Intro to Psych Test 2

A lawyer most likely has ____________.

Analytical intelligence.

Tiffany asks her son to recognize groups of letters such as "skosc," "odg," "imal," and "orod" into words. In the scenario, Tiffany is using ____________ of the words socks, dog, mail, and door.

Anagrams

When a rat's ventromedial nucleus is destroyed, the rat will:

Begin to eat uncontrollably.

In ____________, people receive reinforcement in the form of information.

Biofeedback training.

People learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an electroencephalograph is an example of ____________.

Biofeedback training.

People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as ____________.

Biological preparedness.

____________ is the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.

Contingency theory.

____________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.

Displacement.

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

Excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution.

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ____________.

Extrinsic rewards.

Motives are ____________.

Inferred from behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.

Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, and spoon). Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) ____________.

Schema.

General knowledge is referred to as ____________.

Semantic memory.

Why we go clubbing and drink alcohol can best be explained by ____________.

The drive-reduction theory.

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a sergers of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed).

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

Children bring neurological prewriting to language learning.

Cynthia had an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, Cynthia's fear was cured using ____________.

Counter conditioning.

Dana has the ability to easily cope with unexpected and challenging situations. She generates solutions to problems by relating unexpected situations to familiar situations. In the scenario, Dana is exhibiting ____________.

Creative intelligence.

Identify a true statement about problem solving.

Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past.

According to your text, true language is distinguished from the communication systems of lower animals by all of the following EXCEPT ____________.

Holophrase.

The ____________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

Autonomic nervous system.

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:

Both hereditary and environment are important in determining intelligence.

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

Memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?

Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the earth. He knows that the circumference of Earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the Earth. This knowledge is referred to as ____________.

Semantic memory.

____________ is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.

Spontaneous recovery.

The ____________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.

Sympathetic nervous system.

The influence of wording, or the context in which information is presented, on decision making is known as ____________.

The framing effect.

In a ____________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent ties that reinforcement is available.

Fixed-interval schedule.

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a ____________.

Fixed-ratio schedule

Daniel, a six-year-old boy, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year-old. In this scenario, Daniel has a(n) ____________ of eight.

Mental age.

Which of the following is true about maintenance?

It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

In the context of problem solving, ____________ involves handling one element of the problem at a time.

Serial processing.

Holly would spank her daughter when she would chew food with her mouth open. After several instances of poor table manners, her daughter starts avoiding the kitchen table. In this example, the table is a(n) ____________.

Conditioned stimulus.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to ____________.

Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory.

____________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.

Semanticity.

A(n) ____________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

Chunk.

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:

Encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory.

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number as a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend Linda. Abe and Rose have different ____________ of the event.

Episodic Memories

When we look at visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because:

Sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered is a process that occurs in ____________.

Sensory memory.

When watching a horror movie, Mark was frightened by a scene; he reacted by dropping the glass of soda he was holding. This reaction is linked to the ____________.

Sympathetic nervous system.

____________ holds that innate factors, which make up children's nature, cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

The nativist theory of language development.

London learned how to play racquetball prior to learning how to play tennis. Because of this. her tennis game has never been that good. The difficulty stems from ____________.

Proactive interference.

In the context of hunger, ____________ is the state of being satisfied.

Satiety.

Pansy is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. She is most likely to be labeled as ____________.

Bisexual.

In the context of of organization in long-term memory, a(n) ____________ is an arrangement of items into groups of classes according to common or distinct features.

Hierarchy.

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning ____________.

Hippocampus.

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

Love and belongingness.

Positive reinforcement ____________ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement ____________ the probability of a behavior occurring.

Increases; increases

Leila's young son has accidentally locked himself in his room. Leila is trying to figure out how to unlock the door. Unfortunately, she doesn't realize that her butter knife could be used to unlock the door. This illustrates ____________.

Functional fixedness.

Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?

A high fat-to-muscle ratio.

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

A person's biological state at the time of studying.

According to Noam Chomsky, ____________ is an underlying set of rules for turning ideas into sentences.

A universal grammer.

How long can information be stored in short-term memory without being rehearsed?

About 12 seconds.

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimes are potentially characteristics of ___________.

Bulimia nervosa.

In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food foals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the age, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form ____________ of their surroundings.

Cognitive maps.

In ____________, thought is limited to present facts and the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution.

Convergent thinking.

____________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict of trauma.

Dissociative amnesia.

Which of the following is a prototype of the category mammal?

Dog.

During ____________, female rats respond to males by hopping, wiggling their ears, and arching their backs with their tails on one side, thus enabling males to penetrate them.

Estrus.

In the context of reinforcement schedules, commuter trains that arrive at platforms at specific times are on a ____________.

Fixed-interval schedule.

With a ____________, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches.

Fixed-interval schedule.

Albert was once awoken from his sleep by a white rat that fell on him. Following this incident, he began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Alberts fear of all furry white objects is due to ____________.

Generalization.

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated ____________.

Generalization.

____________ is a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.

Higher-order conditioning.

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear to bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ____________.

Higher-ordering conditioning.

According to your text, which of the following does not help regulate out hunger?

Hippocampus.

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of ____________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

Iconic.

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

Infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

It involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli.

Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?

It is brief but grammatically correct.

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.

Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?

It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.

In the context of the nativist approach to language development, the ____________ prepares the nervous system to learn grammar.

Language acquisition device.

According to cognitive theorists, ____________ is the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way that they represent the environment because of experience.

Learning.

The ____________ is the view that language structures the way we view the world.

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis.

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson:

Men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation.

In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a ____________.

Model.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?

Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.

In the context of the sexual response cycle, ____________ is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm.

Myotonia.

Stacey, a kindergarten teacher, is teaching her students about mammals. She tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. In this scenario, Stacey is using ____________ of the mammal concept.

Negative instances.

____________ are meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched in between that are used to study memory.

Nonsense syllables.

According to Bray and Bouchard, concerning obesity, which of the following statements is inaccurate?

Obesity increases by level of education.

In the context of women, which of the following is true of androgens?

Ovaries produce androgens in women.

Which of the following is not a cognitive perspective on motivation?

People strive to become what they are capable of.

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Angelica is:

Processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory.

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing ____________.

Retrieval cue failure.

Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by ____________.

Shaping.

____________ believed that tension motivates us to behave in ways that restore us to a resting state.

Sigmund Freud.

In the context of long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory?

Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory.

In the context of fear-reduction techniques, behavior therapists frequently prefer ____________, in which the client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which he or she remains relaxed.

Systematic desensitization.

In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone?

The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.

Identify a true statement about the types of reinforcers.

The short-term consequences of behavior often provide more of an incentive than the long-term consequences.

In the context of the theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is true of creative people?

They appreciate art and music.

The ____________ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Every morning, Jaclyn's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is aa ____________.

Variable-interval schedule.

Which of the following is true of satiety?

We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract.