Intro to Bio: Chapter 6
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
__________ is used as fuel and __________ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration.
Glucose ... carbon dioxide
A horse eating some hay is an example of ________.
a consumer eating a producer
From what food can reactants of glycolysis be derived?
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Exchanges across respiratory membranes are increased when we breathe faster as we exercise. What exchanges are increased, and why?
carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to support aerobic metabolism
Which are products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Photosynthetic organisms like grass are able to ________.
use molecules in the air as a major source of carbon
What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid?
fermentation
In an active muscle cell, aerobic cellular respiration generates about ________ ATP from one glucose.
fewer than 50
ATP synthase plays a role in ______.
generating ATP
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
Which reactant(s) primarily come(s) from the air?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
A product of glycolysis is ______.
pyruvic acid
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
In the absence of oxygen the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule during glycolysis is approximately __________.
2 ATPs
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
What other energy carrier(s) that can be used to synthesize more ATP is/are also generated during these processes?
NADH and FADH2
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
Aerobic metabolism always requires _____.
Oxygen
__________ is a chemical process that uses light energy from the sun to build organic molecules.
Photosynthesis
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
Chemical reactions that require oxygen are called __________, and those that do not require oxygen are called__________.
aerobic ... anaerobic
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
ethyl alcohol
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose ... enzymes
Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
glycolysis
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm?
glycolysis
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Plant cells ________.
have mitochondria and chloroplasts
Humans are both ________.
heterotrophs and consumers
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that ________.
insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
The main function of cellular respiration is __________.
making ATP to power cell activities
Electron transport takes place in the ______.
mitochondria
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.
oxygen
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______.
oxygen
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.
photosynthesis
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________.
produce ATP without O2
Photosynthetic organisms are ________.
producers that make their own organic matter from inorganic molecules
Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________.
produces ATP
Plants use photosynthesis to ________.
store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
If the amount of oxygen required by your muscles during a workout exceeds your aerobic capacity, your muscle cells will __________.
switch to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain
Most of the organic matter in the tree shown in the figure comes from ________.
the air
Glycolysis results in ________.
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
The electron transport chain of cellular respiration is a series of electron carrier molecules. Where are these molecules located in eukaryotic cells?
the inner membrane of the mitochondria
In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________.
the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
The ultimate source of energy in food is ________.
the sun
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
two
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
two
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules
An important end product of cellular respiration is __________.
water
At the end of the electron transport chain the electrons are taken up by oxygen to generate __________.
water
The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.
water and carbon dioxide