Intro to Mass Comm Exam 1

Over the last century, magazines have slowly moved into more specialized, fragmented groupings to survive the threat of _____; magazine editors found that by specializing they were also appealing to advertisers hoping to target audience groups by gender, age, race, class, and social and cultural interests.

Broadcast media

The _____ states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceable to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."

First Amendment

New York Times reporter _____ lost their job in 2003 when plagiary and fabrication were discovered.

Jayson Blair

During the Renaissance, _____ flourished and were once again a way of displaying national power and wealth.

Libraries

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) funds its government-managed broadcast network by _____ instead of advertisements.

License fees

As president, _____ allowed the Sedition Act to lapse, claiming that he was lending himself to "a great experiment...to demonstrate the falsehood of the pretext that freedom of the press is incompatible with orderly government."

Thomas Jefferson

The John Peter Zenger trial established ______ as a defense against libel.

Truth

A critique of slavery, _____ sold 300,000 copies in 1852 and became the century's second-best-selling book after the Bible and was credited with heightening tensions between the North and the South.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

_____ states that consumers use the media to satisfy specific needs or desires.

Uses and Gratification Theory

According to a 2004 report by the National Endowment for the Arts, households that _____ more, read less.

Watch TV

_____ journalism provides the public with information about government officials or business owners in an effort to hold those officials to high standards of operation.

Watchdog

_____ owned 20 daily papers, 11 Sunday papers, 2 wire services, 6 magazines, and a newsreel company.

William Randolph Hearst

Television and magazines from the mid-20th century often portrayed _____ in a submissive, domestic role, both reflecting and reinforcing cultural limitations of the time.

Women

_____ were increasingly the subjects and audiences of popular novels published in the U.S. in the late 18th century.

Women

U.S. _____ magazines enjoyed a boom during the 19th century, publishing some of the period's most important fiction including contributions by Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain, Walt Whitman, and Ernest Hemingway.

Literary

According to a report by the National Endowment for the Arts, less than half the U.S. population engaged in any _____ in 2002, a record low since the survey's beginnings in 1982.

Literary reading

Media theorist ____ coined the phrase "the medium is the message."

Marshall McLuhan

_____ refers to information transmitted to large segments of the population.

Mass Communication

It is difficult to overstate the importance of Gutenberg's invention of _____ in 1448 and the effect it had on the world.

Mechanical Moveable Type

_____ is the process by which previously distinct technologies come to share tasks and resources.

Media convergence

_____ is the ability to decode and process media messages and is especially important in today's media-saturated society.

Media literacy

_____ convergence is what happens when someone is watching a television show online while exchanging text messages with a friend and also listening to music in the background—the "natural" outcome of a diverse media world.

Organic

In _____ researchers try to become part of the group they are studying.

Participant observation

Rather than simply replacing old media, new forms of media encourage _____ media consumption and content migration.

Participatory

In the 1830s, the major daily newspapers faced a new threat from the rise of ____.

Penny papers

Leading up to the American Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin's famous illustration of a(n) _____ with the caption "Join or Die" serves as an early testament to the power and use of print propaganda.

Severed snake

By 2010, roughly 60 percent of all books sold in the United States were published by _____ large publishing houses.

Six

Which was not true of Benjamin Day's The Sun newspaper?

Sold up to 4500 copies per day

_____ states that those who hold a minority opinion silence themselves to prevent social isolation, thus explaining the role of mass media in the formation and maintenance of dominant opinions.

Spiral of Silence Theory

Critics of Internet literacy describe the majority of forum and blog posts as _____, and argue that the Internet has replaced the printed newspapers and books that actually raised the standards of literacy.

Subliterate

_____ suggests advertisers work to give certain products a shared cultural meaning to make them desirable.

Symbolic Interactionalism

The second major innovation in the history of books was the use of block printing on paper, began in ____ around 700 CE.

Tang Dynasty China

Historically, pop culture hits were initiated or driven by the active support of media _____.

Tastemakers

Seventeen magazine hit shelves in 1944, setting the stage for later _____ such as Tiger Beat and Teen People which targeted young women, offering stories on fashion, makeup, celebrity news, and lifestyles.

Teen magazines

The post-World War II era in the United States was marked by prosperity, and by the introduction of a seductive new form of mass communication: ____.

