of David created?

was created for Florence from the story of David killing the giant Goliath. This reflects the power and determination of the republic pride of Florence

Giotto and Leonardo: What does a journeyman do?

went from place to place getting work wherever he could. when he would stop at a workshop the master painter was obligated to give him some sort of work so he could get money to move onto the next town. if he then wanted to become a master he would make his own "masterpeice"

Principles of Design: Geometric Shape

Angular, man-made concept

Giotto and Leonardo: Renaissance

a renewed interest in art/literature/science. Rebirth

Perugino and Raphael: Similarities of School of Athens & Delivery of The Keys

- Architectural setting/Arches - Foreground, middle ground and background - Groups of People - Hidden Messages - Inclusion of self-portrait - Friends and contemporaries

Perugino and Raphael: Raphael Santi (Sanzio)

- Born in Urbino, Italy. - Father was a popular painter in Urbino. - Established himself in Florence (the center of Art) to study at age 21 - quickly regarded as equal to the two giants of the Renaissance, Leonardo and Michelangelo - Friendly and comfortable with people, eager to learn, avoided political involvement. - As a child he met many artists/nobility. Studied anatomy using dissection to learn how the parts of the body worked. - Adopted Leonardo's technique of sfumato. - Painted so much like Perugino is was not possible to tell them apart. - Considered great space composer - Painted portraits of women - combining best features of all women he met. - Appointed as Papal Architect in 1514 by Pope Leo X (10) after Bramante's death - Died of a fever on 4/6 (which is also the day of his birth

Perugino and Raphael: Delivery of the Keys by Pietro Perugino

- Commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV - Fresco Painted in the Sistine Chapel -Vanishing point: the door, similarity to leo with the way he paints figures - Jesus appears in the painting 3 times 1. The Pharasiees seeking to compromise Christ about tax money 3. playing with stones 4. Christ giving keys to the kingdom of heaven to the apostle Peter/First bishop & First Pope of Rome - Clear use of linear perspective - Fusion of art/science - Symbolic focus of figures

Perugino and Raphael: Sistine Madonna

- Commissioned by the Benedictine monks of the Monastery of San Sisto as an altar piece - The last of the painter's Madonnas - last painting he completed with his own hands. - includes Saint Sixtus, Madonna, Saint Barbara and Cherubs

Giotto and Leonardo: Madonna of the Rocks

- Folds in cloth, angels wings drawn from real birds, flowers painted from life, nothing painted from his imagination - Strong composition, unified, harmonious whole (circles/triangles used to achieve balance) - Leonardo's work was mysterious

Michelangelo: David

- Gigantic marble, started in 1501 and completed in 1504  - Michelangelo began work on the colossal figure of David in 1501, and by 1504 the sculpture (standing at 4.34m/14 ft 3 in tall) was in place outside the Palazzo Vecchio. - The choice of David was supposed to reflect the power and determination of Republican Florence and was under constant attack from supporters of the usurped Medicis. - In the 19th century the statue was moved to the Accademia.

Giotto and Leonardo: Cimabue 1230-1302

- Italian painter and mosaicist, born in Florence. He was one of the most important artists of his time. - Began to break away from the formalism of Byzantine/Gothic art which was predominant in Italy at that time. - Introduced a more lifelike treatment/interpretation of traditional subjects. - He was the forerunner of the realistic Florentine school of the early Renaissance founded by Giotto. - Believed to have been Giotto's teacher.

Giotto and Leonardo: Giotto 1267-1337

- Italian/Florentine painter, sculptor, and architect. - Giotto was recognized as the first genius of art in the Italian Renaissance. "The Father of the Renaisance". - He dealt largely in the traditional religious subjects, but he began to give these subjects an earthly, full-blooded life and force. Adding very human touches. - Giotto was a master storyteller through his paintings.

