Intro to PH exam 1 q

Which of the following statements are TRUE. - Disease prevention is one of the cornerstones of public health. - Chains of risk describe leaps in exposures that occur randomly over time. - Prevention is a core population health concept. - The ideal preventive intervention would aim to achieve disease eradication.

- Disease prevention is one of the cornerstones of public health. - Prevention is a core population health concept. - The ideal preventive intervention would aim to achieve disease eradication.

Which of the following statements is/are true? - Health equity and health equality are interchangeable terms that both mean equal health for all - Health equity refers to the highest level of health attainment for all people - Health inequity is synonymous with health disparity - Health equity is an impossible ideal to achieve while full health equality is possible to achieve

- Health equity refers to the highest level of health attainment for all people

The federal government's responsibilities in health care include all the following except which of the following? - Providing housing for those living in poverty - Setting legislation and national strategies - Administering the Medicare program - Funding health insurance for federal employees as well as active military

- Providing housing for those living in poverty

According to the article by Gans and colleagues, which of the following is/are major barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption? - limited time to shop and cook meals - limited access in neighborhoods - high cost - taste

- limited time to shop and cook meals - limited access in neighborhoods - high cost

Head Start is a program that is administered by this agency

ACF

Which statement(s) best describes the difference between health equity and health equality. Health equity is value-based while health equality is an empiric measure Health equity is secondary prevention while health equality is primary prevention Health equity is an empiric measure while health equality is value-based.

Health equity is value-based while health equality is an empiric measure

What is the name of the classification system used to standardize the causes of death on death certificates?

ICD-10/11

Is responsible for the health of Native Americans and Alaskan Natives

IHS

This local agency is responsible for enacting both federal and state legislation with regard to health

LHD

Which public health pioneer is considered to have written the blue print for the current public health system?

Lemuel Shattuck

Is the primary biomedical research agency of the federal government

NIH

Critical and sensitive time periods are more likely to occur in which phase of the life course perspective?

Perinatal/infancy, adolescence

Which of the following is/are TRUE about the aging demographic transition? Population aging reflects healthier populations Population aging reflects the onset of early life stage diseases Population aging reflects increasing death rates Population aging reflects increasing birth rates

Population aging reflects healthier populations

Which of the following best describes the concept "compression of morbidity?" The ratcheting up of the number of years of ill-health to as few as possible within the total life span The ratcheting down of the number of years of ill-health to as few as possible within the total life span Minimizing the number of years of a disease-free life A lower degree of physical and mental functionality

The ratcheting down of the number of years of ill-health to as few as possible within the total life span

Compression of morbidity refers to increasing life expectancy by delaying mortality. t/f?

false

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are used as a measure to track contagions across populations and across time. T/F?

false

Due to improvements in diet and physical activity, heart disease is no longer the most common age-specific cause of death for individuals 65 years of age and older in the U.S. t/f?

false

Which of the following is/are NOT associated with elevated smoking incidence and prevalence? lower family socioeconomic status higher educational attainment being unemployed having family members and friends who smoke

higher educational attainment

Which of the following is NOT one of the top five leading causes of death globally, according to the 2017 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study? neonatal disorders stroke lower respiratory infection ischemic heart disease

neonatal disorders

Population health science is the study of conditions that shape distributions of health within and across populations, aiming to understand what causes health. T/F?

true

Steps of prevention based public health approach? identify a health problem monitor the intervention implement intervention identify risk factors develop and test intervention

1. identify a health problem 2. identify risk factors 3. develop and test intervention 4. implement intervention 5. monitor the intervention

In what decade did the U.S. Surgeon General declare smoking as the most important public health issue?

