Intro to Sociology Final Exam

Which type of leadership style focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions, and obtaining strict compliance from subordinates?

authoritarian leaders

Which of the following comes closest to the correct view of the role of biology in causing to commit crimes?

biological factors may have a real but small effect in causing some people to commit crimes

Nonverbal communications refers to:

body movements, gestures, and facial expressions

From a social conflict point of view, jokes:

can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another

A maximum-security prison is one example of a:

coercive organization

Jean Piaget's focus was on:

cognition: how people think and understand

Walter Reckless and Simon Dintz claimed that "good boys" have the ability to rein in deviant impulses. They called their approach:

containment theory

The recent scandals involving Enron and other corporations are examples of which of the following?

corporate crime

______ refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

corporate crime

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles of McDonaldization?

creativity

Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is:

cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike

Which type of group leader supports collective decision-making on an egalitarian basis?

democratic

Which justification uses the threat of punishment to discourage criminality?

deterrence

In historical perspective, the power of the mass media in the socialization process has:

increased over time

In his strain theory, Robert Merton would use which of the following terms to describe notorious like Al Capone?

innnovator

Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term _______ to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting conventional means to get there.

innovation

A person who has lost the capacity for independent living is described as:

institutionalized

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

instrumental leadership

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in the crime:

is a violation of norms enacted into law

Research suggests that, with regard to social class, arrest for serious crime:

is higher for people in lower class levels

A secondary group is a group that:

is impersonal and engages in some specific activity

Edwin Sutherland stated that white-collar crime:

is usually resolved in a civil than a criminal court

The social sciences, including sociology, developed based on the idea that:

it is human nature to nurture

Which type of leaders tends to downplay their position and power, allowing the group of function more or less on its own?

laissez-faire leaders

Formal organizations are?

large secondary groups with a goal orientation

Industrial societies typically define people in old age as:

less aware and important than younger adults

Based on both the Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna the isolated child, open might reasonably conclude.

long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans

Both Albert Cohen and Walter Miller argue that criminals is most likely to arise among:

low-income youths

Which of the following statement is consistent with the findings of Solomon Asch?

many people are willing to compromise their own judgement to avoid being seen as different

What is the term for a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

master status

In what way do men and women typically differ in their use of space?

men commonly use more space then women

Here are your assertions about foundation of deviance: select the one that is FALSE.

most acts that are deviant in one place are deviant everywhere

The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because:

most people who commit crimes have normal personalities

What sociological term refers to a number of weak social ties among persons who have little common identity and little interaction?

network

as a part of human culture, religion is an example of

nonmaterial culture

Which type of formal organization is sometimes called a "voluntary association"?

normative organizations

In the nature versus nurture debate over what shapes human behavior, most social scientists believe that:

nurture is far more important than nature

Which of the following terms refers to the rule of many by the few?

oligarchy

What is the term used to describe factors outside organization that affect its operation?

organizational environment

According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain the high crime rate in the United States by world standards include:

our emphasis on individual economic success, which often weakens families and neighborhoods

what is the term for a social group toward which we feel competition or opposition?

outgroup

According to the social conflict paradigm, what society labels as deviant is based primarily upon:

patterns of inequality in terms of power

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator", showed:

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only "legitimate" authority figures, but also groups of ordinary individuals

When Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that:

people see themselves as they think others see them

In the United States, people stand farther away from one another when speaking than two people in the Middle Eastern nation. This pattern reveals difference in meaning attached to:

personal space

What is the term for a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

personality

Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that:

powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant

Charles Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships using the term:

primary group

In his strain theory, Robert Merton uses the term ______ to describe the behavior of a radical who rejects cultural goals and means in favor of some alternative system.

rebellion

Which of the following terms refers to a social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions?

reference group

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin extend Merton's theory of deviance stating that crime:

reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity

Which term refers to efforts to reform an offender in order to preclude further offenses?

rehabilitation

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

superego

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:

that part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

The chapter-opening story of the McDonald's organization explains:

that the guiding principles of McDonald's have come to dominate our social life

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to:

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question

Critics of Erikson's theory of personality development point out that:

- Not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson - failing to meet the challenges of one stage of development may not mean failing at later challenges - this process may unfold different in other times and places

Family is important to the socialization process because:

- family members are often what Mead called "significant others." - families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion - parents greatly affect a child's self-concept

Which of the following might well serve as a master status?

