Intro to Networks, Chapter 3, Network Protocols and Communications

Bits

A Physical layer PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium.

Unicast

A one-to-one delivery option is referred to as a... meaning there is only a single destination for the message.

Protocol suite

Are a set of rules that work together to help solve a problem; A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function is called a...

Encapsulation process

As application data is passed down the protocol stack on its way to be transmitted across the network media, various protocol information is added at each level. This is known as the...

Multiplexing

By sending smaller individual pieces from source to destination, many different conversations can be interleaved on the network, called...

Frame (medium dependent)

Data Link layer PDU

Frame

Each computer message is encapsulated in a specific format, called a _____, before it is sent over the network. It acts like an envelope; it provides the address of the destination and the address of the source host.

Response timeout

Hosts on the network also have rules that specify how long to wait for responses and what action to take if a_____ ______ occurs.

Flow control

In network communication, source and destination hosts use______ ________ methods to negotiate correct timing for successful communication.

Application Layer

It contains protocols used for process-to-process communications. Provides the means for end-to-end connectivity between individuals in the human network using data networks.

Transport Layer

It defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Data Link Layer

It describes methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media.

Physical Layer

It describes the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for bit transmission to and from a network device.

Multicasting

It is the delivery of the same message to a group of host destinations simultaneously.

Presentation Layer

It provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.

Network Layer

It provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.

Session Layer

It provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.

Broadcasting

It represents a one-to-all message delivery option. Some protocols use a special multicast message that is sent to all devices, making it essentially the same as a broadcast.

Packet

Network layer PDU

Network layer source and destination addresses

Responsible for delivering the IP packet from the original source to the final destination, either on the same network or to a remote network.

Data link layer source and destination addresses

Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the same network.

Destination IP address

The IP address of the receiving device, the final destination of the packet.

Source IP address

The IP address of the sending device, the original source of the packet.

Protocol data unit (PDU)

The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a...

Data

The general term for the PDU used at the application layer

Encapsulation

The process of placing one message format (the letter) inside another message format (the envelope) is called...

Segmentation

This division of the data stream into smaller pieces is called...

Segment

Transport layer PDU

Access method

determines when someone is able to send a message. Hosts on a network need an______ ______ to know when to begin sending messages and how to respond when collisions occur.

Ethernet

is a network access protocol that describes two primary functions: communication over a data link and the physical transmission of data on the network media. Network access protocols are responsible for taking the packets from IP and formatting them to be transmitted over the media.

Standards-based protocol

is a process that has been endorsed by the networking industry and approved by a standards organization.

HTTP-Hypertext Transfer Protocol

is an application protocol that governs the way a web server and a web client interact. It defines the content and formatting of the requests and responses that are exchanged between the client and server.

IP-Internet Protocol

is responsible for taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into packets, assigning them the appropriate addresses, and delivering them to the destination host.

Encoding

is the process of converting information into another acceptable form, for transmission.

TCP-Transmission Control Protocol

is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations. It divides the HTTP messages into smaller pieces, called segments. It is also responsible for controlling the size and rate at which messages are exchanged between the server and the client.

De-encapsulation

occurs when the process is reversed by the recipient and the letter is removed from the envelope.

OSI model

provides an extensive list of functions and services that can occur at each layer. It also describes the interaction of each layer with the layers directly above and below.

Decoding

reverses the encoding process in order to interpret the information.