Giotto and Leonardo: Mona Lisa

- Leonardo spent 4 years painting the Mona Lisa - Considered his most famous painting. - Elisabetta Giocondo (wife of an officer of Florence - modeled for this portrait - Leonardo brought in jesters, musicians, singers to entertain the model while he worked -Used technique - sfumato

Giotto and Leonardo: Masaccio 1401-1427

- Masaccio, the first great painter of the Italian Renaissance, whose innovations in the use of scientific perspective changed this modern era in painting. - He joined the painters guild in Florence in 1422. His remarkably individual style owed little to other painters, except possibly the great 14th-century master Giotto. - He was more strongly influenced by the architect Brunelleschi and the sculptor Donatello, both of whom were his contemporaries/peers in Florence.

Perugino and Raphael: The Miraculous Draught of Fishes

- Pope Leo X commissioned Raphael to design ten draperies for the lower parts of the walls of the Sistine Chapel. In 1515-16. - Raphael created the cartoons for the wool and silk draperies. - Seven cartoons survive today, and are kept in the Victoria and - Albert Museum in London. Four draperies show scenes from the life of Peter, the other six of Paul's

Perugino and Raphael: School of Athens

- Stanza della Signatura/Vatican, Rome - Library where Pope, Julius II signed decrees of court - Four themes: one on each wall (philosophy, theology, poetry and law)

Michelangelo: Pieta (1498-1500)

- Still in its original place in Saint Peter's Basilica. - One of the most famous works of art, the Pieta was probably finished before Michelangelo was 25 years old. - The youthful Mary is shown seated majestically, holding the dead Christ across her lap. - Instead of revealing extreme grief, Mary is restrained, and her expression is one of resignation.

Perugino and Raphael: Pietro Perugino

- Studied art at Perugia, Italy - Friend of Leonardo - Worked in the Sistine Chapel in Rome - Frescoes appear on the walls of the chapel. - Adopted some techniques from Leonardo -Sfumato/Chiaroscuro - Master to Raphael

Giotto and Leonardo: Leonardo's sketchbooks

- Studying anatomy to achieve proper proportions - Dissected human corpses - Sketched portraits of models - Signature as it appears in sketchbook - Leonardo used mirror handwriting - attempt to keep thoughts private

Giotto and Leonardo: Leonardo

- described as genius - insignificant background and soon became mater painter - son of local lawyer in his small town of vinci in the tuscan region - father acknowledged him and paid for his training becoming an apprentice to Verrochio - made experiments with his work sometimes - considered architect, inventor, sculptor, master painter - work was mysterious

Perugino and Raphael: Transfiguration

- was created beginning in 1516 - was thought to be finished by his student of art, Giulio Romano in 1520, after Raphael's premature death. - Cardinal Giulio de'Medici (who later became Pope Clement VII), commissioned Raphael to paint Transfiguration for the city of Narbonne, in France - The painting was kept personally by the Pope after Raphael's untimely death, until he donated it to the church of San Pietro in Rome. - The painting is now housed in the Vatican Museum

Principles of Design: Space

Space is the empty or open area between, around, above, below, or within objects. Shapes and forms are made by the space around and within them.

Michelangelo: Contrapposto

Technique of sculpting a human figure in a pose that shows the weight of the body in balance. With weight on one leg, the shoulders and hips counterbalance each other in a natural way so that the figure does not fall over. Developed in the late Greek period.

Giotto and Leonardo: The Last Supper

comissioned by Lodovico- ruler of the Milan in the church of Santa Maria Delle Grazie in MilanL - Unsuccessful fresco -mixed egg, linseed oil, and pigments - Painting finished in 1517 at which time it began flaking off - Further damaged by Napolean troops when they used the room as a stable for their horses - Painting underwent 7 restoration attempts. - took Leonardo 2 years to pain the last supper and 20 years to restore it - Leonardo wanted to capture different emotions of Jesus disciples when painting the Last supper

Michelangelo: What was the only sculpture that Michelangelo signed?

the Pieta to prove that it was his work