"Intro to New Testament: Paul Terms"

Barnabas

"Son of Encouragement." Paul's companion during most missionary journeys.

Onesimus

"Useful" slave to Philemon of Colossae, mentioned in Colossians who accompanied tychicus to visit the Christians. a. Paul writes a letter to his slave master, Philemon concerning the runaway slaved, Onesimus to spare his life for he has found faith in Jesus Christ and should be viewed as a brother. b. accompinied tychus to Colossians, Rome he preach celibacy and was stoned to death

Ephesians and Colossians

"household codes," inner workings of family relationships

Apostle

"one who is sent"

Prisca

(Priscilla) Wife of Aquila that followed Paul in Corinth

z - Irenaeus

(early 2nd century - c. AD 202), also referred to as Saint Irenaeus, was Bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, then a part of the Roman Empire (now Lyon, France). He was an early Church Father and apologist, and his writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology. He was a hearer of Polycarp,[1] who in turn was traditionally a disciple of John the Evangelist. Irenaeus' best-known book, Adversus Haereses or Against Heresies (c. 180), is a detailed attack on Gnosticism, which was then a serious threat to the Church, and especially on the system of the Gnostic Valentinus.[2] As one of the first great Christian theologians, he emphasized the traditional elements in the Church, especially the episcopate, Scripture, and tradition.[2] Against the Gnostics, who said that they possessed a secret oral tradition from Jesus himself, Irenaeus maintained that the bishops in different cities are known as far back as the Apostles and that the bishops provided the only safe guide to the interpretation of Scripture.[3] His writings, with those of Clement and Ignatius, are taken as among the earliest signs of the developing doctrine of the primacy of the Roman see.[2] Irenaeus is the earliest witness to recognition of the canonical character of all four gospels.[4] Irenaeus is recognized as a saint in both Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. His feast day is on June 28 in the General Roman Calendar, where it was inserted for the first time in 1920; in 1960 the Catholic Church transferred it to July 3, leaving June 28 for the Vigil of the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, but in 1969 it was returned to June 28, the day of his death.[5] The Lutheran Church[6][7] commemorates[8] Irenaeus on that same date for his life of exemplary Christian witness. In the Orthodox Church his feast day is 23 August. Irenaeus pointed to Scripture as a proof of orthodox Christianity against heresies, classifying as Scripture not only the Old Testament but most of the books now known as the New Testament,[2] while excluding many works, a large number by Gnostics, that flourished in the 2nd century and claimed scriptural authority.[30] Often times, Irenaeus, as a student of Polycarp, who was a direct disciple of the Apostle John, believed that he was interpreting scriptures in the same hermeneutic as the Apostles.[31] This connection to Christ was important to Irenaeus because both he and the Gnostics based their arguments on Scripture. Irenaeus argued that since he could trace his authority to Christ and the Gnostics could not, his interpretation of Scripture was correct.[32] He also used "the Rule of Faith",[33] a "proto-creed" with similarities to the Apostles' Creed, as a hermeneutical key to argue that his interpretation of Scripture was correct.[34] Before Irenaeus, Christians differed as to which gospel they preferred. The Christians of Asia Minor preferred the Gospel of John. The Gospel of Matthew was the most popular overall.[35] Irenaeus asserted that four Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, were canonical scripture.[36] Thus Irenaeus provides the earliest witness to the assertion of the four canonical Gospels, possibly in reaction to Marcion's edited version of the Gospel of Luke, which Marcion asserted was the one and only true gospel.[4][23] Based on the arguments Irenaeus made in support of only four authentic gospels, some interpreters deduce that the fourfold Gospel must have still been a novelty in Irenaeus' time.[37] Against Heresies 3.11.7 acknowledges that many heterodox Christians use only one gospel while 3.11.9 acknowledges that some use more than four.[38] The success of Tatian's Diatessaron in about the same time period is "... a powerful indication that the fourfold Gospel contemporaneously sponsored by Irenaeus was not broadly, let alone universally, recognized."[39] Irenaeus is also our earliest attestation that the Gospel of John was written by John the Apostle,[40] and that the Gospel of Luke was written by Luke, the companion of Paul.[41] The apologist and ascetic Tatian had previously harmonized the four gospels into a single narrative, the Diatesseron (c 150-160). Scholars[specify] contend that Irenaeus quotes from 21 of the 27 New Testament Texts: Matthew (Book 3, Chapter 16) Mark (Book 3, Chapter 10) Luke (Book 3, Chapter 14) John (Book 3, Chapter 11) Acts of the Apostles (Book 3, Chapter 14) Romans (Book 3, Chapter 16) 1 Corinthians (Book 1, Chapter 3) 2 Corinthians (Book 3, Chapter 7) Galatians (Book 3, Chapter 22) Ephesians (Book 5, Chapter 2) Philippians (Book 4, Chapter 18) Colossians (Book 1, Chapter 3) 1 Thessalonians (Book 5, Chapter 6) 2 Thessalonians (Book 5, Chapter 25) 1 Timothy (Book 1, Preface) 2 Timothy (Book 3, Chapter 14) Titus (Book 3, Chapter 3) 1 Peter (Book 4, Chapter 9) 1 John (Book 3, Chapter 16) 2 John (Book 1, Chapter 16) Revelation to John (Book 4, Chapter 20) He may refer to Hebrews (Book 2, Chapter 30) and James (Book 4, Chapter 16) and maybe even 2 Peter (Book 5, Chapter 28) but does not cite Philemon, 3 John or Jude.[citation needed] Irenaeus cited the New Testament approximately 1000 times. About one third of his citations are made to Paul's letters. Irenaeus considered all 13 letters belonging to the Pauline corpus to have been written by Paul himself.[42] Apostolic authority[edit] Irenaeus is also known as one of the first theologians to use the principle of apostolic succession to refute his opponents. In his writing against the Gnostics, who claimed to possess a secret oral tradition from Jesus himself, Irenaeus maintained that the bishops in different cities are known as far back as the Apostles and that the bishops provided the only safe guide to the interpretation of Scripture.[43] In a passage that became a locus classicus of Catholic-Protestant polemics, he cited the Roman church as an example of the unbroken chain of authority which text Western polemics would use to assert the primacy of Rome over Eastern churches by virtue of its preeminent authority.[44][45] With the lists of bishops to which Irenaeus referred, the doctrine of the apostolic succession, firmly established in the Church at this time, of the bishops could be linked.[44] This succession was important to establish a chain of custody for orthodoxy. He felt it important, however, to also speak of a succession of elders (presbyters).[46] Irenaeus' point when refuting the Gnostics was that all of the Apostolic churches had preserved the same traditions and teachings in many independent streams. It was the unanimous agreement between these many independent streams of transmission that proved the orthodox Faith, current in those churches, to be true.[47] Had any error crept in, the agreement would be immediately destroyed.[citation needed] Irenaeus' theology and contrast with Gnosticism[edit] The central point of Irenaeus' theology is the unity and the goodness of God, in opposition to the Gnostics' theory of God; a number of divine emanations (Aeons) along with a distinction between the Monad and the Demiurge. Irenaeus uses the Logos theology he inherited from Justin Martyr. Irenaeus was a student of Polycarp, who was said to have been tutored by John the Apostle.[40] (John had used Logos terminology in the Gospel of John and the letter of 1 John). Irenaeus prefers to speak of the Son and the Spirit as the "hands of God".

