Intro to Human Development Ch.5-7

What is self-esteem?

Evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people.

___________ are any skill related to managing our memory, controlling our cognitions, planning our behavior, and inhibiting our responses.

Executive functions

What are conservative tasks?

Piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to determine whether children can go beyond the way that substance's visually appearance and understand that the volume is retained.

What is gender segregated play?

Play in which boys and girls associate only with members of their own sex—typical of childhood.

What is fantasy play?

Play that involves making up and acting out a scenario; also called pretend play.

According to Baumrind, the _____caregiving style is associated with low nurturance or warmth and strict discipline.

authoritarian

Shame, or the feeling of being personally humiliated, may cause people to: feel terrible about what they have done. connect with others. behave aggressively or withdraw. behave in a more caring way.

behave aggressively or withdraw

Which term involves focusing on one idea or aspect of something, to the exclusion of all others? reversibility guided participation egocentrism centering

centering

Failure to provide adequate supervision and care is called:

child neglect.

Renee Baillargeon's experiment involving two kinds of false-belief sequences showed how _______ can develop before toddlers can articulate their understanding in words.

theory of mind

Ellen and Andrew have just sent 4-year-old Stephen to the corner to sit in a chair apart from his brothers because he was not listening to his parents. They will have him stay in the chair for 4 minutes. They are using the disciplinary technique called: withdrawal of love. time-out. induction. psychological control.

time-out

Jean Piaget has been criticized for...

underestimating children's abilities during early childhood.

During early childhood, the neurons in the _______ are in their pruning phase. This explains why, compared to impulse control, humans rapidly develop vision and master basic physical milestones such as walking, at a relatively young age.

visual and motor cortices

What is cyberbullying?

Systematic harassment conducted through electronic media.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects roughly _____ children in the United States.

1 in 88

The typical child can skip and gallop in rhythm by about age...

5

Pruning of the frontal lobes does not begin until a person reaches about _____ years old.

9

What is centering?

A child's tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take other dimensions into account.

What is shame?

A feeling of being personally humiliated.

What is proactive aggression?

A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.

What is reactive aggression?

A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.

What is relational aggression?

A hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships.

What is rehearsal?

A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in to memory.

What are internalizing tendencies?

A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression.

What is bullying?

A situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse.

What is sympathy?

A state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help.

What is learned helplessness?

A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and gives up without trying.

________________, among immigrants, the tendency to become similar in attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.

Acculturation

___________________ evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.

Achievement tests

What are under extensions?

An error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too narrowly.

What is overregularization?

An error in early language development, in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses

What is child maltreatment?

Any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being.

What is aggression?

Any hostile or destructive act.

__________________, the most common childhood learning disorder in the United States, disproportionately affecting boys, characterized by inattention and hyperactivity at home and/or at school.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

_________________ is a type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness, stressing unquestioning obedience.

Authoritarian parents

_________________ is the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules.

Authoritative parents

_____________ are exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized.

Bully-victims

________________, a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.S. norms established for children in the 1970s.

Childhood obesity

What are overextensions?

Children apply verbal labels too broadly. (ex.horsey to all four-legged creatures, such as dogs, cats, and lions)

Which statement about families is true? It is important for children to be in a family with a mother. Children can thrive in any type of family if they are getting their needs met. Children only thrive if they are in a family with two parents. Children in rejecting-neglecting families typically thrive.

Children can thrive in any type of family if they are getting their needs met.

What are resilient children?

Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives.

____________________ is fantasy play in which children work together to develop and act out the scenes.

Collaborative pretend play

__________________, transformative U.S. public school changes, spelling out universal learning benchmarks and emphasizing teaching through scaffolding, problem solving, and communication skills.

Common Core State Standards

_______________ in Piaget's framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 8 to 11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in a more logical, adult way.

Concrete operational thinking

_____________ in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to understand that other people have different points of view from their own.

Egocentrism

____________ is a personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.

Emotion regulation

What is initiative versus guilt?

Erik Erikson's term for the preschool psychosocial task involving actively taking on life tasks.

