Intro to Poli Sci Test Two

community bank

type of commercial bank that is locally owned and operated

progressive beliefs

- Progressives believed government should solve social problems and pushed for government regulation of big business to protect the rights of workers and consumers, such as zoning laws to alleviate crowded urban developments and labor laws such as child labor and worker's compensation. 1)Government should be more accountable to its people 2) Government should limit the power and influence of the wealthy 3)Government should have more power to improve the lives of its citizens 4) Government should be more efficient and less corrupt so they can handle their increased responsibility.

Leviathan (Hobbes)

- Treatise concerning the structure of society and legitimate government; stated that humans are naturally evil and can only be controlled by an absolute monarch; mankind must cede his natural right. - One of the most influential works concerning the social contract. An important English political work; the first to explain the social contract theory. The contract could never be broken. 1651

John Locke (1632-1704)

1. English philosopher who wrote "The Second Treatise of Government" 2. Viewed humans as basically rational beings who learn from experience 3. Formulated the theory of natural rights, arguing that people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property" 4. Insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights 5. Stated that the governed have a right to rebel against rulers who violate natural rights Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. insisted that the social contract was formed to protect natural rights; Spokesman for classical liberals/believed that all humans were capable of being moral, competent and intelligent; thought that freedom what greatest when the individual was left alone, liberal, favored a parliamentary republican which the government did little expect arbitrate decisions between citizens' argued that private property was vital to people, they he was clearly opposed to unlimited accumulation of it

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

1. Scottish economist who wrote "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" 2. Opposed mercantilist policies 3. Advocated free trade and "the Invisible Hand of competition"

public goods

1. inexcludable 2. non-joint consumption

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

A French man who believed that humans are naturally good and free and can rely on their instincts. He also advocated a democracy because he believed the government should exist to protect common good. Like other Enlightenment thinkers, he was passionately committed to individual freedom, but he attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying, rather than liberating, the individual. He also called for a rigid division of gender roles, believing women should be subordinate in social life. His ideals greatly influenced the early romantic movement, which rebelled against the culture of the Enlightenment in the late eighteenth century. Rousseau was both one of the most influential voices of the Enlightenment and, in his rejection of rationalism and social discourse, a harbinger of reaction against Enlightenment ideas. 1. Enlightened thinker best known for writing "The Social Contract" and "Emile" 2. Believed that since "law is the expression of the general will," the state is based on a social contract 3. Emphasized the education of the whole person for citizenship 4. Rejected excessive rationalism and stressed emotions, thus anticipating the romantic movement; Founder of radicalism believed in the rejection of the status quo; believed that human freedom would be achieved only be destroying the society that oppressed the individual and creating a new one in which equality was the dominant reality' radical' believed the community created an infallible general will by a direct democracy where the Volte is with all of the people in the society (very radical view); opposed unequal distribution of property because it would make people unequal politically

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

A conservative British politician who was generally sympathetic to the colonists' greivances, and who felt that Britain's colonial policies were misguided. He also opposed the early feminist movements. He once said, "A woman is but an animal, and not an animal of the highest order." Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought. 1. English conservative leader who wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" 2. Denounced the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution 3. Favored gradual and orderly change; gave conservatism a formal philosophical base; power is not to be used by the rulers to suppress the masses still, nothing good will result if elite groups pretends that inferior pole share equal political rights with the ruling group

Natural Law

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason. rules of conduct discoverable by reason God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong and is higher than human law

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives; everyone has a turn as a politician

Republican Democracy

A form of government in which the interests of the people are represented through elected leaders.

Popular Sovereignty

A government in which the people rule by their own consent. A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. rule by the people

socialist intent

A moral goal that must exist for a system to be truly socialist. This goal is to free people from material need, allowing them to develop and refine themselves as human beings.

democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

James Madison, Federalist #10

A republic can work on a large geographic area because it allows for lots of factions to be formed, which is good. The more competing factions can ensure that no one faction raises up and creates a mobocracy because they all keep each other's interests in check.

patriotism

A sense of pride in one's country love of one's country

welfare state

A system in which the government takes responsibility for its citizen's social and economic needs. a state that assumes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Adam Smith , capitalism, lazziex faire, "invisible hand" the wealth of a nation is not the money it makes, but the productivity of the people in the nation

