Intro to landforms GEOG 1113 exam 1

The process of stream incision is___________ compared to the folding of the rock units.

younger

The earth's surface is broken up into how many major plates? A. The earth's surface is broken up into seven major plates. B. The earth's surface is broken up into two major plates. C. The earth's surface is broken up into three major plates. D. The earth's surface is broken up into 700 major tectonic plates. E. The earth's surface is broken up into 15 major plates.

A. The earth's surface is broken up into seven major plates.

Which principle of relative age dating is important for determining the relative age of igneous rock that has intruded into overlying rock? A. the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships B. the Principle of Superposition C. the Principle of Intrusive Relationships D. the Principle of Original Horizontality

A. the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

The sedimentary beds were initially deposited in a(n)___________ orientation.

Horizontal

Where are most modern divergent plate boundaries found? A. at continental margins B. at transform boundaries C. at mid-ocean ridges D. at subduction zones within continents

C. at mid-ocean ridges

Which phenomenon can explain the presence of volcanoes in the middle of the Pacific Ocean? A. subduction B. earthquakes C. hot spots D. divergence E. transform motion

C. hot spots

Which type of faulting is associated with the development of new ocean floor? A. reverse faulting B. transform faulting C. normal faulting D. front faulting E. back faulting

C. normal faulting

Where do most divergent boundaries originate? A. at transform boundaries B. at subduction zones C. within continents D. at mid-ocean ridges E. at continental margins

C. within continents

series of layers of rocks are cut by two faults. Fault B breaks through to the surface, while Fault A does not. Which of the following statements about Faults A and B is correct? A. Fault A is older than Fault B, and Fault A is younger than the surface layer. B. Fault A is the same age as Fault B, and both are younger than the surface layer. C. Fault A is younger than Fault B, and Fault A is younger than the surface layer. D. Fault A is the same age as Fault B, and both are older than the surface layer. E. Fault A is older than Fault B, and Fault A is older than the surface layer.

E. Fault A is older than Fault B, and Fault A is older than the surface layer.

The East African rift is a divergent plate boundary that is splitting the continent of Africa into two pieces. What will eventually form around this divergent boundary? A. a transform boundary B. a continent C. a convergent boundary D. a hurricane E. an ocean

E. an ocean

The __________________ can be used to determine the relative ages of the sedimentary rocks versus canyon formation.

Principles of cross-cutting relationships

What is the Principle of Original Horizontality? Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when deposited. Metamorphic rocks are close to horizontal when eroded. Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited. Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when eroded.

Sedimentary rocks are close to horizontal when deposited.

The sedimentary layers are __________ than both folding and stream incision.

older

Rank each of these events from youngest to oldest: 1.) Erosion of the sedimentary layers by the San Juan River by incision. 2.) An abundance of sand was transported and deposited by wind in a large dune field. 3.) Carbonate sediments were deposited in a shallow marine depositional environment. 4.) Sediment was deposited in stream and floodplain depositional environments.

1.) Erosion of the sedimentary layers by the San Juan River by incision. 2.) An abundance of sand was transported and deposited by wind in a large dune field. 4.) Sediment was deposited in stream and floodplain depositional environments. 3.) Carbonate sediments were deposited in a shallow marine depositional environment.

How do plates move at divergent plate boundaries? A. Plates move apart. B. Plates move side by side. C. Plates do not move. D. Plates move together.

A. Plates move apart.

Which of the following statements about relative and absolute age dating is correct? A. Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age. B. Relative age dating does not provide information about absolute ages, nor does it place rocks and events in chronological order. C. Relative age dating provides information about absolute ages, but does not place rocks and events in chronological order. D. Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, and can provide information about absolute age.

A. Relative age dating places rocks and events in chronological order, but does not provide information about absolute age.

What is the Principle of Superposition? A. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older. B. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers higher in the sequence are older. C. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers in the middle of a sequence are older.

A. Within a sequence of rock layers formed at Earth's surface, rock layers lower in the sequence are older.

Where are tectonic plates located? A. at Earth's surface B. just under Earth's surface C. below Earth's surface, near the core D. below Earth's surface, in the upper mantle

A. at Earth's surface

What are the three types of plate boundaries? A. divergent, convergent, transform B. digressive, convergent, transform C. divergent, convergent, transverse D. divergent, converse, transverse E. divergent, converse, transform

A. divergent, convergent, transform

What forms at divergent plate boundaries? A. new oceanic lithosphere B. new continental lithosphere

A. new oceanic lithosphere

Which of the following statements about earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 is correct? A. Earthquakes with magnitude greater that 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with plate boundaries. B. Earthquakes with magnitude greater that 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries. C. Earthquakes with magnitude greater that 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with hot spots. D. Earthquakes with magnitude greater that 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates loosely with hot spots.

B. Earthquakes with magnitude greater that 4.0 occur in a pattern than correlates closely with plate boundaries.

Part complete What is the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships? A. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form before the rocks that they cut through. B. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through. C. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form at roughly the same time as the rocks that they cut through.

B. Geologic features that cut through rocks must form after the rocks that they cut through.

The earth's continents are moving apart how many centimeters every year? A. The earth's continents are moving apart at a rate of approximately 20 centimeters a year. B. The earth's continents are moving apart at a rate of approximately 2 centimeters a year. C. The earth's continents are moving apart at a rate of 100 miles a year. D. The earth's continents move apart so slowly that it is only slightly measurable. E. The earth's continents are moving apart at a rate of approximately 10 feet a year.