1980s

According to the Guest Lecture by Dr. Ira Wilson, which of the following individuals would typically be eligible for enrollment in Medicare? Assume all individuals are American citizens living in the United States. A 67-year-old retired schoolteacher A 38-year-old construction worker who was injured in a work-related accident and has received disability insurance for 6 months A 60-year-old retired electrician A 19-year-old student with end-stage renal disease

A 67-year-old retired schoolteacher A 19-year-old student with end-stage renal disease

An important responsibility for this federal agency is the quality of medical services

AHRQ

This is the primary membership organization for public health professionals in the United States

APHA

Health studies and surveillance around superfund sites are examples of this agency's responsibilities

ATSDR

Compiles surveillance data from state health departments and reports the findings in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

CDC

If a disease outbreak is suspected, staff from this agency will be some of the first to travel to the suspected area to determine the magnitude and potential cause of the problem

CDC

Has responsibility for the Medicare and Medicaid programs

CMS

This federal agency is responsible for the Medicare and Medicaid programs

CMS

According to Guest Speaker Dr. Patricia Risica, which of the following is/are TRUE about midstream public health interventions? - Midstream interventions are individual-level interventions focused on altering personal behaviors - A community or state-wide smoking cessation program is an example of a midstream intervention - Folate fortification in whole grains to decrease the risk of neural tube defects is an example of a midstream intervention - Changing the food environment in a school is an example of a midstream intervention

Changing the food environment in a school is an example of a midstream intervention

Most public health activities at the federal level, other than environmental health, fall under the jurisdiction of this department

DHHS

Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE about e-cigarettes? Although rates of e-cigarette use have increased among youth, cigarettes are still the most commonly used tobacco product among youth. E-cigarette use has been shown to increase the frequency and amount of cigarette smoking in the future. A majority of youth e-cigarette users report using flavored varieties. Unlike for cigarette smoking, there has not been a positive correlation between e-cigarette advertising and e-cigarette use among youth. None of the above statements are TRUE about e-cigarettes

E-cigarette use has been shown to increase the frequency and amount of cigarette smoking in the future. A majority of youth e-cigarette users report using flavored varieties.

This federal agency is primarily responsible for setting, maintaining, and enforcing environmental standards

EPA

Among its responsibilities, this agency reviews clinical trials data to ensure that pharmaceutical drugs are effective and safe before they can be sold

FDA

Has the ability to establish tobacco product standards

FDA

This agency is concerned with access, equity and the cost of healthcare

HRSA

What is the Hispanic paradox?

Hispanic-Americans tend to have better health outcomes than many other ethnic groups despite lower incomes and less educational attainment.

The four levels of eco-social perspective are composed of:

Individual, family/social network, neighborhood/city, and country/society

Which of the following is/are TRUE about the National Center for Health Statistics? It is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention It is responsible for conducting the U.S. Census It compiles the National Vital Statistics Reports It is the primary source of health data at the federal level

It is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention It compiles the National Vital Statistics Reports It is the primary source of health data at the federal level

Who developed the first system for recording U.S. vital statistics?

Lemuel Shattuck

What is the MAIN cause for increases in rates of disability and impairments in recent years? Life expectancy has risen Mortality rates have risen Life expectancy has declined More children have been born with disabilities

Life expectancy has risen

Which of the following is NOT a state-level smoking promoting factor? - State income from tobacco crops and manufacturing - Widespread advertising - Governmental support for tobacco industry/farmers - Multinational tobacco companies with broad diversification into multiple industries

Multinational tobacco companies with broad diversification into multiple industries

This association supports local health departments by providing skill-building and professional resources and programs to local health officials

NACCHO

According to the lecture by Dr. Wilson, the percentage of uninsured individuals 18-64 years old living in the United States changed in late 2013 - early 2014. What occurred during this time that impacted the rates of the uninsured? The usual age of eligibility for benefits through Medicare was decreased from 65 to 55 The federal minimum wage was increased, which allowed many low-income Americans to afford health insurance. The usual age of eligibility for benefits through Medicaid was decreased from 60 to 50 Open-enrollment for the Affordable Care Act began on newly created insurance marketplaces

Open-enrollment for the Affordable Care Act began on newly created insurance marketplaces

Which of the following is/are NOT true about disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)? DALY is the primary metric used by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study Premature death is measured by YLDs YLLs and YLDs are the two components of DALYs DALYs are used to compare and contrast health conditions affecting different populations across time

Premature death is measured by YLDs

What caused the substantial increase in life expectancy during the 1900s in the United States?

