Intro to Psych - Exam 2

In _____, something unpleasant follows an unwanted behavior.

positive punishment

Skip would like his partner to stop leaving shaving cream and stubble in the sink after he shaves in the morning. At first, Skip complains to his partner about the mess. Then he changes tactics: he thanks his partner on the occasional mornings when he rinses out the sink. Skip has changed from using _____ to using _____.

positive punishment; positive reinforcement

Psychologists use the general term _____ to refer to all those behaviors that benefit others.

prosocial

In variable-ratio reinforcement:

reinforcers are delivered after a changing number of responses.

The process of teaching complex behavior by reinforcing ever closer approximations of the desired behavior is called:

shaping.

When behavior reemerges following extinction, _____ has occurred

spontaneous recovery

Molly's dog no longer sits when Molly says "Sit!" because she no longer feeds the animal table scraps when it obeys. The dog sits, though, when Molly's sister visits one evening and says "Sit!" Molly's dog is demonstrating:

spontaneous recovery.

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her new boss a compliment before asking for a day off, because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses. This example most clearly illustrates

stimulus generalization.

Playing a slot machine is reinforced on a _____ schedule

variable-ratio

Classical conditioning is the same thing as _____ conditioning.

Pavlovian

In a series of three experiments, Tobias Greitemeyer (2009) examined the influence of prosocial messages on thought and behavior. Which statement BEST expresses the results of this research?

Prosocial messages had short-term effects on prosocial thought, emotion, and behavior.

_____ occurs when an extinguished CR reappears after a period of rest.

Spontaneous recovery

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "A survey of the methods by which organisms' behavior changes as a result of experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

The Psychology of Learning.

Which set is correct?

A { Wolfgang Köhler, chimpanzees, insight} B { cats, operant conditioning, Pavlov} C { operant conditioning, Edward Thorndike, dogs} D { B. F. Skinner, latent learning, rats} Answer: A

Perhaps the MOST influential early research on operant conditioning was conducted by:

B. F. Skinner.

The psychologist _____ taught pigeons to bowl through

B. F. Skinner; shaping

Marina feels a rush of love and nostalgia at the scent of honeysuckle; the fragrant scent is similar to that of the perfume her mother wore when Marina was little. The perfume's fragrance is a(n):

CS.

The roots of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

Edward Thorndike

_____ is credited for laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Ivan Pavlov

Higher order conditioning involves an association between:

a CS and a new neutral stimulus.

Marco is training his dog to sit. Initially, he gives the dog a biscuit each time the dog sits on command. Later, he gives the dog a biscuit every fourth time the dog sits on command. Marco has replaced a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement with a(n) _____ schedule.

continuous; fixed-ratio

Acquiring behavior is to maintaining behavior as _____ reinforcement is to _____ reinforcement.

continuous; partial

Negative punishment ____ a given behavior. Negative reinforcement _____ a given behavior.

decreases; increases

"Responses that lead to pleasurable consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:

effect.

Positive punishment is:

exemplified by a spanking.

Paychecks and course grades are delivered on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

According to the textbook. a postreinforcement dip in responding is MOST characteristic of _____ schedules of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Psychologists working in the area of cognition and learning:

go beyond classical and operant conditioning.

A relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking due to experience is called:

learning

In Ivan Pavlov's study, the US was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and, finally, the CS was ____.

meat; the bell; the bell

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior is called _____ reinforcement.

negative

In a Skinner box, a rat escapes painful electric shock by pressing a lever. The rat's bar-pressing behavior is maintained by:

negative reinforcement

Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments were intended to demonstrate:

observational learning.

Social learning is a synonym for:

observational learning.