Intro to Pathology for Radiologic Technology

List 19 terms related to alterations in cell growth

19 terms related to alterations in cell growth: 1) Atrophy 2) Hypertrophy 3) Hyperplasia 4) Dysplasia 5) Neoplasia 6) Oncology 7) Benign 8) Metastasize 9) Carcinoma 10) Anaplastic 11) Sarcoma 12) Lymphatic spread 13) Hematogenous spread 14) Grading 15) Staging 16) Epidemiology 17) Morbidity 18) Mortality

2 things mAs can control.

2 things mAs controls: 1) mAs controls quantity 2) mAs should be adjusted to get rid of greys

List 3 Respiratory Destructive diseases.

3 Respiratory Destructive diseases: 1) Early lung abscess 2) Emphysema 3) Pneumothorax

List 3 causes of Ischemia.

3 causes of Ischemia: 1) Narrowing of an artery -atherosclerosis 2) Thrombotic occlusion -blood clot 3) Embolic Occlusion -anything other than blood clot blocking

List 3 things for infectious disease control.

3 things for infectious disease control: 1) Standard Precautions from CDC 2) Use appropriate protection personnel equipment (PPE) 3) Utilize Transmission based precautions.

Name 3 types of immune reactions.

3 types of immune reactions: 1) Anaphylactic -outside irritant severe histomine reaction 2) Cytotoxic reactions -poisons 3) Delayed -long term reaction, AIDs

List 4 Circulatory Additive diseases:

4 Circulatory Additive diseases: 1) Aortic Aneurysm 2) Ascites 3) Cirrhosis of the liver 4)Enlarge Heart-cardiomegaly

List 5 causes of disease.

5 causes of disease: 1) Hereditary 2) trauma 3) infectious organisms 4) vascular processes 5) metabolic processes

What are 5 clinical signs of inflammation?

5 clinical signs of inflammation are: 1) Redness -rubor 2) Heat -calor 3) Swelling -tumor 4) Pain -dolor 5) Loss of function

List 6 terms related to disease.

6 terms related to disease: 1) Signs 2) symptoms 3) latrongenic 4) nosocomial infections 5) community acquired infections 6) Idiopathic

Name 8 skeletal additive diseases that would require an increase in technique.

8 skeletal additive diseases that would require an increase in technique: 1) Acromegaly 2) Acute Kyphosis 3) Exostosis 4) Hydrocephalus 5) Marble Bone 6) Metastasis -Osteosclerotic 7) Osterochondroma 8) Paget's Disease

Name 9 respiratory additive diseases.

9 respiratory additive diseases: 1) Atelectasis 2) Bronchiectasis 3) Edema 4) Empyema 5) Pleural Effusion 6) Anthacosis 7) Asbestosis 8) Silicosis 9) Pnuemonia

Name 9 skeletal diseases that are destructive.

9 skeletal diseases that are destructive: 1) Active Ostermylelitis 2) Active Tuberculosis -Apices- 3) Atrohpy -disease or disuse- 4) Carcinoma 5) Ewing's tumor -pediatric- 6) Gout 7) Hemangioma 8) Metastasis -osteolytic 9) Multiple Myeloma

Define Tuberculoma (TB) Tuberculosis.

A pathology most often demonstrated in the upper lobes and lung parenchyma with a radiographic appearance of multiple, well-defined, scattered nodules of uniform density

What is AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome?

AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency viruses -HIV. Those affected are at greater risk for opportunistic infections.

Define Abscess

Abscess: Localized, usually encapsulated collection of fluid -like a blister, infected tooth

Define additive disease: Acromegaly.

Acromegaly: a chronic metabolic condition. Enlargement and thickening of bones of face a jaw. Additive disease.

Define Active Immunity

Active Immunity: Forming antibodies to counteract an antigen by way of vaccine or toxoid.

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Active Osteomyelitis

Active Osteomyelitis: a bone infection, almost always caused by a bacteria. Over time, the result can be destruction of the bone itself. skeletal destructive disease.