Contemporary Liberalism

Americans for democratic action is a leading group that represents the positive state; faith in solving problems collectively through government. programs to provide for the economic well-being of the nation; including the basic materials needs of each individual; tolerance of various lifestyle

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism. an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number. -to reduce crime, the pain of the crime commission must outweigh the pleasure to be derived from the activity. -people are rational and will weigh the pain of punishment against the pleasure to be gained from crime. -opposed to cruel punishment -believe in the swift and certain doctrine hedonist calculus greatest good, greatest number; Modern liberalism, people avoided pain and sought measure (everyone is connected because of this), social rights, believed in positive law: law passed that makes life better for the majority of people, use social science to measure positive law; positive freedom: access to things that allow you to be better and participate in society (education)

moral progress

Change for the better in a society's moral standards; makes sense only if cultural relativism's denial of objective moral truth is incorrect. _________________________ depends on our willingness to improve the consistency of our ethical judgement and behavior and to apply the same principles more thoroughly to our conduct involving other people.

Antoine Destutt de Tracy

Coined the term ideology; materialism is a dominant theme in the concept of ideology. social and political improvement was the main goal of ideology

Communes

Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services large collectivized farms, created by Mao

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service. Companies that control all production of a good or service

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

English Utilitarian and essayist best known for writing On Liberty and The Subjection of Women; advocated women's rights and endorsed universal suffrage English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873) Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.

David Ricardo (1772-1823)

English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth. English economist. Ricardo is best known for Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, which introduced more-or-less modern notions of comparative advantage and its theoretical justification for unfettered international trade. He also put forth the so-called iron law of wages. creates the Law of Iron Wages: says that if your wages are up, you should have more kids

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

English philosopher who argued that in the difficult economic struggle for existence, only the "fittest" would survive. society follows a natural evolutionary progression toward something better. British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically.

Stuart monarchy

Family of Monarchs in England after the Tudors. James VI of Scotland becomes the first Stuart Monarch (James I) in 1603 after his cousin Elizabeth I dies. England develops a limited (constitutional) monarchy during their rein.

radical

Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.

nationalization

Government takeover and ownership of banks, and the redistribution of their wealth takeover of property or resources by the government

Thomas Hill Green (1836-1882)

He felt a free-market had faults, competition was imperfect and manufacturers could rig a market. As such, he felt government needed to step in thereby creating Modern Liberalism

natural rights

Life, Liberty, and Property

inalienable rights (natural rights)

Life, liberty, and property, which are threatened by individuals who steal, kill, and otherwise act without regard for others.

nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality/country

Evolution of Democracy

Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy Monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy

progressive change

Most common type of change. Companies in the industry grow geographically. Companies increase profits through innovations in operations, processes, distribution and technology. Examples: Walmart and Southwest Airlines. Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature. 1. English political philosopher who wrote "Leviathan" 2. Viewed human beings as naturally self-centered and prone to violence 3. Feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny 4. Argued that monarchs have absolute and unlimited political authority English political philosopher who wrote Leviathan. Viewed human beings as naturally self-centered and prone to violence. Feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny. Argued that monarchs have absolute and unlimited political authority. freedom was possible only when the individuals in society subordinated themselves completely to the monarch; conservative' thought that an absolute monarchy would best suit the needs of the people' Hobbes said little about a person's right to private property.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Populations have the potential to increase at a faster rate than resources As a result there is intense competition among individuals Eugenicist English economist; believed poor families should have fewer children to preserve the food supply. In 1798 he wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population; opposite of Rousseau

survival of the fittest

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

social right

Rights of social and welfare provision held by all citizens in a national community, including, for example, the right to claim unemployment benefits and sickness payments provided by the state rights of social and welfare provision held by all citizens in a national community promotes a certain standard of living and participation in society

American Ideologies

Set of beliefs accepted by the majority of the people, Republican/Democratic parties- American dream

Marx and Engels

The Communist manifesto, Economic conditions determined the nature of everything in society. Class conflict will lead to a bourgeoisie revolution.