B. The earth's continents are moving apart at a rate of approximately 2 centimeters a year.

A fault (F) breaks three layers of sedimentary rock (S). An igneous intrusion (I1) has broken through the bottommost layer of rock. A second igneous intrusion (I2) has moved up the fault and pooled on top of the uppermost layer of rock. Which event would be considered the youngest? A. Faulting of rock along F is the youngest event. We know this because all three layers of sedimentary rock have been broken. B. The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest. C. Deposition of the three sedimentary layers, S, is the youngest event. We know this because the fault underlies the igneous rocks. D. The intrusion of I2 is the youngest event. We can know this because I2 sits on top of all other rocks.

B. The intrusion of I1 or I2 is the youngest event. Without more information, we cannot know which igneous rock is youngest.

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with uplifting continental regions and mountain building? A. divergent boundaries B. convergent boundaries C. hot spot boundaries D. transform boundaries

B. convergent boundaries

In general, where do volcanoes form in subduction zones? A. on the overriding plate, at the convergent boundary B. on the overriding plate, away form the convergent boundary C. on the subducting plate, away form the convergent boundary D. on the subducting plate, at the convergent boundary

B. on the overriding plate, away form the convergent boundary

Which plate boundary type is not associated with volcanic eruptions? A. divergent B. transform C. convergent D. converse

B. transform

When do new oceans form? A. when a continent is broken apart by a convergent boundary B. when a continent is broken apart by a divergent boundary C. when a continent is broken apart by an ocean boundary D. when an ocean is broken apart by a convergent boundary E. when an ocean is broken apart by a divergent boundary

B. when a continent is broken apart by a divergent boundary

Which statement best describes latitude? A. A system of convergent lines, called meridians, that demarcate degrees of deviation east and west from the equator B. A system of convergent lines, called parallels, that demarcate degrees of deviation east and west from the prime meridian C. An angular distance north or south of the equator, measured from the center of the Earth, where points with similar latitude form parallel lines called parallels D. An angular distance north or south of the prime meridian, measured from the center of the Earth, where points with similar latitude form convergent lines called meridians

C. An angular distance north or south of the equator, measured from the center of the Earth, where points with similar latitude form parallel lines called parallels

How do plates move at convergent plate boundaries? A. Plates move side by side. B. Plates move apart. C. Plates move together. D. Plates do not move.

C. Plates move together.

What is Cross-Cutting Relationships?

Cross-cutting relationships is a principle of geology that states that the geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features. It is a relative dating technique in geology

The Principles of___________ and ____________ were used to determine relative ages in the previous question. A. Inclusions; Superposition B. Cross-Cutting Relationships; Lateral Continuity C. Original Horizontality; Superposition D. Inclusions; Cross-Cutting Relationships E. Superposition; Cross-Cutting Relationships

D. Inclusions; Cross-Cutting Relationships

How do plates move at transform plate boundaries? A. Plates move together. B. Plates do not move. C. Plates move apart. D. Plates move side by side.

D. Plates move side by side.

What geological process causes the continents to drift apart? A. The continents drift apart because of mechanical weathering. The constant freezing and thawing of earth's crust over millions of years caused the continents to split apart. B. The continents drift apart because of the earth's Coriolis effect. C. The continents drift apart due to erosion caused by running water. D. The continents drift apart because hot rock, heated by the earth's core, rises to the crustal layer. Once it nears the surface, the heated rock spreads in opposite directions, dragging the earth's crust apart. E. The continents drift apart because of the gravitational force of the moon and the sun.

D. The continents drift apart because hot rock, heated by the earth's core, rises to the crustal layer. Once it nears the surface, the heated rock spreads in opposite directions, dragging the earth's crust apart.

Millions of years ago, all of the continents were joined together in one super continent. What was this super continent called? A. The single super continent was called Gaia. B. The single super continent was called Erta Ale. C. The single super continent was called Eurasia. D. The single super continent was called Pangaea. E. The single super continent was called Thingvellir.

D. The single super continent was called Pangaea.

Why are volcanoes not found at transform boundaries? A. Transform boundaries cause increases in temperature that exactly offset decreases in pressure of the mantle. B. Transform boundaries cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle. C. Transform boundaries cause decreases in temperature that exactly offset increases in pressure of the mantle. D. Transform boundaries do not cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle.

D. Transform boundaries do not cause changes to the pressure, temperature, or composition of the mantle.

What causes melting of material under divergent plate boundaries? A. freezing of rock B. recompression of rock C. melting of rock D. decompression of rock

D. decompression of rock

True or False? The dike is older than the inclusion.

False

True or False? The inclusion formed originally in the sandstone country rock.

False

How do Loggerhead turtles navigate their way across the Atlantic Ocean?

The Loggerhead turtles evidently use magnetite crystals in their heads to perceive the magnetic field.

What is the center of the Earth is called?

The center of the Earth is called the inner core.

What is the Law of included fragments?

The law of included fragments is a method of relative dating in geology. Essentially, this law states that clasts in a rock are older than the rock itself.

What is the outer core?

The outer core is a ball of molten metal, approximately 2,000 miles below the surface.

True or False? The intrusive igneous rock making up the dike is the youngest in age.

True

True or False? The sandstone country rock is older than the dike.

True

-at convergent plate boundaries -at divergent plate boundaries

Where do both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur? Choose all that apply. -away from plate boundaries -at convergent plate boundaries -at divergent plate boundaries -at transform plate boundaries

The Earth's magnetic field is normally invisible to humans. But there is a way to see it in action. On Earth, where can you see the magnetic field?

You can see the magnetic field over the snow and ice at latitudes above the Arctic Circle. The visible magnetic field is called the Northern Lights.

What is the superposition principle?

a basic law of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it.

The ______________________ says that folded sedimentary beds have been disturbed since deposition.

the principle of Original Horizontality