Television

Research from _____ found that voters who consumed the most media had generally already decided for which candidate to vote, while undecided voters generally turned to family and community members to help them decide.

The People's Choice study

The U.S. Constitution's _____ Amendment guarantees the freedom of the press.

First

The Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center estimates that before Gutenberg's invention in 1448, the total number of books in all of Europe was around 30,000. By 1500 CE, the number of books in Europe had grown to around _____.

10 million

_____ journalists promote a particular cause and intentionally adopt a biased, nonobjective viewpoint to do so effectively.

Advocacy

Advertising icons developed during the early 20th century, such as Aunt Jemima and the Cream of Wheat chef, similarly reflected and reinforced a submissive, domestic servant role for _____.

African Americans

_____ of media stated that mass media determine the issues that concern the public rather than the public's views.

Agenda-Setting Theory

Research conducted in 2003 by Chris A. Anderson and others, point to correlations between the amount of time spent playing violent video games and increased incidence of _____.

Aggression

At the start of 2010, _____ controlled a 90 percent share of the e-book market.

Amazon

The French and _____ revolutions were inspired by a rejection of monarchy in favor of national sovereignty and representative democracy.

American

The two magazines with the highest circulation in the United States are AARP The Magazine and AARP Bulletin, published by the nonprofit organization AARP (formerly known as the _____).

American Association of Retired Persons

_____ refers to the publishing industry's focus on books with best-seller potential at the expense of works that may not sell as well; a system that evaluates books on their commercial potential rather than their literary merit.

Blockbuster syndrome

_____ are durable and able to contain lots of information, but are relatively slow and expensive to produce.

Books

Which religious movement eventually brought about the dominance of the codex over the papyrus scroll?

Christianity

Newspapers that use _____ style journalism provide community calendars and meeting notices and run articles on local schools, events, government, property crimes, and zoning to help build civic awareness and a sense of shared experience and responsibility among readers in a community.

Consensus

_____ allows a person, usually the creator, the right to exclude others from copying, distributing, and selling a work.

Copyright

_____ states that heavy exposure to media causes individuals to develop an illusory perception of reality based on the most repetitive and consistent messages of a particular medium.

Cultivation Analysis Theory

A _____ is a time marked by a particular way of understanding the world through culture and technology.

Cultural period

_____ generally refers to the shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a social group, organization, or institution.

Culture

_____ allow individuals to receive only the kinds of news and information they want and thus block out sources that report unwanted stories or perspectives.

Customized news feeds

Mass production of books helped knowledge become _____.

Democratized

The _____ model assumed that audiences passively accepted media messages and would exhibit predictable reactions in response to those messages.

Direct effects

The spread of cable and subsequent deregulation in the 1980s and 1990s led to more channels, but not necessarily to more _____ ownership.

Diverse

Many politicians and pundits blamed the Columbine High School shootings on makers of the first-person shooter video game _____ to the Hollywood studios responsible for The Matrix.

Doom

What are the five categories of convergence as described by media theorist Henry Jenkins?

Economic, organic, cultural, global, and technological

Most historians trace the origins of the book back to the _____ who used papyrus scrolls.

Egyptians

The contemporary media age can trace its origins back to the _____, patented in the United States in 1837.

Electrical telegraph

A 2006 study by researchers at the University of North Carolina found that young people with heavy exposure to sexually themed media (ranging from music to movies) are twice as likely to _____.

Engage in early sexual behavior

The New York Times became the first of many papers to demonstrate that the press could be "economically as well as _____ successful."

Ethically

_____ law specifies the ways in which a work (or parts of a work) under copyright could legally be used by someone other than the copyright holder for "purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright."

Fair use

_____ allow participants to establish a group dynamic that more closely resembles that of normal media consumption.

Focus groups

During the American Revolutionary War, colonial newspapers published information representing opposing viewpoints, creating the _____.

Freedom of the press

_____ are the people who help determine which stories make it to the public, including reporters who decide what sources to use and editors who decide what gets reported on and which stories make it to the front page.

Gatekeepers

The first American magazines debuted in 1741, when Andrew Bradford's American Magazine and Benjamin Franklin's _____ began publication in Philadelphia.