_________________ is a personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.

Externalizing tendencies

__________________ is the drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade.

Extrinsic motivation

Which statement about shame is false? Feeling shame makes people want to strike back. Feeling shame makes people want to retreat. Feeling shame brings people closer to others. Feeling shame makes people angry.

Feeling shame brings people closer to others.

What is empathy?

Feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing.

____________ are physical abilities that involve small, coordinated movements, such as drawing and writing one's name.

Fine motor skills

_______________ is an explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically, the idea that once children know their own gender label (girl or boy), they selectively watch and model their own sex.

Gender schema theory

________________ is the label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.

Gifted

___________ is feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior.

Guilt

Describe the traditional nuclear family.

Heterosexual married couples with biological children

What is artificialism?

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that human beings make everything in nature.

What is animism?

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive.

What is identity constancy?

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to grasp that a person's core "self" stays the same despite changes in external appearance.

_____________ is the ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person.

Induction

______________ is Erik Erikson's term for the psychosocial task of middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work.

Industry vs. Inferiority

______________, in Vygotsky's theory, the way in by which human beings learn to regulate their behavior and master cognitive challenges, through silently repeating information or talking to themselves.

Inner speech

______________ is the drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.

Intrinsic motivation

________________ the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, and naturalist—plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence.

Multiple intelligence theory

_____ is an error in early language development in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, saying such words things as "foots."

Overregularization

_______________ are how parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centeredness) and discipline (or structure and rules).

Parenting styles

___________________, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little discipline.

Permissive parents

___________________ in Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations.

Practical Intelligence

_________________ in Piaget's theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually.

Preoperational thinking

What are autobiographical memories?

Recollections of events and experiences that make up one's life history.

_________________ is the worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love.

Rejecting-neglecting parents

__________________ in measurement terminology, a basic criterion of a test's accuracy wherein scores must be fairly similar when a person re-takes a test.

Reliability

What is the Flynn effect?

Remarkable and steady rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century.

________________ is play that involves shoving, wrestling, and hitting, but in which no actual harm is intended; especially characteristic of boys.

Rough-and-tumble play

_____________ is a learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information.

Selective attention

Name Piaget's tasks and ages.

Sensorimotor 0-2 yrs Preoperations 2-7yrs Concrete operations 8-12yrs Formal operations 12+yrs

What is prosocial behavior?

Sharing, helping, and caring actions.

Which statement about popularity in elementary school is true? Popular children are always kind and caring to their classmates. Children with externalizing behavior are typically average in the status rankings. All aggressive children are unpopular. Some popular children are proactively aggressive.

Some popular children are proactively aggressive.

Describe blended families.

Spouses divorced and remarried

What is self-awareness?

The ability to observe our actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state.

What are the frontal lobes?

The area at the uppermost front of the brain responsible for reasoning and planning our actions.

What is mean length of utterance (MLU)?

The average number of morphemes per sentence.

What is creative intelligence?

The facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.

What is analytic intelligence?

The facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems.

What is reversibility?

The idea that an operation (or procedure) can be repeated in the opposite direction.

Define working memory.

The limited‑capacity gateway system containing all of the material we can keep in awareness at a single moment.

What are semantics?

The meaning system of a language.

What is syntax?

The system of grammatical rules in a particular language.

What is scaffolding?

The process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development and tailoring one's efforts to that person's competence level.

What is body mass index (BMI)?

The ratio of weight to height; the main indicator of overweight or underweight.

What are morphemes?

The smallest unit of meaning in a particular language

What are phonemes?

The sound units that convey meaning in a given language

What is class inclusion?

The understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements.

What is corporal punishment?

The use of physical force to discipline a child.

_______________ is children's first cognitive understanding, which appears at about age 4, that other people have different beliefs and perspectives from their own.

Theory of Mind

Which belief did researchers find among children who were regularly spanked? They believed they were good children. They believed it was okay to hit a playmate during a disagreement. They knew clearly the difference between right and wrong. They believed it was never okay to hit a playmate.

They believed it was okay to hit a playmate during a disagreement.

