intro to sociology- chapter 9 global inequality

Place each of the three countries with the largest portion of the world's wealth on the figure where it belongs.

29% = united states 18% = china 7% = japan

Match the scenario to the term it best fits.

A family in Burundi is chronically hungry and cannot access sufficient land, water, and seeds to grow more food. = absolute poverty A family in the United States lives in a van, gets food from a shelter, and basic health care from emergency rooms. = relative poverty

Dependency theories focus on exploitative relations between nations. More advanced industrial countries are defined as _________ in the world economy. Low-income, largely agricultural countries comprise a global economic _______. Dependency theories are grounded in the social theories of _________.

core; periphery; karl marx

Identify the statements that correctly explain why Brexit represents pushback against globalization.

correct: - Immigrants are culturally different, and this threatens British culture. - Britain's open borders bring immigrants who compete with citizens for jobs

Why did Ebola spread much faster in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea than in the Democratic Republic of Congo?

ebola had broken out in the democratic republic of congo before, but not in liberia, sierra leone, and guinea

According to the text, what regions have the lowest and highest levels of extreme poverty in 2018? Place the regions in order from lowest to highest.

europe and central asia east asia and pacific south asia sub-saharan africa

Approximately 4 percent of the world's population lives in low-income countries.

false

The ________ ________ measures the extent to which the distribution of income in a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution

gini index

Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations undergirds which theory?

neoliberal theories

In addition to within country inequality, sociologists Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz and Timothy Patrick Moran examine inequality among countries. What policy recommendation do they make to reduce inequality among countries?

open global migration

According to sociologists Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz and Timothy Patrick Moran, what factor explains why some countries are trapped in a cycle of persistently high levels of inequality?

racial/ethnic discrimination

What health epidemic has been tied to hunger in many countries because it has killed so many working-age adults?

HIV/AIDS

Select the families that display family-size patterns predicted by sociologists. *...* = correct

Three families live in the same village in sub-Saharan Africa, a low-income region of the world. *One family* has ten children and relies on the children to contribute to household and family labor. Another family has two children because children depend on their parents' earnings for their lifestyles. *A third family* has eight children, two of whom have moved to densely populated cities to work and, when possible, send money home to the village

Identify each scenario as either expected or unexpected, in light of sociological research on billionaires.

expected: - the world's next billionaire will be from the us or china - a billionaire lost a portion of his fortune during the economic downturn caused by the covid-19 pandemic

Identify whether or not each nation is experiencing dependent development.

experiencing - Mexico, whose economy has grown despite continuing to rely on the United States for economic and trade support. - India, whose population size and manufacturing industries represent strengths, despite widespread poverty and the controlling influence of Western corporations over most manufacturing in the country.

According to dependency theory, poor countries are locked in a cycle of poverty because they are ___________ by ______ _________, a process that began with __________.

exploited; wealthy nations; colonialism

From 1998 to 2018 the child mortality rate in low-income countries rose because of poor sanitation, health services, and regional conflicts.

false

A local school board uses Amartya Sen's Capabilities Approach to analyze the schools in their district. Identify each question as to whether ot not it fits with the Capabilities Approach.

fits: - What are students capable of achieving, given the social and economic context of the region? - How many students achieve basic capabilities, and how many achieve more advanced capabilities? does not fit: - What are students' incomes, ten years after graduation?

According to the text, _________________ is characterized by increased social, economic, and political _________________ across the world.

globalization interconnectedness

Like individuals in a country, the countries of the world as a whole can be seen as economically stratified. In general, the gap between rich and poor countries is ________

growing

Match each statement to the correct theory of global inequality.

*world systems theory: - divides nations into core and periphery dependency theory: - emphasizes how wealthy nations have exploited poor ones neoliberal theory: - blames the poverty of poor nations on traditional cultural values - sees government regulations as an impediment to a strong economy global capital theory: - emphasizes the role of business decisions over the role of workers or governments - focuses on the transnational capitalist class whose business concerns are global

What is one way that Bangladeshi clothing factories are an example of the consequences of globalization?

Closer ties between countries allow corporations founded in rich countries to use low-wage workers in poor countries.

Match the example with its part of the global commodity chain.

In New York, Tiffany & Co. executives make branding decisions. = most profitable part of the commodity chain In Namibia and Botswana, miners work underground to find diamonds. = least profitable part of the commodity chain

Select the bold phrases that represent predictions that a world-systems theorist would likely make. *...* = correct

In the future, the United States' economy is likely to remain globally dominant, thanks to its commitment to neoliberal policies. It is also possible that economic power could be *shared among the United States, Europe, and Asia*. Or perhaps a "multipolar" world would see economic power distributed between the northernmost and southernmost countries.

The world's low-income countries have mostly __________ economies. In 2018 low-income countries were home to _____ percent of the world's population and _____ percent of the world's GNI. The relationship between income level and population growth is important in understanding global inequality. In general, the __________ the country, the __________ the growth in population

agricultural 9 0.1 poorer faster

Identify the characteristics of low-income countries.

characteristics: - high mortality rate - poor nutrition - high fertility rate not characteristics: - low fertility rate - primarily urban populations

Fill in the circles with the countries that are best identified as core or periphery, according to world-systems theory.Dependency theories focus on exploitative relations between nations. More advanced industrial countries are defined as -Press Space to openexploitersKarl MarxAdam Smithperipherycoremedian in the world economy. Low-income, largely agricultural countries comprise a global economic -Press Space to openexploitersKarl MarxAdam Smithperipherycoremedian. Dependency theories are grounded in the social theories of

core: United States and Germany periphery: Honduras and Kenya

People in high-income countries generally have better health than those in low-income countries. Match each analysis of a health issue to the theory of global inequality that supports the analysis.

dependency theories - Governments in high-income countries protect pharmaceutical companies' profits by blocking attempts to make generic drugs available in poorer countries. neoliberal theories - People in poorer countries would be more healthy if they turned more to western medicine and less to traditional practices such as rituals and herbs. global capitalism theory - Giant corporations make decisions regarding health care resource development and access based more on business profits than on human need.