Moral Liberty (Rousseau)

The Puritan idea of "liberty to that only which is good"; could entail restraints on speech, religion, and personal behavior.

state of nature

The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion Herbert Spencer: survival of the fittest

social contract theory

The belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence. A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed

bill of rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

negative freedom

The freedom from something ie. Freedom from tyranny

Utilitarianism

The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority. idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

moderates

This group could live with or without the king, wanted some additional changes and supported violence only if it was justified Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies

classical liberal

This is the original form of Liberalism and it reflects the views of thinkers reacting to what they saw as the excessive control of conservative government. They believe in laissez-faire policies, which restrict government involvement in political life to an absolute minimum. ... place individual freedom in all areas, economic or intellectual, foremost. They believe that the invisible hand of the market should be allowed to operate without government restrictions or regulation. They feel that this creates efficiency. In the 19th century, such thinkers were often called Utilitarians. A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.

process democrats

Those who argue that democracy is simply a process by which decisions are made on a popular basis.

principle democrats

Those who believe that the process of making decisions is only part of democracy. More important are the basic goals of democracy, such as the freedom and independence of the individual.

life, liberty, estate

What are natural rights? John Locke

atomistic

When placed into the field of sociology, atomism assigns the individual as the basic unit of analysis for all implications of social life. This theory refers to "the tendency for society to be made up of a collection of self-interested and largely self-sufficient individuals, operating as separate atoms". Therefore, all social values, institutions, developments and procedures evolve entirely out of the interests and actions of the individuals who inhabit any particular society. The individual is the 'atom' of society and therefore the only true object of concern and analysis Political theorists such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes extend social atomism to the political realm. They assert that human beings are fundamentally self-interested, equal and rational social atoms that together form an aggregate society of self-interested individuals. Those participating in society must sacrifice a portion of their individual rights in order to form a social contract with the other persons in society. Ultimately, although some rights are renounced, self-interested cooperation occurs for the mutual preservation of the individuals and for society at large.

evolutionary change

a change that occurs in an entire population; usually occurs over a long period of time

Laissez-faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering. Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

limited monarchy (constitutional monarchy)

a system of government in which the monarch is limited by a representative assembly and by the duty to rule in accordance with the laws of the land

Ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

organic society (person?)

an understanding that society operates like a living organism with each member integrally related to all others, and the whole is more than the collection of its parts. In an organic society, members are interdependent, bound to each other by mutual responsibility, and each individual's own good is integrally related to the good of the whole.

universal education

free and compulsory education for all children

economic freedom

freedom from government intervention in the production and distribution of goods and services gives people the ability to make economic decisions for themselves The freedom to own property, to make a profit, and to make choices about what to produce, buy, and sell

positive freedom

freedom to do something

John Dewey (1859-1952)

functionalist - focus on studying organism as a whole He is an important philosopher of pragmatism. However, he preferred to use the term instrumentalism, because he saw ideas as instruments of action. A leader of the pragmatist movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, He applied the philosophy to education and social reform, advocating "learning by doing" as well as the application of knowledge to solving real life problems. He became an outspoken promoter of social and political reforms that broadened American democracy.

conservative

holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom traditional

Iron Law of Wages (David Ricardo)

idea that workers will always be poor because even if they make more money they will only have more children and be no better off Employer will pay lowest possible wage to make money. Supply of labor goes up then salaries will drop.

moral relativity

notion that one must accept the practices of other societies based on the notion that all cultures should be judged by their own standards

retrogressive change

reversing the existing tendency or going back to the way things used to be

natural right

right that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property

reactionary beliefs

similar to conservative beliefs in that they both oppose revolution and reform, but reactionaries also find the status quo unacceptable; want to turn back the clock to an earlier era reinstate a system from the past, willing to use violence

liberal beliefs

support social programs, protect minority rights, regulate industry, rely on diplomacy

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

the 3 Unalienable Rights that were listed in the Declaration that all humans receive from birth

pragmatism

the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations. practicality

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. Adding some regulation to unregulated Capitalism

economic determinism

the idea that economic factors are responsible for most social change and for the nature of social conditions, activities, and institutions the idea that economic factors are responsible for most social change and for the nature of social conditions, activities, and institutions A branch of Marxism which says that societies are determined by their economies (or economic systems).

populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite movement of the people support for the concerns of ordinary people (Jefferson ran with this idea for president)

enlightened self-interest

the realization that by helping others we are really helping ourselves in the end

political freedoms

the rights and capacities that support individual and collective liberty and public participation in political decision making individual liberty and free expression

competition

the struggle among producers for the dollars of consumers

tyranny of the majority

the tendency in democracies to allow majority rule to neglect the rights and liberties of minorities

general will

the will of the people as a whole A concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole. As used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who championed the concept, the general will is identical to the rule of law. According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.