Faith in Jesus Christ vs. Faithfulness of Jesus Christ

- Believe in Jesus Christ -Jesus has done by being faithful or loyal to his mission which puts more emphasis on "Paul being crucified by or with Jesus so your flesh should no longer be a slave" Paul was interested in the salvation of communities or the world of Jews and Gentiles

Moral Impurity

- Commit idolatry, adultery, or murder - Gentiles worshiped idols so Paul wanted to help let the Holy Spirit reside but must be pure first

Greek

- International language used -Original language of the new testament

Haustafeln

- Known as New Testament Domestic Codes, consist of instructions to pairs of people in different situations. The main focus of the Household Codes are upon husband/wife, parent/child, master/slave relationships. -Colassians

Pater Familias

- The father, or master, of the house hold -Symbol of power and dominance

Subordinationism

- is a doctrine in Christian theology which holds that the Son and the Holy Spirit are subordinate to God the Father in nature and being.

Acts of Paul and Thecla

- is an apocryphal story—Goodspeed called it a "religious romance"—of St Paul's influence on a young virgin named Thecla. It is one of the writings of the New Testament apocrypha.

Kosher

- is the set of Jewish religious dietary laws.

Apollos

-A contemporary of Paul the Apostle, he played an important role in the churches of Ephesus and Corinth.

James

-Brother of Jesus -"Lords Brother"

Aramaic

-Common tongue of the Mid-East - Jesus spoke it

Satan vs. The Satan

-Evil angel, lucifer who was kicked out of heaven because he tempted humanity/ sin -The is the accuser or adversary aka the lawyer appointed task

Paul

-First author of the New Testament -Lived in the first century CE around the 50's -Was not one of the disciples -Jew from Palistine -Had a vision of Jesus Christ and traveled around the Roman Empire telling of experience and became an apostle, or emissary, of Jesus Christ - Known as the apostle to the Gentiles, or non-jew -Wrote and Spoke in Greek -Before revelation, was a pharisee

Theos

-God -Only applied to the Father

Holy Spirit in 1 Thessalonians

-Holy or Sacred Spirit 1. Time 2. People (of Israel) 3. Space (Synagogue, Land of Israel)

Laws - Ritual

-Keeping Kosher -Circumcision -Sabbath -etc.

Kurios

-Lord -Christos -Anointed one -Referred to Jesus

Crisis of Antioch

-Men of James show up and Peter backs off from the Gentiles while Paul calls them hypocritical -Submits to the authority of James aka all Jewish Christians leave the table -Big silence in the text when peter did not go back to the table due to his allegiance to James

Parousia

-Paul believed that Jesus would return again VERY soon

Paul's Calling/Conversion in Galatians

-Paul had a revelation (apokalupsis) of Jesus through a vison sent by God, Angels, or Jesus himself - Did not convert but had a calling to Christ from the Pharisee path he was on

Abraham and Circumcision in Galatians

-Paul states that they are Jews by nature and not sinners like the gentiles -Gentiles can be right, or justified, before God -Gentiles do not have to be circumcised but if they are do not perform an epispasm -"Father of many nations" -Married to Sarah but has no children so sleeps with Hagar who births Ishmael -God eventually gives Sarah a child named Isaac -Paul says that to have a right standing before God we must follow the laws first but not we are going into a new phase

Imminence

-Paul thought that the parusia was coming very soon -The impending coming of the Lord Jesus who will come with the end of time

Revelation/Apokalupsis

-Paul's revelation of Jesus to him in a vision from either God, Angels, or Jesus himself

Latin

-Roman language -Not common elsewhere

Idolatry in 1 Corinthians

-Sacrificing food dilemma: --Depends upon the belief, if believe gods are real then intention is what matters -along with PUBLIC PERCEPTION because if you eat/ sacrifice in front of people then might sway them into thinking that it is right when it is not --Their conscious is weak when food is sacrificed to idols which is considered impure --The persons perception of the thing that changes its nature to possibly a "demon"

LXX

-Septuagint -Translation of the Hebrew Bible -70 refers to the legendary 70 scholars that put it together

Disputed Epistles

-The disputed letters that scholars think Paul did not write 2 Thessalonians, Colossians, and Ephesians.

Pastoral Epistles

-The three pastoral epistles are three books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy) the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy), and the Epistle to Titus. They are presented as letters from Paul the Apostle to Timothy and to Titus.

Pauline Epistles

-There is wide consensus, in modern New Testament scholarship, on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon.

Laws - Ethical

-Universal laws -Murder -Adultery -Idolatry

Ritual Impurity

-When you are ritually impure therefore to enter a temple is a sin EX. Period, Ejaculation, or was near a dead body

Tetragrammaton

-YHWH -Name for the God of Israel -Sacred -Used in the Hebrew Bible

Sacred/Profane

-connected with God (or the gods) or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving veneration. "sacred rites" -relating or devoted to that which is not sacred or biblical; secular rather than religious.

Supersessionism/Replacement Theology

-essentially teaches that the church has replaced Israel in God's plan. Adherents of replacement theology believe the Jews are no longer God's chosen people, and God does not have specific future plans for the nation of Israel.

Bishops and Deacons

-is a Catholic official that reigns over a region -an ordained minister of an order ranking below that of priest.

Pseudepigraphy

-is a term that most certainly can be used to describe the gospels and letters written by the authors of all but the 7 undisputed letters of paul, and writers of such homonymous books as James and Revelations.

Interpolation

-is an insertion in a text or document with the object of obtaining backing or authority for the interpolator's opinion or project.

Transubstantiation

-is the change whereby, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, the bread and the wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist become, not merely as by a sign or a figure, but also in actual reality the body and blood of Christ.

Johannine Epistles

1, 2, and 3 John

11) Why were Christians persecuted by Rome and how?

1. Accustomed to public displays of religion, pagans found the private practices of Christians highly suspect; it was often believed that they committed flagitia, scelera, and maleficia[3]—outrageous crimes, wickedness, and evil deeds. frequently accused of cannibalism and incest. due to their practices of eating the "blood and body" of Christ and referring to each other as "brothers" and "sisters". 2. Christians' refusal to participate in public religion was as problematic to the populace as it was to the elites 3. pagan populace maintained a sense that bad things will happen if the gods are not respected and worshiped properly 4. often more according to the whims of the local community than to the opinion of imperial authority. 5.Roman government aided the persecution for Christianity was splitting up families and would cause disorder in the town. governor was responsible for keeping the peace 6.persecution heavily influenced the development of Christianity, shaping Christian theology and the structure of the Church.

Pentecost

1. Beginning of the Church. 2. Paul was arrested at the celebration decades later.

What are three parts of Jesus' teaching?

1. Forgiveness of sins 2. House for the poor 3. Reformation of Judaism

What are three parts of Paul's teaching?

1. Justification by Faith 2. Law of Moses doesn't apply 3. Jesus is a prophet

In what letter does Paul dispute the Law of Moses?

2 Corinthians

Where does James define who can enter the kingdom of god?

2 James

God-Fearers

30. God-Fearers: Was a non-Jewish gentile, sympathizers to the second temple period who shared similar beliefs to the Jews, however they weren't converts. The engaged in Judaic religious ideas and practices but did not follow the law (circumcision, Sabbath) a. Appeal: Jesus constituted a new covenant which provided a free gift of salvation without the edicts of Mosaic Law. The sacrifice of Christ was seen as a liberation from demand that person follow the law without deviation.

aaa - 1 Corinthians

54 CE, during 3rd Missionary Journey Addresses problems in Corinth: division, lawsuits, sexual misbehavior (incest)

aaa - Romans

56-57 CE during 3rd Missionary Journey Longest and last of Paul's letters to the Romans to try to convince them of his ministry

Christian Hymn

6 who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with God as something to be exploited, 7 but emptied himself, taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness. And being found in human form, 8 he humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death— even death on a cross. 9 Therefore God also highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. [Phil 2:6-11]

Trajan

: Emperor of 98-117 CE known for correspondence with Pliny the Younger

Tarsus

: Paul's place of origination which was the capital city of Cilicia. This is where Paul met Timothy

Thecla

A (legendary) female disciple of Paul whose adventures are narrated in the novel-like work of the second century, The Acts of Paul and Thecla.