Identify whether or not each newspaper headline explains how the government of China propelled the country into upper-middle-income status.

explains: - China Spends Trillions on Economic Development! - Large-Scale Investments in Science and Technology Pay Off! - Government Builds Entire Cities!

Countries that have experienced rapid economic growth, such as ________ _________, are known as ____________ economies.

south korea; emerging

Select the highlighted phrases that represent predictions made by sociologists about the future of global inequality. *...* = correct

The world population is expected to grow by 2050 to about 9.7 billion. Birthrates will likely *fall throughout the world.* In 2018 more than half the world's population lived in cities, and this is likely to increase in the future. The burden of megacities will likely be borne largely by Asia and Africa.

A politician advocates for an economic policy proposal. Select the bold phrases that represent neoliberal ideals. *...* = correct

You should support this proposal because it advances freedom! *Consumers should be free* to choose goods and services, and *businesses should be free from government regulation*. Government should exercise its own freedom, of course, by freely regulating wages and worker safety.

Identify each scenario as either an accurate or inaccurate description of the global economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

accurate descriptions: - Strict measures limiting retail activities resulted in disrupted global supply chains. - The pandemic quickly resulted in shuttered businesses around the world. inaccurate descriptions: - Negative economic impact hit lower-income countries first. Months later, the entire global economy was impacted.

Among working-class and middle-class people in high-income countries, there is widespread concern about job availability. According to sociologists, what is the best explanation for reduced availability of jobs for this group of people? Click or tap a choice to answer the question.

advances in robotics and technology are rapidly claiming jobs that used to lead to a middle-class lifestyle

Most hunger today is the result of a combination of natural and social forces. Two major social forces causing hunger are ______and _______. The global challenge of _________ ________will likely intensify poverty and hunger due to its impact on agriculture.

conflict; warfare; climate change

A sociologist conducts an ethnography on global elites, exploring the concept of the transnational capitalist class. Identify whether or not each question would distinguish a person as a member of the transnational capitalist class.

distinguishing question: - Do you see yourself as a citizen of the world, or of a particular country? - Are your economic interests global or national? non-distinguishing question: - Are you concerned about poverty and hunger on a global level? - Are you a billionaire?

What statement distinguishes the theory of global capitalism from the other theories of globalization?

global dominance is no longer exercised by states, but rather the transnational capitalist class

One proposition by modernization theorist W. W. Rostow is that national economic growth moves through stages, which he compares to the stages of flight. Based on his theory, order the hypothetical events from first to last.

in order: - lack of work ethic and sense of fatalism - traditional values are abandoned and birth control is promoted - reinvesting wealth in industry - high mass consumption on a population level

Identify each indicator of global poverty as either intensifying or declining.

intensifying: - growth of china's economy - percent of income going to the top 1 percent, in some high income countries declining: - number of people living in extreme poverty - economic gap between high-income and middle-income countries

Match the sociological research question to the theory that supports it.

neoliberal theories: What were the economic outcomes of U.S. support for free-market capitalism in Latin America? dependency theories: What are the limits of dependent development in Brazil? world-systems theory: Where are human rights concerns embedded in the global commodity chain associated with Apple's iPhone? the theory of global capitalism: How does the shared lifestyle of the transnational capitalist class shape their marriages and family life?

Hunger and malnutrition are major global sources of poor health. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that some 822 million people worldwide, or roughly one in ______, are chronically undernourished. The number of chronically undernourished people has _______over the past decade, but since ______ researchers have noticed a change in this trend

nine; declined; 2015

What is a relationship of dependence that is key to the concept of dependent development?

poor countries can still develop economically, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on the wealthier countries

The World Bank describes global inequality in terms of average incomes in countries around the world. Identify each prediction as either reasonable or unreasonable, in light of the World Bank's description of global trends from 1999 to 2019.

reasonable prediction: - More countries will move into the high-income category. - Fewer countries will be categorized as low-income

Identify the reasons why it is overly simplistic to say that iPhones are "made in China."

reasons: - iPhones are assembled in China, but raw materials and supplies come from many other countries. - The factories that assemble iPhones in China are not even Chinese factories not reasons: - iPhones are made in Korea, not China. - Because Apple is headquartered in California, it is more accurate to say iPhones are "made in the USA.

What important event signaled the near irreversibility of a single, global capitalist society?

the collapse of the soviet union

What is one shortcoming of all four theories (neoliberal, dependency, world-systems, and global capitalism) of global inequality?

the theories underemphasize the role of women in economic development

One reason education is beneficial on a global scale is that educated people have fewer children, which holds promise for slowing global population growth.

true

According to dependency theories, why is colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries important for understanding global inequality today?

wealth and power built through colonialism was used to help corporations continue to exploit these countries' workers and natural resources