Prevention of infant and early life mortality

Which of the following statement(s) best describe public health and clinical medicine? Public health prioritizes preventing sickness; clinical medicine ensures treatment after the onset of illness Public health ensures treatment after the onset of illness; clinical medicine prioritizes preventing sickness Public health focuses on the individual; clinical medicine focuses on the population Public health focuses on the population; clinical medicine focuses on the individual

Public health prioritizes preventing sickness; clinical medicine ensures treatment after the onset of illness Public health focuses on the population; clinical medicine focuses on the individual

Which of the following is/are NOT examples of primary disease prevention? Immunizing school children against measles Reducing the cost of insulin for individuals living with Type 1 diabetes Ensuring a city's safe water supply Removing hazardous chemicals from a neighborhood

Reducing the cost of insulin for individuals living with Type 1 diabetes

Substance use and mental health treatment facilities are concerns for this federal agency

SAMHSA

Which of the following is the correct measure of healthy life expectancy (HALE)? The sum of the years a person can expect to live in full health, offset by the years lived in less than full health due to disease or injury The average number of years a person can expect to live in poor health due to disease or injury The total number of years a person can expect to live in full health The average number of years a person can expect to live in full health, offset by the years lived in less than full health due to disease or injury

The average number of years a person can expect to live in full health, offset by the years lived in less than full health due to disease or injury

What is meant by "excess deaths" for a minority group?

The difference between the number of deaths in a minority population and the number that would have been expected in that population if it had the same age and sex specific mortality rate as the non-minority population

Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about the role of the U.S. Surgeon General? As Surgeon General in 1982, C. Everett Koop declared smoking to be the chief, single, avoidable cause of death in our society. Because it is an appointed position, individuals tend to serve in the role for several years. The position oversees the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (Vice President) The position oversees the Epidemic Intelligence Service

The position oversees the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (Vice President) As Surgeon General in 1982, C. Everett Koop declared smoking to be the chief, single, avoidable cause of death in our society.

Which of the following is/are TRUE about community health centers? Their origins are 1900s New York City milk stations. They are funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration Anyone is eligible to receive care at a community health center

Their origins are 1900s New York City milk stations. They are funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration

Which the following best captures the purpose of the eco-social perspective? To examine how health is produced at multiple levels To classify the health status of individuals To understand unhealthy habits at the social level To determine people's health choices and their influence

To examine how health is produced at multiple levels

E-cigarette users in the United States have attempted to quit and succeeded in quitting cigarette smoking at higher rates than non-users of e-cigarettes. T/F?

True

The U.S. Public Health Service was originally created to prevent the spread of disease from sailors returning to the United States. T/F?

True

In which standardized measurement(s) does the death of a young person weigh more heavily than the death of an older person? Quality reduced life years Proportionate mortality ratio Life expectancy Years of Potential Life Lost (YLLs)

Years of Potential Life Lost (YLLs)

Which of the following is/are examples of upstream influences on health? access to care smoking racism built environment high blood pressure dietary habits employment opportunities

access to care racism built environment employment opportunities

Which of the following factors influence the cost-effectiveness of a preventive service? - target population - tech used - proportion of population receiving service

all of above

The FDA oversees the federal regulation of which of the following? - Food - Drugs - Medical Devices - Cosmetics

all of the above

Which of the following is/are NOT example(s) of public health achievements? vaccinations childhood obesity prevention fluoridation of drinking water tobacco control

childhood obesity prevention

Which is NOT considered a public health achievement of the 20th century? recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard cure for HIV/aids vaccination fluoridation of drinking water

cure for HIV/AIDS

In which branch of government does the U.S. federal public health system reside?

executive branch

A market justice approach is key to public health philosophy. t/f?

false

According to the lecture by Dr. Diana Grigsby-Toussant, it is NOT possible to link data from multiple sources to investigate a public health problem because of privacy concerns. t/f?

false

According to the lecture by Dr. Ira Wilson, eligibility criteria for Medicare varies by state. T/F?

false

Because of requirements from the federal government, all state health departments have comparable organizational structures. T/F?