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Active Tuberculosis (Apices)

Active Tuberculosis -Apices-: is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread through the air and usually infects the lungs, although other organs and parts of the body can be involved as well. skeletal destructive disease.

Define additive disease: Acute Kyphosis

Acute Kyphosis: a convex -reverse- curvature of the spine. additive disease.

What is an infarction?

An infarction is a localized area of ischemic-blood cut off-necrosis within a tissue or organ. Either no arterial supply or no venous drainage. Everything distal dies. -blood cut off-

Define Anaphylactic Reaction

Anaphylactic Reaction: Hypersensitive reaction resulting in a histamine release.

Define Anaplastic

Anaplastic: Undifferentiated cell growth, with out form, odd growth.

Define Anasarca:

Anasarca: Generalized edema occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body. Ex. allergic reaction

Define this respiratory additive disease: Anthacosis

Anthacosis: Coal workers' pneumoconiosis -CWP-, colloquially referred to as black lung disease, is caused by long exposure to coal dust in the lungs. respiratory additive disease.

Define Antibodies

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin responding to the antigen, make harmless, by blood stream.

Define Antigens

Antigens: Foreign substance that evokes an immune response, like pollen.

Define this Circulatory Additive disease: Aortic Aneurysm

Aortic Aneurysm: An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge in the wall of an artery. A weak area develops in the wall of an artery. This allows the pressure within the artery to push outwards, creating a bulge or ballooned area called an "aneurysm." Circulatory Additive disease.

Define this respiratory additive disease: Asbestosis

Asbestosis: is a lung disease that occurs from breathing in asbestos fibers. respiratory additive disease.

Define this Circulatory Additive disease: Ascites

Ascites: is the build up of fluid in the space between the lining of the abdomen and abdominal organs -the peritoneal cavity- Circulatory Additive disease.

Define this respiratory additive disease: Atelectasis

Atelectasis: is a collapse of lung tissue affecting part or all of one lung. respiratory additive disease.

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Atrophy (disease or disuse)

Atrophy-disease or disuse-: wasting away of the body or of an organ or part, as from defective nutrition or nerve damage. Degeneration, decline, or decrease, as from disuse: skeletal destructive disease.

Define Atrophy.

Atrophy: reduction in the size of number of cells in an organ or tissue with a corresponding decrease in function.

Define Bacteremia

Bacteremia: Potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels.

Define Benign

Benign: growth that closely resembles their cells of origin in structure and function

What does bleeding into tissues cause?

Bleeding into tissues results in a hematoma.-accumulation of blood in tissue due to a break in a blood vessel

Define this respiratory additive disease: Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis: is a condition in which the lungs' airways are abnormally stretched and widened. This stretching and widening is caused by mucus blockage. More and more mucus builds up in the airways, allowing bacteria to grow. This leads to infection. respiratory additive disease.

Define Carcinoma

Carcinoma: NMalignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Carcinoma

Carcinoma: a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues and to give rise to metastases. skeletal destructive disease.

Define this Circulatory Additive disease: Cirrhosis of the liver

Cirrhosis of the liver: is a slowly progressing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, eventually preventing the liver from functioning properly. Gets hard. Circulatory Additive disease.

Define term Community Acquired Infections.

Community Acquired Infections: Contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility, hospital or clinic.

A definition of disease.

Disease is the patter of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions.

What can diseases do to tissue structure?

Diseases can alter the density of tissue structure, thus needed to adjust technique either up or down depending on the condition.

Define Dysplasia

Dysplasia: Loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation, loss in shape.

Define this Respiratory Destructive disease: Early Lung Abscess

Early Lung Abscess: A lung abscess is a pus-filled cavity in the lung surrounded by inflamed tissue and caused by an infection. Respiratory Destructive disease.