"Love Feast"

A Christian designation for a common meal at the end of which the Lord's Supper is observed.

Origen

A Christian philosopher and theologian from early-third-century Alexandria, Egypt, who wrote one of the best known Christian apologies.

Judaizer

A Christian who insists that followers of Jesus need to keep (all or parts of ) the Jewish Law in order to have a right standing before God (a view held, for example, by Paul's opponents in Galatia).

Haustafel

A German term often used in biblical studies for a "household table" of family responsibilities (e.g., Eph. 5:21-6:9; Col. 3:18-4:1; 1 Tim. 2:8-15; 5:1-2; 6:1-2; 1 Pet. 2:13-3:7); plural is Haustafeln and is often referred to as "household codes" in English.

Deacon

A Greek word that literally means "one who ministers." In the early church deacons were Christian church leaders given the responsibility of tending to the physical needs of the community (e.g., through the distribution of alms).

Gentile

A Jewish designation for a non-Jew.

Epaphroditus

A Philippian Christian who delivered a gift to Paul from the Philippian church (4:10-20). While with Paul he seems to have fallen ill; Paul writes to ease their minds about his health (2:25-30).

Suetonius

A Roman historian of the early second century C.E., best known for a multivolume work giving biographies of the Roman emperors, The Lives of the Caesars.

Galatia

A Roman province located in modern-day Turkey; only people in the northern part of Galatia were referred to as "Galatians," descendents of Celtic tribes that had settled there.

Tertullian

A brilliant and acerbic Christian author from the late second and early third century. Tertullian, who was from North Africa and wrote in Latin, is one of the best known early Christian apologists.

Insula

A building common in Roman cities in which the top floor consisted of living quarters and the bottom floor of shops that opened out onto the street.

Expiation

A cleansing or removal of defilement, used in discussion of atonement to describe the effects of Christ's death as covering or removing human sin.

"Babylon"

A coded reference word for Rome

Creed

A confessional statement summarizing key articles of faith.

Philo

A famous Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria Egypt in the first century, who saw the Jewish Scriptures as completely compatible with the insights of Greek philosophy and worked to interpret them accordingly.

Theudas

A first century Jewish apocalyptic prophet (mentioned by Josephus) who predicted the parting of the Jordan River and, evidently, the reconquest of the Promised Land by the chosen people. 2) An early Gnostic Christian, allegedly the disciple of Paul and the teacher of Valentinus

Disciple

A follower, who is taught, differs from an apostle for they are sent. Therefore, closer to Jesus, they learned from him

Proto-Orthodox

A form of Christianity endorsed by Christians of the second and third centuries whom promoted doctrines declared orthodox by victorious Christian parties in contention with Ebonite's, Marcionites and Gnostics

Proto-Orthodox Christianity

A form of Christianity endorsed by some Christians of the second and third centuries (including the Apostolic Fathers), which promoted doctrines that were declared "orthodox" in the fourth and later centuries by the victorious Christian party, in opposition to such groups as the Ebionites, the Marcionites, and the Gnostics.

Muratorian Fragment

A fragmentary text discovered in the eighteenth century, named after its Italian discoverer, Muratori, which contains, in Latin, a list of Christian books that its author considered canonical; the canon is usually considered to have been produced in the late second century, in or around Rome.

Zealots

A group of Galilean Jews who fled to Jerusalem during the uprising against Rome in 66-7 CE, who overthrew the reigning aristocracy in the city and urged violent resistance to the bitter end.

Gnosticism

A group of ancient religions, some of them closely related to Christianity, that maintained that elements of the divine had become entrapped in this evil world of matter and could be released only when they acquired the secret gnosis (Greek for "knowledge") of who they were and of how they could escape. Gnosis was generally thought to be brought by an emissary of the divine realm.

Ebonites

A group of second century Adoptionists who maintained Jewish practices and Jewish form of worship.

Ebionites

A group of second-century Adoptionists who maintained Jewish practices and Jewish forms of worship.

Genre

A kind of literature with specific literary features; in the modern world, for example, there are short stories, novels, and limerick poems (each with their own distinctive features); in the ancient world there were biographies, epic poems, general histories—and many other genres. The major genres of the New Testament are Gospels (which are most like religious biographies), Acts (most like general histories), epistles, and apocalypses.

"Tearful Letter"

A letter that Paul wrote to the Corinthians between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians "out of much distress and anguish of heart" (2 Cor. 2:3-4; 8:8-12).

Apocalypse

A literary genre in which an author, usually pseudonymous, reports symbolic dreams or visions given or interpreted through an angelic mediator, which reveal the heavenly mysteries that make sense of earthly realities.

Apocalypse

A literary genre in which an author, usually pseudonymous, reports symbolic dreams or visions, given or interpreted through an angelic mediator, which reveal the heavenly mysteries that can make sense of earthly realities.

Contextual Method:

A method used to study a literary text first by determining its social and historical context and then using that to context to help explain its meaning.

Apology

A reasoned explanation and justification of one's beliefs and/or practices, from a Greek word meaning "defense."

Apology

A reasoned explanation and justification of ones beliefs and or practices from a Greek word defense

Apocalypticism

A religious movement that combined radical dualistic outlook (clear distinction between good and evil) with a deterministic view of history (the idea that everything is proceeding according to a divine plan).

Apocalyptic Thought

A religious perspective that typically offers a pessimistic forecast for the world at large, combined with an optimistic outlook for a favored remnant, who will be rescued out of the evil world through some imminent act of divine intervention.

Diatribe

A rhetorical device where an imaginary opponent raises an objection to ones views only to be answered successfully, so as to move an argument forward, EX Paul's letter to the romans

Nero

A roman emperor (54-68 CE) that martyred Peter and Paul as part of his persecution of Christians for the fire that destroyed much of the city. (Nero was responsible for fire). The one who killed peter and Paul.

"The New Perspective on Paul"

A scholarly perspective that interprets Paul's phrase "works of the law" as covenant markers (circumcision, Sabbath observance, dietary restrictions) that identify Jews as being God's chosen people; this interpretation differs from the traditional view that "works of the law" are meritorious acts of human achievement (keeping the commandments, performing good works).

Marcion

A second-century Christian scholar and evangelist, later labeled a heretic for his docetic Christology and his belief in two Gods—the harsh legalistic God of the Jews and the merciful loving God of Jesus—views that he claimed to have found in the writings of Paul.

Amanuensis

A secretary or trained scribe who writes letters for other people.

Melchizedek

A shadowy figure first mentioned in Genesis 14, as a king to whom Abraham, the father of the Jews, paid tithes from his spoils of battle. Later Christians, such as the author of Hebrews, understood Melchizedek to be a prefiguration of Christ, who was greater than all things Jewish (and hence worshiped by the father of the Jews).

Onesimus

A slave who in some way wronged his master and who sought Paul to mediate the situation.

Reciprocity

A social convention that people, usually friends, in the ancient world should do things for each other in ways that are mutually beneficial.

Eschatology

A study or focus on "last things," such as the return of Christ, final judgment, or other phenomena associated with the end times.

Circumcision

A surgical procedure that removes the foreskin of a male penis; in the Jewish tradition, the rite is viewed as a sign of the covenant God made with Israel.