false

Because of the availability of new treatments, the number of older adults with Alzheimer's Disease or Related Dementias is expected to decrease substantially worldwide over the next decade. t/f?

false

Cardiac rehabilitation programs are examples of secondary disease prevention measures. T/F?

false

Colorectal cancer screening is an example of a primary disease prevention measure. t/f?

false

Due to reductions in health inequities in the U.S., the mortality rate for middle-aged Black individuals is comparable to the mortality rate for similar-aged white individuals. T/F?

false

Each disability adjusted life year (DALY) represented one month of healthy life lost due to premature death or disability and activity limitation. T/F?

false

Early detection as a preventive strategy is the likelihood of developing a disease or outcome within one year. t/f?

false

Edwin Chadwick was responsible for determining the source of cholera outbreaks in London in the mid-1800s. t/f?

false

Elimination of malaria is considered a major public health achievement of the 20th century.T/F?

false

Even prior to COVID-19, communicable diseases were primarily responsible for increasing rates of disability in high-income countries. t/f?

false

Health disparities occur randomly. T/F?

false

Health equity and health equality are synonymous terms representing a core principle of public health. T/F?

false

Health inequalities are avoidable health inequities. T/F?

false

Healthy People provides science-based national objectives for improving the health of all Americans every 5 years. t/f?

false

In the United States, smoking rates are the same for people of all education and socioeconomic status levels. T/F?

false

Industrial development always has negative impacts on the health of a community. t/f?

false

Medicaid is a program that primarily assists in the payment of medical bills for the elderly. T/F?

false

Multi-morbidity and intersectionality are synonymous terms. t/f?

false

Preventive care always results in societal cost savings. t/f?

false

States primarily rely on property and sales taxes for funding public health activities. t/f?

false

The standardized and simple nature of death certificates make them easy to complete with minimal errors. T/F?

false

Use of seat belts in cars is an example of a secondary disease prevention measure. t/f?

false

Which of the following is/are public health values? health as a right trust collaboration use of scientific methods market justice

health as a right trust collaboration use of scientific methods

Which of the following is/are NOT foci of health disparity monitoring in Healthy People 2020? Disability status/special health care needs gender geography race and ethnicity sexual identity and orientation income

income

According to the lecture by Dr. Diana Grigsby-Toussant, which of the following is/are NOT criteria for assessing the quality and utillity of public health data? - source of data - availability of data - completeness of population coverage - limitations of data

none of above

Which of the following is/are NOT used by any nations worldwide to monitor tobacco control? taxation warning labels advertising bans smoking cessation programs

none of above

Which of the following is/are NOT included in the five strategies identified by the WHO to optimize health for older adults? - meet basic needs - be mobile - build relationships - learn - make decisions

none of the above

Which of the following is/are NOT collected by the local health department to compile vital health statistics? physician licenses death certificates birth certificates marriage certificates

physician licenses

Which two of the following are the core principles of public health? prevention equality equity treatment

prevention, equity

Food fortification is an example of which type of prevention

primary

What public health tools emerged from the plague years in Europe during the Middle Ages to help cope with epidemics?

quarantine, isolation

Which types of underlying factors are likely related to self-destructive health behaviors as discussed in both Stein et al (2017) and Scutchfield and Keck (2017)?

socioeconomic factors

Which of the following is/are NOT physical factor(s) affecting health of a population? - geography - environment - community size - socioeconomic position

socioeconomic position

According to Guest Speaker Dr. Patricia Risica, changing the food environment in a school is an example of a midstream intervention. T/F?

true

As of 2019, chronic diseases were the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. T/F?

true

Calculations of period life expectancy assume that mortality rates in the future will be the same as they are now. t/f?

true

Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability in the US. t/f?

true

In the United States, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services is appointed by the President and is a member of his/her cabinet. T/F?

true

In the article by Scutchfield and Keck (2017), "Deaths of Despair: Why? What to Do?", the authors noted that the increase in mortality among middle-aged, non-Hispanic White men was most prevalent among those with a high school education or less. T/F?

true

The increase in deaths for middle-aged white Americans between 1999 and 2014 has been attributable primarily to increases in intentional and unintentional injuries. t/f?

true