The stereotype that boys are better at gross motor abilities and girls at fine motor tasks is (true/false).

True

_________________ remains the top-ranking twenty-first-century global physical threat.

Undernutrition

___________________ is the standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different scales composing a variety of subtests.

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

Psychologists who do think that spanking is never acceptable believe that physical punishment impairs a child's ability to develop:

a conscience.

Humans have _____ than other species. a larger medulla a larger cerebral cortex smaller frontal lobes smaller parietal lobes

a larger cerebral cortex

Personality theorist Harry Stack Sullivan believed that friendships in middle childhood are stepping-stones for:

adult romantic relationships.

The prevalence of obesity is _____ during preschool. (rising/leveling off/declining)

declining

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

dopamine

Research suggests that prosocial behavior begins: before children are six months old. during kindergarten. during toddlerhood. during elementary school years.

during toddlerhood.

Childhood comprises two phases...

early and middle childhood

At what age does gender-segregated play begin?

early childhood

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are most likely _____, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____. elementary school-aged children; internal qualities preschool children; internal qualities preschool children; external qualities elementary-school-age children; external qualities

elementary school-aged children; internal qualities

Both externalizing and internalizing tendencies show problems with: internalizing tendencies. cognitive reconstruction. externalizing tendencies. emotion regulation.

emotion regulation.

Which type of child maltreatment is the most common? physical abuse emotional abuse neglect sexual abuse

emotional abuse

Which term refers to feeling another person's feelings? antipathy sympathy empathy antisocial

empathy

Working memory _____ during the preschool and early elementary school years.

expands dramatically

Research looking at large babies and premature babies suggests that: only experiences after age 4 are predictive of childhood obesity. the environment alone determines weight. genes alone determine weight. experience in the earliest years may biologically set a person up for obesity for life.

experience in the earliest years may biologically set a person up for obesity for life.

Charles Spearman's all-encompassing intelligence factor called "________."

g

A child from an abusive home may not be able to accurately remember and report events from earlier in the day if the parent is:

insecurely attached

Jaden, a nine-year-old child, is extremely fearful of high places, thinking that he may fall at any moment. He also sees himself as a failure at everything he does, even when his performance is reasonably good. Jaden has:

internalizing tendencies

Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and give up on tasks without trying have developed:

learned helplessness

Krista believes that she is going to fail at whatever she does, so she rarely tries new things. When she has to do something new, she tells herself that she is going to fail and therefore often does. Krista has developed:

learned helplessness.

Child _____ is defined as any act that endangers a child's well being.

maltreatment

When Steven played hide-and-seek with his 4-year-old nephew, he realized that while Ethan could run very well, the child was having trouble not betraying his hiding place and understanding the rules of the game. The reason is that Ethan's _________ cortex is on an earlier developmental timetable than his _________ lobes.

motor, frontal

The process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron is called:

mylenation

One reason why relational aggression becomes common in girls, is that, _______ aggression is severely sanctioned in females.

overt, or physical

A supporter of Judith Harris would argue that: peers have the biggest influence on children. culture has the biggest influence on children. teachers have the biggest influence on children. parents have the biggest influence on children.

peers have the biggest influence on children.

In elementary school classes, children who get many "most liked" rankings and no "most disliked" rankings by their classmates are defined as:

popular

Fostering school self-efficacy involves: praising children for being great kids. praising children for working hard. using power assertion. praising children for being brilliant.

praising children for working hard.

What is Jean Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?

preoperational intelligence

Which type of aggression is characterized by insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim's friendships? reactive aggression relational aggression mean aggression instrumental aggression

relational aggression

U.S. prejudice against obese children has _____ over the past few decades. declined declined only among males stayed the same risen

risen

When it comes to elementary school play, _____ segregation is typical.

sex

Treatment for ADHD include all of the following except: dietary changes. psycho-stimulant medication. providing exercise. strict discipline.

strict discipline

"Real" school should probably begin at age _____ because by this time children have entered concrete operations.

y

____________ in Vygotsky's theory, the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem totally on his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person.

zone of proximal development