"Early Catholicism"

A term sometimes used by scholars for a New Testament text that reflects an institutional church in terms of ecclesiological (church) order and structure; the assumption is that such an emphasis is a later development in Christianity and so a late date for composition is given for the text.

High Christology

A term used to describe the perspective in some New Testament accounts of the exalted Jesus being virtually equated with God.

Son of Man

A term whose meaning is much disputed among modern scholars, used in some ancient apocalyptic texts to refer to a cosmic judge sent from heaven at the end of time.

Judaizers

A traditional designation for Paul's opponents in Galatia who were Jewish Christians advocating a gospel that Gentiles must first become Jews by obeying the law (especially circumcision) and then they could receive the salvation that Jesus the Jewish messiah had accomplished for Israel.

Pseudepigraphy

A word meaning "false ascription," applied in New Testament studies to the practice of ancient authors attributing their own writings to other people, such as a revered teacher or prominent church leader who had influenced their thinking.

Apocalypticisim

A world view held by Jews and Christians that the present age is controlled by forces of evil. These forces will be destroyed at the end of time when god intervenes in history to bring in his kingdom, an event thought to be imminent.

Apocalypticism

A worldview held by many ancient Jews and Christians that maintained that the present age is controlled by forces of evil, but that these will be destroyed at the end of time when God intervenes in history to bring in his kingdom, an event thought to be imminent.

I & II Corinthians

Achaia. ((unity-uniformity-diversity)). Emphasis on Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts. FRUSTRATED.

Catholic Epistles

Addressed to a "General" audience, include Hebrews, James, Peter, John, and Jude

Pauline Corpus

All the letters of the New Testament that claim to be written by Paul, Including the Deutero-Pauline Epistles [Romans, 1st, 2nd Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1st and 2nd Thessalonians, 1st and 2nd timothy, Titus, Philemon].

Kingdom of God

An actual kingdom that will come to earth to replace the wicked kingdoms that is now in control of its affairs and god people. This will be a utopian kingdom where truth peace and justice were restored; it will be ruled by gods anointed.

Covenant

An agreement or treaty between two social or political parties that have come to terms; used by ancient Jews in reference to the pact that God made to protect and preserve them as his chosen people in exchange for their devotion and adherence to his law.

Chiasm

An organizing device for speaking or writing that arranges items in an "a, b, b, a" pattern; for example, "light and darkness, darkness and light."

"Restrainer"

An unidentified person or force temporarily holding back the full force of end-time evil (2 Thess. 2:6-7).

Perpetua

An upper-class Christian woman of Carthage, North Africa, who along with her slave Felicitas was martyred by being thrown to the wild beasts in 203 C.E.; we have an account of their martyrdom that includes a diary allegedly from Perpetua's own hand.

Epistle

Another designation for a private letter. Some scholars have differentiated between "epistles" as literary writings in the form of a letter, which were meant for general distribution, rather than for an individual recipient, and "letters" which were a nonliterary form of personal correspondence. This differentiation between epistles and letters is not widely held today, however, so that the terms tend to be used synonymously.

What was Paul's second missionary journey?

Antioch to Asia Minor, across the Aegean Sea to Macedonia. Philippi and Thessolonica. Then to Achaia for preaching in Athens, a church in Corinth and back to Antioch.

What was Paul's third missionary journey?

Antioch to Asia Minor. Stayed in Ephesus for around 2 years, working on a church. Back to the Mediterranean to arrive in Jerusalem for Passover, where he was arrested.

Ttradition

Any doctrine, idea, practice, or custom that has been handed down from one person to another.

Paganism

Any of the polytheistic religions of the Greco- Roman world, an umbrella term for ancient Mediterranean religions other than Judaism and Christianity.

Christology

Any teaching about the nature of Christ.

Jerusalem Council

As narrated in Acts 15, a conference convened by the apostles to deal with the question whether Gentile Christians must be circumcised to be saved. Scholars debate whether Paul's meeting with the apostles in Jerusalem as described in Galatians (2:1-10) is the same as the Jerusalem council of Acts.

Colossians

Asia Minor. "Head" of the body (Christ)

Ephesians

Asia Minor. Paul spent two years here. Emphasis on the "body" of Christ (church).

Tarsus

Asia Minor. Paul's hometown.

Key Cities - Achaian (South)

Athens and Corinth

Gnosticism

Belief that there is an divine energy within people that can be released by secret knowledge

Paul's Tribe

Benjamin

Polycarp

Bishop of Smyma in the first half of the second century, and one of the best known of the early proto-orthodox leaders. In addition to a letter written to him by Ignatius, we have a letter written by him to the church in Philippi, and an allegedly eyewitness account of his martyrdom in the arena at Smyrna around 155 C.E.

Thecla

Bitch that trekked around with Paul, feared nobody but God

Jude

Book claiming to be the brother of James, of Jesus, written to false teachers who have invaded the Christian community

aaa - 2 Peter

Catholic Epistle Early Second Century CE Hints of Gnosticism

aaa - Hebrews

Catholic Epistle Late 1st Century CE Defines Christianity in relation to Judaism and Paganism Christianity is superior and is undergoing superstition

House Churches

Churches that were out of regular houses for practical purposes. Headed by some women. Pricilla and Aquila all went to Corinth to help establish churches a. Head of house would lead ceremonies, this could cause conflict b. This lead to massive factions among community, names the factions after appalos Paul Cephas and Christ

Philippi

City in Macedonia. Preached for the first time on European soil. issues persisted of circumcision and schisms, Solution was to lower selves. a. After leaving the City, he was arrested and brought money by the city from epaphroditus who fell ill. He wrote back to the city after his recovery and reminded the church of apocalypse to avoid their schism.

Disputed Pauline Epistles

Colossians, Ephesians, 2 Thessalonians

Deutero-Pauline Epistles:

Colossians, Ephesians, 2nd Thessalonians.

Charismatic Communities

Communities of believers that were led not by appointed leaders but by the Spirit of God, which had bestowed a particular gift (Greek: charisma), useful for the functioning of the entire group, upon each member of the community. According to Paul (see 1 Corinthians 12-14), the gifts (charismata) included such abilities as teaching, preaching, healing, prophesying, speaking in tongues, interpretation of tongues, and so on.

Charismatic Communities

Communities of believers that were led not by appointed leaders but by the spirit of god. God had given them the gift of Charisma which allowed the group to: teach preach, heal, prophesize, and speak in tongues and interpret tongues.

Paul

Converted from Judaism on the road to Damascus. He was blind on the road and was healing by Ananias during his baptism. Started preaching in Damascus first where he was rejected. Spent three years in isolation. a. (individual) move away from Mosaic Law, individualized focus b. (Christianity) rejection of immanence > focus on 'salvation', also idea of 'justification' (vs. reformation) c. (society) 'Hellenized' Christianity, accessible via Greek concepts

Key Cities - Syria

Damascus and Antioch

Syria

Damascus and Antioch

Deutero-Pauline Epistles

Debated if they were written by Paul. Ephesians, Collosians and 2 Thessalonians

aaa - 2 Thessalonians

Deutero-Pauline Epistle 50-51 CE Community having problems, need to prep for end times and endure Christian suffering

aaa - Colossians

Deutero-Pauline Epistle 70-90 CE Need to experience the divine and maintain moral lives

Eusebius

Early-fourth-century church father known as the "Father of Church History," as his ten-volume book, History of the Christian Church, was the first to provide an extensive chronicle of Christianity's early years, from the days of Jesus down to Eusebius's own time (the early part of the reign of Constantine). Eusebius is the primary source of information for many of the events and writers of the first three centuries of the church.

Tiberius

Emperor during the time of the beginning of the church.

Three Deutero-Canonical Letters

Ephesians, Colossians, II Thessalonians

Key Cities - Asia Minor

Ephesus and Colossae

Presbyters

Essentially the same things as bishops or priests

Pseudeoigrapha

False writing and commonly referring to ancient non-canonical Jewish and Christian texts which were written under a false name or no name at all.

Plato

Famous Greek philosopher from fourth-century B.C.E. Athens, many of whose ideas—including the tension between the realms of matters and spirit—influenced Christian thinkers in the early centuries of the church.

Phoebe

Female deacon of the church in Cenchrea, mentioned in Romans

Cyprus

First journey. Barnabas' hometown.

Junia

First woman apostle earned her rank without her husband's help. Her Paul and Andronicus were all in jail together.

Captivity Letters/Epistles

Five letters attributed to Paul that are said to be written from prison: Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 2 Timothy, and Philemon.

What do Jesus and Paul disagree on?

For short, the Law of Moses and Justification by Faith

"Super-Apostles"

Found in 2 Corinthians, it is Paul's sarcastic designation for a group of ministers who arrive in Corinth after Paul, questioning his authority and ministry.

Philemon (Person)

Friend and disciple of Paul whom Paul encourages to act Christianly toward a recently converted slave who has wronged him in some way.

Philemon (person)

Friend and disciple of Paul whom Paul encourages to act Christianly toward a recently converted slave who has wronged him in some way.

Canon

From a Greek word meaning "ruler" or "straight edge." The term came to designate any recognized collection of texts; the canon of the New Testament is thus the collection of books that Christians accept as authoritative.

Catholic

From a Greek word meaning "universal" or "general," used of the New Testament epistles James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, Jude, and sometimes Hebrews (the "Catholic" epistles) to differentiate them from the letters of Paul.

Messiah

From a Hebrew word that literally means "anointed one," translated into Greek as Christos, from which derives our English word Christ. In the first century C.E., there was a wide range of expectations about whom this anointed one might be, some Jews anticipating a future warrior king like David, others a cosmic redeemer from heaven, others an authoritative priest, and still others a powerful spokesperson from God like Moses.

Baptism

From the Greek term baptizo, which means "to immerse." The earliest Christian practice of baptism in water appears to have been an initiation rite (it was a ritual that one underwent when joining the Christian community); it probably derived from the practice of John the Baptist, who baptized Jews, including Jesus, in anticipation of the imminent arrival of the end of this age and the coming of the Kingdom of God. (Jewish cleansing rituals were repeated as the need arose; John's baptism, like the Christians' later, appears to have been a one-time occurrence.) Later Christians assigned other meanings to the rite: the apostle Paul, for example, saw it as the mystical act of dying with Christ to sin.

Martyr

From the Greek word martus which literally means "witness." Christian martyrs are those who "bear witness" to Christ even to the point of death.

Pseudepigraphy

From the Greek, literally meaning "false writings" and commonly referring to ancient noncanonical Jewish and Christian literary texts, many of which were written pseudonymously.

Where does Paul mention Justification by Faith?

Galatians, Romans, and 1 Corinthians

Apocalypse

Genre that describes seeing the future and mystery

Catholic Epistles

Greek word "Universal": James, 1st and 2nd Peter, 1st, 2nd and 3rd John, Jude, and sometimes Hebrews. This is used to distinguish from Pauline epistles

Deacons

Greek word for "one who ministers" in the early church, these were members who were responsible for tending to physical needs of the community.

Gnostics

Group of ancient religions that believed that the divine had become entrapped in the evil of the earthly world and could only be released by acquiring "the secret gnosis" or ancient Greek knowledge of who they were and how they could escape.

I & II Timothy, Titus

Highly contested letters. Practical pastoral advice.

Aquila

Husband of Priscilla, followed Paul in Corinth

Three-Storied Universe

Idea of world as Hell, Earth and Heaven

Ideology of Gender

Ideas about the power structure between Males and Females

Ignatius

Ignatius was the bishop of Antioch, Syria in the early second century. He was arrested by the Roman authorities for Christian activities and sent to Rome in order to be thrown to the wild beasts in the arena. On his journey to martrydom, he wrote seven letters, which still survive. These letters are included among the writings of the Apostolic Fathers.

Superapostles

In 2 Corinthians, a group of Paul's opponents who were rhetorically proficient and able to do spectacular deeds, who claimed that their remarkable abilities demonstrated that they, rather than Paul, were the true representatives of Christ.

Prophet

In ancient Israelite religion, a prophet was a person who delivered God's message to his people; eventually the term came to refer to writers who produced literary accounts of God's word (prophets such as Isaiah and Jeremiah). In Christian circles prophets were those who spoke God's message in the community's services of worship, possibly, on occasion, in a state of ecstasy.

"Jars of Clay"

In older translations, "earthen vessels": Paul's metaphorical description of humans as weak bearers of God's extraordinary power (2 Cor. 4:7).

Temple

In pagan circles, a temple was any holy place devoted to one or more divine beings where sacrifices could be made in accordance with established religious principles. For Judaism there was only one legitimate Temple, the one in Jerusalem, an enormous complex that contained the holy sanctuary and, within it, the Holy of Holies, where God's presence on earth was believed to dwell.

Super Apostles

In second Corinthians, a group of Paul's opponents who were able to read and write claimed to be able to perform spectacular deeds, and based on which, claimed they were they true representation of Christ, not Paul. Paul got mad.

Love (Agapē)

In the New Testament, the term for love refers to a love that is not necessarily dependent on or motivated by the loveliness of its object but in fact confers goodness on that object; the one loved becomes lovely by virtue of being loved.

Resident Aliens

In the Roman empire, persons who took up permanent residence in a place that was not their original home and in which they did not enjoy the benefits of citizenship.

Kingdom of God

In the teachings of Jesus, the Kingdom of God (or God's Reign) appears to refer to an actual Kingdom that will come to earth to replace the wicked kingdoms that are now in control of affairs, and of God's people, here. This would be a utopian kingdom where truth, peace, and justice were restored; it would be ruled by God's anointed one (i.e., the messiah).

Prophecy

Inspired speech by the Holy Spirit in normal, understandable words.

Key Cities - Palestine

Jerusalem and Caesarea

Gamtria

Jewish method of interpreting a word on the basis of a numerical value. They exist in both Greek and Hebrew; the letters of the alphabet also serve this purpose.

Gematria

Jewish method of interpreting a word on the basis of the numerical value of its letters (in both Greek and Hebrew, the letters of the alphabet also serve as numerals.)

Synagogue

Jewish place of worship and prayer, from a Greek word that literally means "being brought together."

Bishop

Leaders in the Christian church whom had over sigh of the life of the communities, means overseer

Philemon

Letter to an individual, appealing for forgiveness for a slave named Onesimus. Shortest letter.

Deutero-Pauline Letters

Letters ascribed to Paul that are believed to have been written after Paul's death by persons who felt qualified to address the church in Paul's name.

Pastoral Epistles

Letters that Paul wrote to two Pastors: 1 + 2 Timothy and Titus

Where does Jesus define who can enter the kingdom of god?

Mark, Matthew, and Luke

Where does Jesus expand the Law of Moses?

Matthew

Secessionists

Members of the Johanniene community who, according to 1 john, seceded the community to form their own. They became known as anti-Christ's for their docetic view

Secessionists

Members of the Johannine community who, according to the author of 1 John, had "seceded" (i.e., left) the community to form a community of their own. 1 John, which calls these people "antichrists," suggests that they had adopted a docetic Christology, not allowing that Christ was fully human.