General Magazine

The first true magazine "Edifying Monthly Discussions" was published in _____ during the 17th century and led to the introduction of magazines across Europe.

Germany

_____, the largest online library, gets the bulk of its free digital books from the public domain, which constitutes approximately 15 percent of all books.

Google books

Because many early European news publications were regulated by _____, they did not report on local news or events.

Government

Daily news publications, which employed the relatively new format of _____ and the embellishment of illustrations, turned papers into vital fixtures in the everyday lives of citizens.

Headlines

The most populated classification of magazines is _____.

Hobby and special interest

_____ encourages public discussion of issues and allows nearly everyone who wants a voice to have one.

Internet

During the 1930s, two major events increased the desire for a less cut-and-dry and a more _____style of journalism: the Great Depression and the Nazi threat to global stability.

Interpretive

Which of the following led to the success of the Associated Press (AP) and other wire services?

Invention of the telegraph

The _____ style of news writing requires objectivity and involves structuring a story so that the most important details are listed first for ease of reading.

Inverted pyramid

Many of the classical texts we have today owe their preservation to diligent medieval _____ who thought of scholarship, even the study of secular and pre-Christian writers, as a way to become closer to God.

Monks

The _____ press drove down the price of printed materials and, for the first time, made them accessible to a mass market.

Moveable type

Sometimes called _____, books that expressed the diversity of voices and experiences of late-20th-century America were celebrated as a way to promote cross-cultural understanding by examining the different value systems, histories, traditions, and speech patterns of people in America.

Multicultural literature

The objective style of journalism demands reporters maintain a _____ voice in their writing.

Neutral

Politics reentered American papers in 1721, when James Franklin published a criticism of smallpox inoculations in his newspaper _____. The following year, the paper accused the colonial government of failing to protect its citizens from pirates, which landed Franklin in jail.

New England Courant

Early magazines of the 17th century occupied the middle ground between _____ and pleasure reading.

News

Time became the first real _____ that focused on world news, with the proposition that "people are uninformed because no publication has adapted itself to the time which busy men are able to spend simply keeping informed.

Newsmagazine

The format of most magazines allows for a more in-depth discussion of a topic than is possible in the relatively constrained space available in _____.

Newspaper

_____ papers often cater to a specific ethnic or cultural group or to a group that speaks a particular language; papers that cover issues affecting lesbians, gay men, and bisexual individuals—like the Advocate—and religion-oriented publications—like The Christian Science Monitor—are examples.

Niche

The belief in _____ that characterized the Modern Age is one of the major assumptions overturned in the Postmodern Age.

Objective truth

Current newspapers are in a perilous position: traditional readership is declining even as papers are struggling to create a profitable _____ business model.

Online

_____ tend to skew to extremes—more are written by the ecstatic and the furious, while the moderately pleased aren't riled up enough to share.

Online reviews

People promoting movements as wide-ranging as Christianity, the American Revolution, and the communist revolutions of the 20th century have all used _____ to disseminate their messages.

Propaganda

_____ is communication that intentionally attempts to persuade its audience for ideological, political, or commercial purposes.

Propoganda

Works not covered by copyright or for which the copyright has expired are part of the _____, which means that they can be used freely by anyone without permission or royalty payments.

Public domain

In the 20th century, _____ allowed advertisers to reach a mass audience and helped spur the consumerism of the 1920s—and the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Radio

Kashrus Magazine, Shambhala Sun and CrossCurrents are examples of _____.

Religious magazines

The desire for knowledge among the growing middle class and the new availability of classical texts from ancient Greece and Rome helped fuel the _____.

Renaissance

Scholars commonly credit the _____ with publishing the first newspaper, Acta Diurna, or daily doings, in 59 BCE.

Romans

The _____ of 1798 declared "writing, printing, uttering, or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States" was punishable by fine and imprisonment.

Sedition Act

Joseph Pulitzer developed a new journalistic style that relied on ____—stories focused on crime, violence, emotion, and sex.

Sensationalism

The present-day, pejorative connotation of propaganda stems from the full utilization of mass media by _____-era governments to motivate the citizenry of many countries to go to war.

World War I

Which of the following is not a reason to use inverted pyramid style of news writing?

Writers can complete stories on short deadlines