Intro to Psychology Brains Unit Question

amygdala

In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.

plasticity

Under the surface of awareness, the brain is constantly changing, building new pathways as it adjusts to experience. This is called:

parietal

A highly efficient computer engineer would MOST likely have larger _____ lobes.

excitatory

A neuron will fire if _____ signals are stronger than inhibitory signals.

Amygdala

A person who has difficulty recognizing emotional responses in others following a head injury most likely suffered damage to the _____ in the limbic system.

Medulla

A police officer is fatally wounded. He is shot in the head and immediately stops breathing. It is MOST likely that the bullet pierced his:

fMRI

A researcher is conducting a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the activity in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. The researcher is using _____ to examine the brain's activity. single-cell recording functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) positron emission tomography (PET) an electroencephalogram (EEG)

cerebral cortex; cerebrum

A thin layer of tissue called the _____ covers the brain's two hemispheres, collectively known as the _____. cerebral cortex; cerebrum cerebrum; cerebral cortex cerebellum; cerebral cortex cerebrum; cerebellum

PET (positron emission tomography)

A(n) _____ scan depicts brain activity by detecting where radioactive forms of glucose are located during a given task.

Values and Attitudes

Adopted children are especially likely to have similar _____ if raised in the same home.

parasympathetic

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise that Corrine heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, Corrine begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly Corrine's _____ nervous system has now been activated.

autonomic nervous system

An example of the interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems can be seen in our response to danger. The _____ order(s) the adrenal glands to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act to provide a surge of energy.

operant

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by: an electroencephalogram (EEG). positron emission tomography (PET). magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

peripheral

Caffeine increases activity not only in the brain but also in the branch of the nervous system serving the body. This branch is called the _____ nervous system. peripheral central secondary primary

Plasticity

Children who have had an entire cerebral hemisphere removed are able to function well. This BEST illustrates the value of:

associative; cognitive

Connecting events is to acquiring mental information as _____ learning is to _____ learning.

conditioned stimuli; classical

Dayton's Narcotics Anonymous sponsor advises him to avoid the people, places, and things associated with his drug use. These people, places, and things are BEST viewed as _____ within the framework of _____ conditioning.

conditioned stimulus

Dr. Garcia is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it, and his students begin to feel anxious and tense. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz and feel anxious whenever Dr. Garcia closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n):

back

Dr. Woodley's patient suffered a blow to the head. Dr. Woodley is concerned that the patient may have suffered damage to the occipital lobe. The blow MOST likely landed on the _____ of the patient's head. side front back top

fixed-interval

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

behavior geneticists

Estimates of the influence of heredity on personality traits are MOST directly associated with the research efforts of:

variable-ratio

Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

lateralization

Hemispheric specialization is also known as _____.

amygdala

In 1939, Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy surgically lesioned this part of the brain, which eliminated defensive responses in various mammal species. hippocampus medulla cerebellum amygdala

conditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the tone after associating the tone with food is called a(n):

learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to:

serotonin

Jaime is watching his favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are _____ and norepinephrine.

cerebellum

Joan is concerned because she often feels like she is going to fall over when she is walking. When she visits the doctor she is diagnosed with a tumor in the: medulla. amygdala. reticular formation. cerebellum.

the right occipital lobe

John had a brain tumor removed. Now he has no vision in his left eye. Where was the tumor located?

classical conditioning

John has been a coffee drinker since he started college three years ago. He finds that, anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks, he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee. This is an example of:

MRI

John was injured in a car accident and lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous lacerations, a right femoral contusion, and most importantly had a large open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered a(n) _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.

the acquisition of new and enduring behaviors or information through experience.

Learning refers to:

spinal cord

Leiko is paralyzed below the waist following an accident. Though her genitals do not respond to erotic images, she does experience an increase in vaginal lubrication in response to genital stimulation. Leiko has MOST clearly suffered damage to her: endocrine system. spinal cord. sensory cortex. limbic system.

negative

Linda had a severe toothache for many days before she went to the dentist. After treatment, she was much relieved. The next time she experienced pain in her teeth, she went to the dentist right away. This is an example of _____ reinforcement.

frontal

Maria had a stroke last year. Although she can remember many things from her childhood, she is unable to remember what she just ate for breakfast. It is MOST likely that the stroke caused damage to her _____ lobes.

myelin

Marlee has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. As the disease progresses, communication to some of her muscles may slow down and she could lose some muscle control as a result of the degeneration of the _____ sheath. axonal neuronal myelin dendritic

bloodstream

Neurotransmitter is to synaptic gap as hormone is to: bloodstream. gland. endocrine system. hypothalamus.

neurogenesis

New neurons are formed in the brain on a daily basis, a process known as _____.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

serotonin; norepinephrine

Petra is watching her favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are _____ and _____.

occiptial

Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head from a beer bottle. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. He MOST likely suffered damage to his _____ lobes.

left cerebral hemisphere

Research with split-brain patients led Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.

They shared a prenatal environment.

Shane, an 11-year-old boy, has autism spectrum disorder (ASD). His fraternal twin brother, Topher, is at higher risk for having ASD than would be the case if Topher were just a sibling. Why is that so?

association

The _____ areas of the cerebral cortex are NOT involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

hypothalamus

The _____ is an important part of the endocrine system but is NOT itself an endocrine gland. pituitary hypothalamus adrenal gland pancreas

glands

The endocrine system consists of: association areas. interneurons. glands. neural networks.

hypothalamus

The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the:

pituitary; hypothalamus

The nervous and endocrine systems meet in the brain. The endocrine system's master gland, the _____ gland, is located next to a brain structure called the _____.

fMRI

The neuroscientific tool that is probably MOST often used in contemporary psychology is _____, in which blood flow to different areas of the brain is tracked by comparing successive scans. fMRI PET EEG lesioning

Adaptability

_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that helps one cope with new or changing circumstances.

automatic

The somatic nervous system regulates external behavior; in contrast, the _____ nervous system underlies internal behavior.

EEG (electroencephalogram)

To monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n): MRI. brain lesion. PET scan. EEG.

positive punishment

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

genes and environment

When Mandy was born, her parents worried about her lack of eye contact, her unwillingness to cuddle like other babies, and her withdrawn behavior. However, her parents were patient and slowly introduced Mandy to new situations and new people while always providing affectionate support. By the time Mandy was 2 years old, she blossomed into an outgoing, social, friendly child. This example serves as evidence of the importance of:

dendrites, the cell body, axon, terminal branches of the axon

Which list correctly arranges the structures of a motor neuron from first to last with respect to the order in which they receive information?

peripheral

Which of these divisions of the nervous system is the broadest or MOST inclusive? somatic autonomic peripheral sympathetic

adrenal; pituitary

With respect to the endocrine system, _____ gland is to epinephrine as _____ gland is to oxytocin. adrenal; thyroid pituitary; adrenal adrenal; pituitary thyroid; pituitary

Biological

____ psychologists have discovered that one's experiences continually rewire one's brain; that different brain areas perform different functions; and that processing is integrated across the brain to create complex experiences.

Somatosensory; frontal

_____ cortex is to the parietal lobe as motor cortex is to the _____ lobe.

positive

_____ reinforcement involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

fMRI

_________ can detect lies