Intro to Deaf Communities - Midterm (Ch. 1-5)

Explain the difference between "D" deaf and "d" deaf.

- "deaf": refers to individuals whose haring loss makes it very hard or impossible to understand spoken language through hearing alone; tend to rely on auditory assistance devices, use spoken language, and socialize more with hearing people than Deaf people - "Deaf": culture of Deaf people; use sign language & share beliefs, values, customs, and experiences that create a strong bond and group identity; tend to socialize with other culturally Deaf people and embrace deafness rather than believing they are damaged in some way

What is the difference between ASL, Cued Speech, and the Rochester Method.

- ASL: American Sign Language is a visually perceived language based on a naturally evolved system of articulated hand gestures and their placement relative to the body, along with non-manual markers such as facial expressions, head movements, shoulder raises, mouth morphemes, and movements of the body. - Cued Speech: An invented system (not a language) that uses different handshapes around the mouth to help the Deaf person understand the words being spoken. - Rochester Method: Also known as Visible English. A method of deaf education that focuses on fingerspelling and speech. Each English word in a sentence is fingerspelled. This method gets its name from the fact that it was used for a time as the main method of instruction at the Rochester School for the Deaf.

Explain and give examples of the following: Audiology Audiologist

- Audiology: the study of hearing disorders, including evaluation of hearing function and rehabilitation of patients with hearing impairments - Audiologist: a professional who specializes in detecting hearing levels and proposing different types of accomodations

Compare a Deaf individual's attitude towards ASL before 1960 and after 1960.

- Before 1960: ASL was discouraged and almost viewed as being shameful - After 1960: much more encouraged and embraced

List some contemporary descriptions of deafness and explain their meanings.

- Deaf-World: does not refer to a geographical location but rather encompasses Deaf people who share common characteristics or pursuits as a part of a particular way of life that involves social networks. Members communicate using the sign language of their country as a part of their culture. - Deafhood: Deaf consciousness concept that involves processing and reconstructing of Deaf traditions related to becoming and staying "Deaf;" a way of actualizing oneself as a Deaf person; as it is always changing, it prevents Deaf culture from having a strict list of criteria for membership - Deaf gain: the opposite of hearing loss; it's about the benefits of being deaf; the gain is in how nuances of communication can become more clear, how eye contact facilitates different ways of relating with others, how touch can have meaning, how seeing things creates visual environmental awareness, how the use of signed languages enhances meanings, how people connect with each other in communities, and how all these contribute to human diversity - Deaf ethnicity: the argument is that Deaf people have a collective name (Deaf), a shared language (signed languages), feelings of a community, behavior norms, distinct values, culture knowledge and customs, social/organization structures, the arts, history, and kinship - People of the eye: communicate using a visual language, and adapt to their environment by using their eyes; shifts the focus from hearing loss to deaf people as visual beings.

Define iconic signs and give 4 examples.

- Definition: signs that look like the object they represent - Examples: Eat, Drink, Book, Type (as in on a computer), Tree, Turtle

Find 3 quack cures for deafness.

- Hot oil with boiled worms poured in the ear - Operation on the ligament to the tongue to enable speech - Repeated shaking of the heard - Forcing deaf people to shout so loudly that blood came from their ears and mouths - Magnetic head caps - Vibrating machines - Artificial eardrums - Blowers - Inhalers - Massagers - Magic oils - Basalms - Striking the head hard enough to cause a fracture - White hot iron applied behind the ear

The medical/disability model and the sociolinguistic/cultural model.

- Medical/Disability: In the medical model, being deaf is often viewed as an undesirable trait that should be treated and avoided, if at all possible. In most cases, the medical model of deafness is favored by deaf people who lost their hearing after already mastering spoken language.Deaf people who subscribe to the medical model of deafness may seek the assistance of hearing aids or undergo invasive surgeries designed to restore their hearing. The acceptance of social welfare and entitlements are also supported by deaf people who adhere to the medical model of deafness. - Sociolinguistic/Cultural: The social model of deafness suggests that individuals who are deaf suffer disability as a result of their environment, not of their physical limitations. Social models of deafness often stress the importance of deaf education for individuals diagnosed with the condition, which should ideally start at a very young age. Deaf education often focuses on interaction with others who have similar conditions and learning how to navigate in a society that is not designed for the deaf and hard of hearing. Cultural models of deafness often stress the beauty of being deaf, and view the condition as neither a physical ailment nor disability. The cultural model of deafness is often embraced by many members of the deaf community, who encourage members to be more outspoken on their condition. Individuals who commit to the deaf culture model are typically unlikely to seek treatment or management of their condition, and may not receive education designed to improve their functionality in a hearing world.

Explain and give examples of the following audiograms: Mild Moderate Severe Profound

- Mild: 26-40 dB; may be able to follow conversation if in quiet environment and topic is familiar - Moderate: 41-55 dB; quiet environment and conversations will need to be within 3-5 feet, may benefit from using a hearing aid - Severe: 71-90 dB; May identify environmental noises and loud sounds; may have difficulty producing intelligible speech - Profound: 91+ dB; does not usually rely on hearing or speech

What characteristics did Stokoe find in ASL that proved it was a language?

- Phonemes (Cheremes): dez (hand configuration), tab (location), sig (movement) - Morphology: how a language creates new words (or signs) - Grammar - Discourse: conversational structures (eye gazes, blinking, facial expressions, body movement) that can be used to create conversation between two or more people

List 4 pros and cons for being educated in mainstream programs.

- Pros: Exposure to the "hearing world"; learn to advocate for themselves; Opportunities for socialization; Access to academic, vocational and extracurricular programs - Cons: Large classrooms that do not cater to easy line of sight for deaf students; High Risk of Isolation; Lack of communication; Views of deafness as a disability/hearing impaired; Lack access to Deaf role models

Elaborate on the pros/cons of Cochlear Implants regarding language, reading, and speaking.

- Pros: Improvement in hearing and ability to communicate with the hearing-world; easier time integrating themselves into a regular school. ability to hear things alert us to potential dangers around us. - Cons: The cost of a cochlear implant is high; The way a cochlear implant translates sound and the way it occurs naturally causes a difference in sound. Adults have a harder time re-adjusting to sounds than children do. Sounds that are unfamiliar are harder for adults to comprehend with a cochlear implant; As with any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with undergoing a cochlear implant. The risks have been minimized since the time the device was invented, but damage to the ear and face can still occur in some instances; any remaining or residual hearing a person has maybe destroyed in the implanted ear;

List 4 pros and cons for being educated in Residential School.

- Pros: Students will be around other deaf and hard of hearing students; students will have Deaf adult role models; Education is tailored to the needs of deaf and hard of hearing; Most schools offer a variety of extracurricular activities, including sports and clubs, where the students interact with other deaf residential schools; These activities can help foster a larger Deaf community for the student. Students build relationships and are involved in Deaf culture and community. - Cons: Students are usually away from home and their families for long periods of time; Children can feel isolated from their families; Expensive; Limited exposure to the hearing world and oral communication could hinder the growth of the student in relation to communication and coexisting with the hearing world.

List 3 ways Public Schools can integrate ASL and Deaf Culture into their curriculum. (for Deaf Students)

- Visual-Tactile Strategies: Deaf parents and teachers have always naturally used many different visual-tactile strategies to maintain attention, point out important concepts and more. Deaf researchers are now documenting this so more people can learn how to use similar strategies. The more basic strategies include having classes in a semicircle where everyone can see each other and tapping on the shoulder to get attention as well as eye gaze to manage behavior. - Deaf Teachers and Professors: Deaf teachers and professors are often more skilled than hearing teachers in communicating with Deaf children of diverse language backgrounds. - Deaf Classrooms: Teaching in a Deaf classroom involves many new amazing technology which often includes a video-centric approach, especially for sign languages.

Elaborate on 3 challenges late deafened adults encounter.

1. Communication with families, coworkers, and friends is more difficult. 2. Some individuals experience significant levels of distress as a result of their hearing problems. For example, some express embarrassment and self-criticism when they have difficulty understanding others or when they make perceptual errors. Others have difficulty accepting their hearing loss and are unwilling to admit their hearing problems to others. Anger and frustration can occur when communication problems arise, and many individuals experience discouragement, guilt, and stress related to their hearing loss.

What percentage of Deaf children are born to hearing parents?

90%

Meniere's Disease

A chronic inner ear disease in which there is an over accumulation of endolymph characterized by recurring episodes of vertigo hearing loss feeling of pressure or fullness in the affected ear and tinnitus

Eustachian Tube

A narrow tube between the middle ear and the throat that serves to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum

Cochlea

A snail-shaped, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

What other sign languages found beside ASL, how old?

ASL is nearly 300 years old; ASL is one of 136 different sign languages in the world; The history of American Sign Language can be traced back to: early Spain in the 1500s, Old French Sign Language, Native American Sign Languages, New England American communities, andHome signs and gestures

Who was Alice Cogswell? Elaborate on her role in Deaf History.