Phoebe

Mentioned in the epistles to the romans. a. A woman whose notable leadership of the church. She was a deacon and a prostatis. b. She delivered the letter to the romans c. He requested the roman church treat her well for she was a benefactor of Paul and of many people.

aaa - Galatians

Middle of 50's CE, during 3rd Missionary Journey Paul arguing against false preachers who favor following Jewish Law and circumcision

Simon Magus

Mysterious figure first named in Acts 8 (called there simply "Simon") who was able to perform magical deeds (hence the sobriquet "Magus") and who was thought to be in competition with the apostles for followers. Later Christians insisted that Simon Magus tried to wrest converts from the apostles by doing magical deeds to convince them of his own power. One later noncanonical text, the Acts of Peter, narrates a series of miracle-working contests between Peter and Simon Magus (Peter, of course, wins). Starting in the second century, Christian heresy-hunters claimed that Simon Magus was the first Gnostic.

Pseudonym

Name used by an author instead of his or her real name; the author of a pseudepigraphical writing may be said to use a name like Paul, Peter, or James as a pseudonym.

Pastoral Epistles

New Testament letters that Paul allegedly wrote to two pastors, Timothy (1 and 2 Timothy) and Titus, concerning their pastoral duties.

Hebrews

No author is named or the addressees, no opening prayer or thanksgiving. a. Christianity offered the perfection of Judaism, a religion foretold by the prophets. People who didn't believe this were not true followers of god. Christ brings a superior covenant, tabernacle and sacrifice. b. This book asserts the superiority of Christ over the prophets, the angles, Moses, Joshua and Jewish Priesthood. c. Draws on Platonic dualistic thought to illustrate the old covenant was a foreshadowing of the new, an imperfect reflection of a perfect reality. God brought Christ, nullifying the previous covenant. Therefore, covenant with Jews was no longer valid.

Macedonia

Northern part of Greece, Thessalonia, Philippi

666

Number of the Beast (Nero), Book of Revelation

Justin Martyr

One of the earliest "apologists," Justin lived in Rome in the mid-second century.

Clement of Rome

One of the early leaders ("bishops") of the church of Rome, around 95 C.E., who is the traditional author of the noncanonical book 1 Clement.

Apostle

One who is commissioned to perform a task, from Greek word "sent" this was used to designate special emissaries of faith who were understood to be representatives of Christ

Antichrist

One who opposes Christ

Philemon

Only undisputed Paul epistle attributed to an individual. Letter talks about the runaway Slave, Onesimus.

Resurrection

Originally devised with in Judaism which maintained that at the end of the present age those who had died would be brought back to face judgment: either torment or reward based on their view of god. a. Many Christians believed Jesus had be raised (resurrected) and believed that age had begun; many believed that their reward or punishment hinged on their belief in Christ or lack thereof.

Caesarea

Palestine. Coastal city where Paul is confined and imprisoned after his 3rd missionary journey.

aaa - 1 Timothy

Pastoral Epistle Between first and second century CE Talks about structure of a godly household and church

Galatia

Paul is very angry in this letter, Church is becoming fractioned, some Jewish Christians feel as though the gentiles should submit to Jewish law and become circumcised before becoming Christians. Paul disagrees and is upset they are fractioning the church. a. Context: i. Paul fell ill in this city and was nursed back to health by citizens. ii. He wrote his letter to counter missionaries who came to Galatia after he left 1. These missionaries insisted that they accept the rite of Jewish law of circumcision 2. Paul got pissed and claimed anyone accepting this is rejecting gods promise offered through Christ, a person is justified by faith, not by the law 3. More Biography is provided than anyother letter 4. His message comes from a higher authority 5. No connection with Jerusalem

Damascus

Paul's "conversion" to Jesus. Palestine.

Galatians

Paul's ANGRIEST letter. Galatia is in Asia Minor. How are Gentiles saved--do they adopt Jewish practice in addition to faith in Christ?

I Thessalonians

Paul's earliest letter. He's positive but concerned. People are confused about Christ's second coming. Counsel is "live quietly, work hard, etc." Located in Macedonia.

"Thorn in the Flesh"

Paul's own unidentified description of an affliction from which he suffered (2 Cor. 12:7-10).

"Painful Visit"

Paul's second visit to the Corinthians, after he had heard reports of trouble there and decided to rebuke them in person (2 Cor. 2:5; 13:2).

Philippians

Paul's warmest letter. A thank you for financial support. Macedonian region.

Cephas

Peter's Aramaic name

Key Cities - Macedonian (North)

Philippi and Thessalonica

Where does Paul reject circumcision?

Philippians

Spiritual Gifts

Practices or ministries that are given by God and activated by the Holy Spirit in the lives of individual church members for the common good; examples include speaking in tongues, prophecy, working miracles, discernment of spirits, and leadership.

Gamaliel

Rabbi, Pharisee in Acts

Epispasm

Re-circumcision of oneself

Nero

Roman Emperor during Paul's time

Pliny the Younger

Roman aristocrat who ruled the province of Bithynia-Pontus in the early second century C.E., and whose correspondence with the emperor Trajan contains the earliest reference to Christ in a pagan source.

Pliny the Younger

Roman aristocrat who ruled the province of Bithynia-Pontus in the early second century. He wrote a letter to the emperor Trajan that contains the earliest

Pontius Pilate

Roman aristocrat who served as the governor of Judea from 26 to 36 C.E., and who was responsible for ordering Jesus' crucifixion.

Marcus Aurelius

Roman emperor from 161 to 80 C.E., best known for his writings of Stoic philosophy, but known in Christian sources for ruling when some of the most violent persecutions against Christians occurred.

Nero

Roman emperor from 54 to 68 C.E. It was under his reign that both Peter and Paul were allegedly martyred in Rome, as part of his persecution of Christians for the fire that destroyed much of the city (the Roman historian Tacitus indicates that Nero himself was responsible for the fire).

Domitian

Roman emperor from 81 to 96 C.E.; most scholars believe he was the emperor when the book of Revelation, and its attack on the Roman empire, was composed.

Domitian

Roman emperor from 81-96 CE, most scholars believe he was the emperor when the book of revelation, and its attacks on the roman empire were composed

Trajan

Roman emperor from 98 to 117 C.E., known, in part, through his correspondence with Pliny the Younger.

Constantine

Roman emperor in the early fourth century, the first emperor to convert to Christianity. Constantine's conversion played a highly significant role in the spread of Christianity, as it moved from being a persecuted minority religion to becoming the powerful majority religion of the entire empire.

Tacitus

Roman historian of the early second century C.E., whose multivolume work The Annals of Rome provides substantial information about Roman history from the beginning down to his own time.

Where does Paul say anyone can enter the kingdom of god?

Romans

Undisputed Pauline Letters

Romans, 1 + 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, Philemon

Undisputed Paul Epistles

Romans, 1st and 2nd Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1st Thessalonians, and Philemon.

Seven Unchallenged Letters

Romans, I & II Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, Philemon, I Thessalonians.

Key Cities - Italy key

Rome

What was Paul's first missionary journey?

Sailed the Mediterranean Sea from Antioch to Cyprus, planting churches in Asia Minor and back to Antioch.

Melito of Sardis

Second-century Christian leader from Asia Minor, whose eloquent Easter sermon on the Old Testament story of Exodus casts vitriolic aspersions on the Jews.

Lydia

Seller of purple clothes in Acts that opened her heart up to God

Chloe

She alerted Paul to the dissension of the church in Corinth.

Cult

Shortened form of cultus deorum, a Latin phrase that literally means "care of the gods," generally used of any set of religious practices of worship. In pagan religions, these normally involved acts of sacrifice and prayer.

Participationist Model

Sin is a cosmic power which humans are enslaves. The solution is Jesus Christ death and resurrection. God victory over the cosmos defeated Sin and therefore Christians participate in this victory by getting baptized.

Onesimus

Slave of Philemon, apostle of Paul

Christ hymn

Song in Philippians about the sacrifices of Jesus Christ

Judea

Southern Palestine

Glossolalia

Speaking in tongues, that is, the phenomenon by which the Spirit enables a person to speak in known languages they have never learned (e.g., Acts 2:4-8) or in ecstatic languages unintelligible to any who do not possess the gift of interpretation (e.g., 1 Cor. 14:26-28).

Great Wh*re of Babylon

Symbolic of the cities of Rome in Revelation

Christology

Teaching about Christ

Self-Definition

Term used in the social sciences to indicate the ways a social group understands itself in terms of the beliefs, rituals, practices, worldviews, shared experiences, and so on that bind it together as a group and that differentiate it from those who are not in the group.

The ***** of Babylon

The "***** of Babylon" is a woman drunk with impurities who has slept with several kings and rides a seven headed beast. The ***** represents Rome, the seven headed beast represents the surrounding territories. The story ends with the "***** and her beast" cascading into the depths of hell with Satan. Implying that is the destination for Rome and all its followers.

Cephas

The Aramaic name for Peter, the apostle.

Preexistence

The Christian doctrine that Christ existed (in the form of God) before he became the man Jesus who lived and died on earth.

Incarnation

The Christian doctrine that God became a human being in the person of Jesus Christ; a concept found especially in John's prologue (1:1-18) and the Christ Hymn of Philippians (2:6-11).

Parousia

The Greek word commonly used in the New Testament to designate the second coming of Christ.

Cosmos

The Greek word for "world."

Maccabean Revolt

The Jewish uprising against the Syrians and their king, Antiochus Epiphanes, starting in 167 B.C.E., in protest against the forced imposition of Hellenistic culture and the proscription of Jewish practices such as circumcision. See also Hasmoneans.

Reconciliation

The act or process by which people are placed in a right relationship with God and with each other.

Justification

The act or process by which people stand before God acquitted and righteous, being put in a right relationship with God.

Justification

The act or process by which people stand before God acquitted and righteous.

Sanctification

The act or process of being made holy or sinless.

Redemption

The act or process through which people are bought out of slavery to sin or death.

Circumcision

The apostolic decree—that gentile converts do not need to be circumcised. This is one of the first acts differentiating early Christianity from rabbinic Judaism

Realized Eschatology

The belief that blessings and benefits typically associated with the end times can be experienced as a present reality.

Justification by Faith

The doctrine found in Paul's letters (see Judicial Model), that a person is "made right" (justified) with God by trusting in the effects of Christ's death, rather than by doing the works prescribed by the Jewish Law.

Justification By Faith

The doctrine found in Paul's letters, that person is "made right (justified)" with god by trusting in the effects of Jesus's death rather than by doing the works prescribed by the Jewish law.

Two Ways

The doctrine found in the Didache and the Epistle of Barnabas that people must choose between two ways of living, the way of life (or light) and the way of death (or darkness).

Resurrection

The doctrine originally devised within circles of apocalyptic Judaism which maintained that at the end of the present age those who had died would be brought back to life in order to face judgment: either torment for those opposed to God or reward for those who sided with God. The earliest Christians believed that Jesus had been raised, and concluded therefore that the end of the age had already begun (see "First Fruits of the Resurrection"). In Christian apocalyptic thought it was believed that the rewards and punishments in the future resurrection would hinge on one's relationship to Christ, as either a believer or nonbeliever.

"Day of the Lord"

The final consummation, associated with the return of Christ, which some Thessalonians believed had already occurred.

Platonic Dualism

The idea that the mind and body are not identical. a. Two fold dualism between earth and heaven b. The entire world is transitory and ephemeral, only a copy of the real, invisible, spiritual world of ideas in heaven are apprehended by the mind. c. Plato insisted that things that were appearing to be real are often only shadows of a greater reality. Physical pleasure for instance has all the appearances of being superior. However, pleasure is only good in appearance. For Plato, real good is located outside of bodily pleasure which is therefore a mere shadow of reality. d. Shown where the Jewish Sacrifices were originally made to an earthly tabernacle. Where Christ brought his sacrifice to heaven. He was a superior sacrifice for his death brought complete forgiveness. e. Christ is the reality that was foreshadowed in the Jewish scriptures. He is ultimately concerned with ensuring that Christians do not turn back once they experience the reality of Christ.

Hellenism

The influence of Greek (and Roman) culture, philosophy, and modes of thought. During the New Testament period Jewish people throughout the world were said to be "Hellenized" because they had been influenced to greater or lesser degree by the culture of Greece and Rome.

Passover

The most important and widely celebrated annual festival of Jews in Roman times, commemorating the exodus from Egypt.

Passover

The most important and widely celebrated annual festival of Jews in the roman times, commemorating the exodus from Egypt

Righteousness, Effective

The notion that, because of Christ, God imparts righteousness to sinners, transforming them so that they are able to please God in ways that would not be possible otherwise.

Righteousness, Imputed

The notion that, because of Christ, God reckons people as righteous; people are counted as righteous even though they continue to struggle and fail to live as God wishes.

Christ Hymn

The poetic passage found in Philippians 2:6-11 that describes Christ as one who was in the form of God but humbled himself to become human and die on a cross.

"Mystery of Lawlessness"

The power or activity associated with the rebellion of "the lawless one" (2 Thess. 2:7).

Excommunication

The practice of expelling unrepentant persons from the church, particularly from partaking in the Lord's Supper; 1 Corinthians 5 is often read as an act of excommunication.

Pseudonymity

The practice of writing under a fictitious name, evident in a large number of pagan, Jewish, and Christian writings from antiquity.

Apostolic Succession

The proto-orthodox claim that leaders of the major churches had been appointed by the successors of the apostles themselves, so that their authority could be traced back to Jesus' hand-chosen followers.

Sermon of the Mount

The sermon found only in Matthew 5-7, which preserves many of the best-known sayings of Jesus (including Matthew's form of the Beatitudes, the antitheses, and the Lord's Prayer).

Undisputed Letters (of Paul)

The seven letters ascribed to Paul that all New Testament scholars grant were actually written by Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon.

Eschatology

The study of the end of history from a religious perspective. Probably more obscure theological text has been written on this topic than on any other belief in Christendom.

Pastoral Letters/Epistles

The three letters addressed to colleagues of Paul entrusted with pastoral leadership of churches: 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus.

Neōkoros

The title given to a city that served as the official headquarters for the imperial cult, in charge of festivities and rituals honoring and worshiping the emperor; Ephesus often earned this designation for the region.

"The Lawless One"

The ultimate enemy who must appear before Christ returns (2 Thess. 2:3), probably to be identified with the "antichrist" of the Johannine letters and the beast of the book of Revelation.

Docetism

The view that Jesus was not a human being but only appeared to be, from a Greek word meaning "to seem" or "to appear."

Adoptionists

The view that Jesus was not divine, but a flesh-and-blood human being who had been adopted at baptism to be God's son.

Adoptionist

The view that Jesus was not divine, but flesh-and-blood human being who had been adopted at baptism to be god's son. Adopted by god.

Docetists

They believed that Jesus was not a human being but only appeared to be, form the Greek word to seem or to believe

Thematic Method

This approaches the theme within the bible and performs a basic study of it. Stay focused on themes

Thessalonica

Thriving port and capital of province, contrasts with Jesus's teachings. a. Paul's First letter and earliest Christian writing 49 CE. b. No Major Problems associated with letter, great deal about community and how he created it

Eunice and Lois

Timothy's mother and grandmother respectively, who seem to have played a significant role in Timothy's becoming a Christian (2 Tim. 1:5; see also Acts 16:1-3).