Define this respiratory additive disease: Edema

Edema: Edema is the medical term for swelling. It is a general response of the body to injury or inflammation. Edema results whenever small blood vessels become "leaky" and release fluid into nearby tissues. The extra fluid accumulates, causing the tissue to swell. respiratory additive disease.

Define this Soft Tissue Additive disease: Edema

Edema: Swelling. Accumulation of abnormally large fluid volume in the circulatory system or in tissues between the body's cells -intercellular spaces or body cavities. Soft Tissue Additive disease.

Define Elephantiasis.

Elephantiasis: Localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema.

Define this Respiratory Destructive disease: Emphysema

Emphysema: occurs when the air sacs in your lungs are gradually destroyed, making you progressively more short of breath. Respiratory Destructive disease.

Define this respiratory additive disease: Empyema

Empyema: is a collection of pus and fluid in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall -pleural space- or other body cavity. respiratory additive disease.

Define this Circulatory Additive disease: Enlarge Heart (cardiomegaly)

Enlarge Heart -cardiomegaly-: The heart enlarges in response to damage to the heart muscle. Circulatory Additive disease.

Define Epidemiology

Epidemiology: Study of determinants of disease events in given populations.

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Ewings' Tumor (pediatric)

Ewings' Tumor -pediatric: Primary bone cancer is cancer that originates in bone cells. It's the second most common bone cancer in children, usually found in the long bones. Pain and swelling are the most common presenting complaints. skeletal destructive disease.

Define additive disease Exostosis.

Exostosis: A bony growth on the surface of a bone or tooth. additive disease.

Define additive disease: Osterochondroma.

Osterochondroma: A benign cartilaginous neoplasm -benign tumor composed of bone and cartilage- that consists of a pedicle of normal bone covered with a rim of proliferating cartilage cells. The onset is usually in childhood. It affects more males than females. additive disease.

Define PPE or Personal Protective Equipment

PPE or Personal Protective Equipment: gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents.

Define additive disease: Paget's Disease.

Paget's Diesease: also called osteitis deformans, is a chronic bone disorder in which there is abnormal bone remodelling -the process of bone breakdown and rebuilding-. With Paget's disease, bone is broken down more quickly and is then replaced with softer, less dense, more brittle & more porous bone. As a result, affected bones becomes more prone to fracture or bowing, enlargement, thicker, weaker, and deformed. It usually affects the bones of the skull, pelvis, collarbone, spine, and legs. additive disease.

What is pathology?

Pathology is the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems of the body.

Define Permeable Membrane

Permeable Membrane: Allows fluids/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location.

Define this respiratory additive disease: Pleural Effusion

Pleural Effusion: is a buildup of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity. respiratory additive disease.

Define this Respiratory Destructive disease: Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax: is a collapsed lung. Occurs when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. In most cases, only a portion of the lung collapses. Respiratory Destructive disease.

Define this respiratory additive disease: Pnuemonia

Pnuemonia: Pneumonia is a breathing -respiratory-) condition in which there is an infection of the lung, -inflammation of the lungs-. respiratory additive disease.

Define Pyogenic Bacteria

Pyogenic Bacteria: Thick, yellow fluid called pus -dead white cells

Define hereditary disease.

hereditary disease: abnormality in DNA, in the nucleus of each cell, passed on to generations.

Define term latrogenic.

latrogenic: Disease caused by physician or treatment.

Define x-ray attenuation.

x-ray attenuation means absorption.How much x-ray the tissue absorbs. With increased attenuation, there is more white, so technique must go up.

Define Lymphatic spread

Lymphatic spread: Major route of carcinoma to metastasize.

Define Malignant

Malignant: Neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures -cancer

Define additive disease: Marble Bone

Marble Bone: An inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density; in severe forms the bone marrow cavity may be obliterated. additive disease.

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Metastasis (osteolytic)

Metastasis -osteolytic: Disease in bones. Osteolysis refers to an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts as part of an ongoing disease process. Osteolysis can be seen as the reverse of ossification. skeletal destructive disease.