Alice Cogswell was born on August 21, 1805 in Connecticut; Alice had lost her hearing at a young age which was caused by an illness; first student to enroll at The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb (later renamed the American School of the Deaf)

Laurent Clerc

America's first deaf teacher; co-founded American School for the Deaf with Gallaudet; French; was sent to the Institut National des Jeune Sourds-Muets in 1797; His first teacher was Jean Massieu who was also deaf;

Meningitis

An acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection; could result in hearing loss

Number of people with hearing loss in US?

Approximately 17% of the U.S. population (or 36 million people) have hearing loss; Roughly 2 to 3 of every 1,000 children in the U.S. are born deaf; It is estimated that there are between 360,000 to 512,000 Deaf ASL speakers in the U.S; It is projected that Latinx, Asian and African American Deaf people will become the majority, and white Deaf people will become the minority.

Around the world, how many deaf people?

Approximately 360 million people worldwide have hearing loss.

What is English bilingualism?

Bilingualism is the use of two languages. Bilingualism for deaf children is not the same as for hearing children. For many deaf children, the home language is often not ASL. Some deaf children will learn English first, then ASL as a second language; others will be exposed to English, then learn ASL, then switch so that ASL is considered to be their dominant language, with English as their 2nd language.

Deaf communities fight for deaf children

Chicago Mission for the Deaf (late 1800s); National Association of the Deaf (1880); Deaf President Now movement (1988); Child First Campaign

What does CODA stand for and what are their roles within the family?

Children of Deaf Adults Roles: - Communication: CODAs often serve as interpreters for their parents, thus becoming the communication link between their parents and the hearing world Protection: CODAs may become hyper vigilant, listening for things that their parents could not hear such as 'monsters', burglars, smoke alarms, and cracking sounds of the ceiling collapsing

CMV

Cytomegalovirus is a common herpes virus that infects people of all ages. Over half of adults by age 40 have been infected. Once in a person's body, it stays there for life and can reactivate. Most people infected show no signs or symptoms. The infection can cause serious health problems for people with weakened immune systems, as well as babies infected with the virus before they are born.

Differences between Deaf Culture and deaf community

Deaf Culture: term became popular in the 1980s; involves beliefs, artistic expressions, behaviors and language expressions that Deaf people use Deaf Community: not just one, all-encompassing entity; there are many diverse characteristics of Deaf people that create more than one Deaf community: Ethnic/Racial identity; Born in US and those who arrive later; Sign language skills; hearing levels; Religion; Political opinion; Socioeconomic status; Sexual orientation; Educational level; Additional disabilities

How is memory and learning different between the Deaf and hearing individuals?

Deaf children tend to remember less with numbers, words, and pictures, but do better with recognizing faces, and paths of light in arranged spaces. Native-signing Deaf children show better memory than hearing children on visuospacial tasks that don't require language. Deaf students face challenges in learning subject content in the upper grades, particularly with finding relationships between the cause and effects of events.

Deaf people prefer to be called?

Deaf or Hard of Hearing are the preferred terms

What is the Deaf attitude towards Deaf/Blind individuals?

Deaf/Blind individuals are not easily accepted into the larger Deaf community. Deaf people value their vision for communication and fear losing it. Deaf/Blind individuals awaken that fear, causing some deaf people to feel psychological discomfort when approaching them.

What agencies or services require audiograms?

Deaflympics; receiving Vocational Rehabilitation and Social Security benefits; being eligible for admission at an educational institution or program serving deaf students

American School for the Deaf

First formal school for the deaf in America established in 1817 by Thomas H. Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc in Hartford, Connecticut as the American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb; Alice Cogswell was the first student; When the United States Congress awarded the school a land grant in the Alabama Territory in 1820, it was the first instance of federal aid to elementary and secondary special education in the United States; after the land grant, the name changed to the American School for the Deaf

Maternal Rubella

German measles contracted during pregnancy that may result in various disorders in the developing fetus

Ototoxic Drugs

Has the potential to affect ones hearing, tinnitus, equilibrium; Examples: Aminoglycoside antibiotics (such as streptomycin, neomycin, or kanamycin), Salicylates in large quantities (aspirin), Loop diuretics (lasix or ethacrynic acid), Drugs used in chemotherapy regimens (cisplatin, carboplatin, or nitrogen mustard)

When giving a Deaf individual an IQ Test, what can affect the true measure of their ability?