Bishop

Translation of a Greek term, episkopos, which literally means "overseer." Early in the history of the Christian church, bishops were the leaders who had oversight of the life of the community.

Euodia and Syntyche

Two women that got in an argument, Paul wants them to reconcile in letter to the Philippians

Euodia and Syntyche

Two women who were coworkers of Paul and presumably prominent in the Philippian church and who have had a falling out with one another. Paul urges these two women "to be of the same mind in the Lord"; the unity of the Philippian church seems to depend on the unity of these two women.

Romans

Unchallenged. Most formal. Longest. Developed theology. Encouraged Gentile believers to be kind to Jewish brothers.

666/616

Uses gematria to describe 666, or 616 as the emperor of Rome, Nero, whom killed peter and Paul

Nag HammadI

Village in upper (southern) Egypt, near the place where a collection of Gnostic writings, including the Gospel of Thomas, were discovered in 1945.

Nag Hamadi

Village of upper southern Egypt, near the place where a collection of gnostic writings, including the gospel of Thomas were discovered in 1945 Largest biblical Libraries

Pricsa (Pricilla)

Was among the 70 disciples, married to Aquila, they traveled with the apostle Paul. They explained god accurately to Apollos. She was regarded as a teacher. a. Responsible for founding the church in Corinth with Paul.

Apollos

Was passionate about god, and spoke many "historical facts" about Jesus earning him attention from Paul, Priscilla and Aquila. He was baptized in the name Jesus, when Paul laid hands on him he spoke in tongues and was able to prophesize. a. He openly refuted the Jews in public. b. He is an important figure in Corinth; there is a schism between four parties in Corinth Church.

Judicial Model

Way to understand Christ's death and salvation. Salvation is comparable to a legal decision where god is both lawmaker and judge and treats humans as "not guilty" for committing sins against his law, even if they are guilty because Jesus's death has been accepted as payment.

Superapostles

What Paul calls his opposition in Corinth

What do Jesus and Paul agree on?

Who can be christian and the resurrection

Junia

Women mentioned in Romans as a possible apostle to Paul

Pseudonymity

Writing under a different name

aaa - Revelation

Written by John Revision in 2nd Century Apocalypse genre of writing

aaa - Acts

Written by Luke (80-90 CE) - to Theophilus About spread of Christianity and Jesus as a prophet Adventures Peter and Paul

Justification by Faith

You can reach salvation through faith in Jesus Christ, instead of following Jewish Law

Timothy

Young companion of Paul, 1 + 2 Timothy

Corinth

a. 1 Corinth: Trading hub known for its wealth and lose living and immoral behavior, Paul wrote a letter to dissuade them from their ways. Pat of economy devoted to the pleasures of the rich. Paul founded the church in Corinth i. Largest issues stem from not understanding the resurrection ii. Contains the Love Chapter [13] for this should guide actions iii. Paul insists he was the apostle to the gentiles iv. He did not stay with any particular individual in Corinth as not to show favor due to emerging sects. b. Problems: i. Claims of spiritual superiority ii. Meal time issues iii. Suing one another in public courts iv. Abusing communal meals v. Sexual behavior vi. This was all consequence of them believing that they have already been exalted. c. 2 Corinth: i. Emergence of super apostles. They are from satan they will cause disorder ii. Eventually repent and accept Paul

Concept Question 2: 2) What was Paul's relationship to the Jerusalem leaders probably like?

a. First Visit: Goes to Jerusalem, on Sabbath goes to synagogue, talks about how the message of salvation has arrived through Jesus. i. This doesn't make him many friends though many were intrigued. b. Meeting with Jerusalem church about the circumcision of gentiles. Talks about how Peter, James, and John accept Paul's Mission. c. Incident in Antioch: Disagreement between Paul and Peter for peter did not want to eat with Gentiles for they didn't adhere to Jewish Customs. (I'd probably look this one up in more detail)

Concept QUestion 4: in what ways can we understand paul as an apocalyptic prophet?

a. He very much so believed in it as a way to convince people to start having faith in Jesus as to be promised a spot in the kingdom of heaven [1 Thess 5:1-11] "There is peace and security," then sudden destruction will come upon them, as labor pains come upon a pregnant woman, and there will be no escape! b. The dead in Christ will rise first, and then the people whom are alive will rise up to the clouds to be with them to meet the lord. Don't be sad for the dead be happy, end is near. [1 Thess 4:13-18] c. We will not all die,[b] but we will all be changed,52 in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. 53 For this perishable body must put on imperishability, and this mortal body must put on immortality. 54 When this perishable body puts on imperishability, and this mortal body puts on immortality, then the saying that is written will be fulfilled [1 Cor 15:50-55]

Concept Question 1: 1) How does the conflict between the depiction of Paul in Acts and his own statements in his letters influence how we should understand Acts?

a. Luke only calls on Paul once or twice throughout his writings, were Paul justifies himself as an apostle on several occasions b. Luke portrays Paul as a miracle worker, which he makes little of in his letters c. Acts is much more observant of Jewish Law

Concept Question 3:3) Why do we need to use the Contextual Method to understand the letters in the New Testament?

a. One of the criteria commonly used be scholars to establish historically reliable material; with respect to the historical Jesus, the criterion maintains that if a saying or deed of Jesus cannot be credibly fit into his own first century Palestinian context, then it cannot be regarded as authentic

Concept Question 7: 8) What are the main themes and solutions in the Pauline letter and Catholic Epistles we covered in class?

a. Paul is probably in jail b. Galatians: Paul's most angry letter, He establishes his authority c. 1st Thessalonians: The main problem—dying and resurrection assures romans of Jesus and a resurrection d. 1st Corinthians: Paul has to boast because other Christians are coming in and teaching something else. Super Apostles. When will they be saved? Later. Love chapter e. Philemon: Onesimus-slave: saved his spiritual body. I won't bring up the fact you owe me your eternal soul f. Philippians: Suffering is a privilege. Dualism, this world and the next one. g. Romans: letter he writes to a community he didn't start. Two different model of salvation. Judicial: god is judge he just in killing us. Jesus pays penalty, he died for you. Judicial - Pharisees. Sin a death. Jesus is cheat code beats sin and death

Concept Question 5: 5) What are some reasons that scholars do not believe that Paul wrote the Pastoral Epistles?

a. Tim 1 and Titus have the same writing styles; content and subject matter are similar too. b. First difference: Salutations are different from undisputed works—writing styles are comparable of Shakespeare to modern day English c. Of the 848 different words in the Pastorals, 306 of them occur nowhere else in the Pauline Corpus, including deuteron (1/3 not Pauline). d. The contextual significance in words: Faith to Paul means faith in Jesus Christ for salvation, however [Tit 1:13] refers to faith as trusting in the body of teaching that makes up the Christian faith.

Concept Question 6:6) What are some of the consistent Pauline themes—both concerning the problems that he deals with and the answers he provides?

i. Strongest emphasis was on the death and resurrection of Jesus that assures persons a share in Jesus's life/ salvation. ii. Resurrection brought the promise of salvation to believers. Those who died in Christ would be raised in Christ. iii. Essence of Christian message: 1. God sent his son, The son was crucified for the sins of humanity, after being dead for three days he was raised, defeating death, Son would soon return iv. Problems/Sol'n: 1. Suffering and Faith.

Pastoral Epistles

new Testament letters that Paul allegedly wrote to two pastors, Timothy 1, and 2 and Titus concerning their duties.