Define additive disease: Metastasis (osteosclerotic)

Metastasis -osteoscloerotic-: Pathology Transmission of pathogenic microorganisms or cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites elsewhere in the body, usually by way of the blood vessels or lymphatics. Relating to, due to, or marked by hardening of bone substance. additive disease.

Define Metastasize

Metastasize: malignant neoplasms that travel to distant sites.

Define Morbidity

Morbidity: Rate that an illness or abnormality occurs

Define Mortality

Mortality: Reflects the number of deaths by disease per population

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Multiple Myeloma

Multiple Myeloma: Most common tumor in bones. In multiple myeloma, a group of plasma cells -myeloma cells- becomes cancerous and multiplies, raising the number of plasma cells to a higher than normal level. Since these cells normally make proteins -antibodies-, the level of abnormal proteins in your blood also may go up. Health problems caused by multiple myeloma can affect your bones, immune system, kidneys and red blood cell count. skeletal destructive disease.

Define Neoplasia

Neoplasia: Ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells, cancer.

Define term nosocomial infections.

Nosocomial Infections: contracted from acute care facility, hospital or clinic.

Define Oncology

Oncology: Study of neoplasms -tumors/cancer

Define Toxoid

Toxoid: Treated toxin with antigenic power to produce imunity by creating antibodies -such as snake anti-venim.

Define Vaccine

Vaccine: Contact with dead or deactivated microorganisms to form antibodies.

Define Immune

Immune: protected against antigens, antibodies binding with antigens to make harmless. bind with and inactivate.

Define term Idiopathic.

Idiopathic: Underlying cause is unknown.

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Gout

Gout: Gout is a kind of arthritis. It can cause an attack of sudden burning pain, stiffness, and swelling in a joint, usually a big toe. These attacks can happen over and over unless gout is treated. Over time, they can harm your joints, tendons, and other tissues. Gout is most common in men. skeletal destructive disease.

Define Grading

Grading: Assessment of aggressiveness or degree of malignancy.

Define Granulation Tissue.

Granulation Tissue: Fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue, thicker than original.

Define this skeletal destructive disease: Hemangioma

Hemangioma: Tumor with high blood suppy. Bright red patch or a nodule of extra blood vessels in the skin. It grows during the first year of life, and then recedes over time. A hemangioma is usually benign and isn't associated with other medical conditions. skeletal destructive disease.

Define Hematogenous spread

Hematogenous spread: Malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli

What is a hemmorrhage?

Hemmorrhage: rupture of a blood vessel that allows blood to escape externally or internally.

Define additive disease: Hydrocephalus.

Hydrocephalus: an accumulation of serous fluid within the cranium, esp. in infancy, due to obstruction of the movement of cerebrospinal fluid, often causing great enlargement of the head; water on the brain. If hydrocephalus becomes progressive, a shunt is surgically placed to reduce pressure by conducting fluid away from the brain, usually to the peritoneum. additive disease.

Define Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

Define Hypertrophy.

Hypertrophy: Increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function.

Define Inflammation.

Inflammation: the initial response of body tissues to a local injury.

What is Ischemia?

Ischemia: an interference with the blood supply to an organ or part of an organ. The cells and/or tissues do not get nutrients or oxygen.

Define Sarcoma

Sarcoma: Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue.

Define term Signs.

Signs: what it looks like. Measureable or objective manifestations.

Define this respiratory additive disease: Silicosis

Silicosis: is a respiratory disease caused by breathing in -inhaling- silica dust. respiratory additive disease.

Define Staging

Staging: 1) Extensiveness of tumor at the primary site 2) Presence of absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs.

Define Standard Precautions

Standard Precautions: Protection utilized when delivering healthcare service for any person. Such as hand washing, gloves, masks, sanitizing etc.

Define term Symptoms.

Symptoms: Feeling that the patient describes. Subjective manifestations.