IQ tests are used to evaluate and plan for educational services. For a long time, people thought Deaf people weren't smart. Now we know intelligence is normally distributed in the Deaf population just like it is in the hearing population. Many Deaf people were misdiagnosed because the tests were in English or because the test giver did not understand ASL. Junius Wilson (1908-2001) is one tragic example. Today we know that intelligence is normally distributed in the deaf population and that ASL can express both concrete (experience the world through familiar objects and events) and abstract ideas (finding principles in recurring events and solve problems). The original IQ tests, verbal tests, tend to reap lower scores for the deaf and hard of hearing people, as they have a focus on English language, which has different grammar, structure, and syntax from ASL.

What is "motherese" and how does it influence language development in both hearing/Deaf babies.

In the English language, it is baby-talk, usually delivered with a "cooing" pattern of intonation different from that of normal adult speech: high in pitch, with many glissando variations that are more pronounced than those of normal speech to keep the infant's interest; in ASL, parents use motherese that repeats, exaggerates, and slows down signs to help the infant understand them. They will often exaggerate facial expressions as well and sign near the object being communicated.

Explain the manual/oral controversy.

In the early 1800s, at the beginnings of Deaf education, ASL was used in the schools for the deaf. There were other schools who used an oral method for teaching deaf students. The International Congress of Milan in 1880, due to having a predominately hearing council, voted to ban the used of sign language. In the 1960s, signing was being reintroduced. The controversy lies within the debate of whether ASL or oral teaching methods are better for deaf and hard of hearing students. The controversy still exists today.

Deaf genes on babies

Inherited genes or gene mutations cause 50% of the babies to be born deaf or become deaf later in life; Scientists have identified over 400 different genes; 2/3 of the genes are nonsyndromic, meaning the person is only deaf without any other physical changes, e.g. Connexin 26; 1/3 include additional disabilities such as progressive blindness or pigment abnormalities.

Elaborate on the uniqueness of Martha's Vineyard.

It is one of the three major communities that influenced ASL due to the increased numbers of deaf people in the towns; Nora Groce's book, "Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language," refers specifically to Martha's Vineyard; from the early 18th century to the early 1950s, deaf and hearing people used Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL)

What are common causes of adult hearing loss?

Otosclerosis; Ménière's disease; Autoimmune inner ear disease; Ototoxic medications; Very loud noise; Acoustic neuroma; Physical head injury; Presbycusis

Deaf individuals have better sense than hearing people? what are they?

Peripheral vision

Outer Ear

The section of the ear that gathers and channels sounds to the middle ear.

If a deaf child not receives a language, what happens?

We all develop our thinking skills when we experience the world through all of our senses. When we learn language, we then label our experiences and concepts and talk about them. Both are connected. So when Deaf children are deprived of language from birth onward, their thinking skills do not develop to their maximum potentia

Congenital Toxoplasmosis

a disease that occurs in fetuses infected with Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite, which is transmitted from mother to fetus (one of the causes is cleaning a cat box while pregnant)

Rh Factor

an antigen occurring on the red blood cells of many humans (around 85 percent) and some other primates. It is particularly important as a cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn and of incompatibility in blood transfusions

Oval Window

an oval opening at the head of the cochlea, connecting the middle and inner ear, through which sound vibrations of the stapes are transmitted

Hammer (Malleus), Anvil (Incus), Stirrup (Stapes)

collectively referred to as ossicles; the three smallest bones in the human body; transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

Otosclerosis

hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear

Otitis Media

inflammation of the middle ear

Ear Canal

passage comprised of bone and skin leading to the eardrum; functions as an entryway for sound waves, which get propelled toward the tympanic membrane, known as the eardrum.

Hearing-World

phrase that refers to spaces populated by hearing people; Fast food drive-through, apartment intercoms and speakers are examples

Stereocilia

respond to fluid motion for various functions, including hearing and balance; 17,500-23,500 in the human ear.

Tinnitus

ringing in the ears

Semicircular Canal

structures in the inner ear that are responsible for the sense of balance

Middle Ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Auditory Nerve

the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound

Pinna

the part of the ear that we see on each side of our heads - is made of cartilage and soft tissue so that it keeps a particular shape but is also flexible. It serves as a collector of sound vibrations around us and guides the vibrations into the ear canal. It helps us decide the direction and source of sound.

Inner Ear

the section of the ear that converts nerve impulses which are then interpreted by the brain

Eardrum

thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear; function is to carry sound waves to bones that are located in the middle ear

1900s to 1960s most schools for the deaf were...

used oral methods

1800s most schools were what? in classrooms

used sign language

classroom setting for Deaf?

well lit and visually accessible (such as a u-shape seating arrangement)