- occupation - physical or mental disability - race or color

Which of the following plays a part in the reality we construct within social interaction?

- our class social background - the country we live in - our ethnicity

The "graying of the United States" refers to the fact that:

- the average age of the U.S. population is rising - the number of elderly people is increasing - the share of the U.S. population that has reached age 65 is increasing

Which of the following might be part of the classroom performance of a professor?

- use of props, such as books and notes - use of a stage, including lectern or desk - manner, such as acting in charge of the situation

Which of the following are functions of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?

-Deviance affirms cultural values and norms -Responding to deviance promotes moral unity -Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries

Sociology is not involved in stereotyping because

-Sociology makes generalization about categories of people, not stereotypes. -Sociologist base their generalization on research -Sociologist strive to be fair-minded

Which of the following are dimensions of the process of forming a global culture?

-The flow of goods -The flow of information -The flow of people

What traits have been described as a "female advantage"?

-a greater information focus -placing greater emphasis on communication -more flexible leadership

It is true that prisons:

-do provide some protection -do little to rehabilitate most inmates -may create a stigma that hurts a convict's chances for later acceptance, including finding a job

Which of the following are documented as emotions found all over the world?

-happiness and sadness -anger and fear -disgust and surprise

What sets the peer group off from the family is that peer group:

-has a greater effect than parents on children's long-term goals - lets children escape the direct supervision of parents -gives children experience in an impersonal setting

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the "McDonalization of society"?

-replacing bank tellers with automatic teller machines (ATMs) -shopping in carefully designed, climate-controlled malls -the spread of world-wide chain stores and restaurants

Men, who represent about half of the population accounts about _____of all arrests for property crime in the United States.

60/70 percent *Just know either one of these*

A subculture refers to:

A cultural pattern that set apart a segment of society's population.

Which theoretical paradigm asserts that the stability of the U.S. society rests on the core values shared by most people?

A structural-functionalism paradigm

A basic image of society that guides thinking and research is the definition for

A theoretical paradigm

Which of the following statements is true? (Ch.2 Culture)

Advanced technology improves life in some ways, but also threatens it in other ways.

Multiculturalism is defined as:

An educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.

Sociologist define a symbol as:

Anything that carries a meaning to people who share culture.

Cultural universals are cultural traits that:

Are part of every known culture.

The term sociology was coined in 1838 by

Auguste Comte

Elijah Anderson describes the subculture of poor neighborhoods that encourages violence and trouble with the law as:

the code of the streets

What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

the criminal justice system

Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

the family

Because there are several hundred people in the United States for every police officer, police:

use discretion in deciding which situations warrant their attention

Prostitution is widely regarded as what kind of crime?

victimless crime

Which of the following attributes is NOT characteristic of secondary groups?

warm, personal interaction

A mental construct that represents an aspect of the world, inevitably in a somewhat simplified way.

Concept

Most people arrested for violent crime are _____

white

Travis Hirschi's control theory suggests which of the following categories of people would be most likely to engage in deviance?

youngsters who "hang out" waiting for something to happen

Which is the term for crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations?

white-collar crime

Mead considered the "generalized other" to be:

widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, show that:

without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action

Counterculture refers to:

Cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.

The practice of persons from one culture judging any other culture by that culture's own standards is called.

Cultural relativism

What is the term for the beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life?

Culture

The study of the larger world and our society's place in it.

Global perspective

Low-income countries are described as

Nations with little industrialization and severe poverty

An apparent, although false, relationship between two (or more) variables caused by some other variable.

Spurious correlation

What term is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?

Social construction of reality

Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior refers to

Social structure

Relatively stable pattern of social behavior.

Social structure

A framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.

Social-conflict Paradigm

The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the:

Social-conflict paradigm

Which theoretical perspectives best suited for analysis using a macro-level orientation?

Social-conflict paradigm

What is lifelong social experience by which human develop their potential and learn culture?

Socialization

A framework for building theory based on the assumption that society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

Structural-functional Paradigm

What is the essential wisdom of sociology?

Surrounding society affects our actions, thoughts, and feelings.

The questions "How is society experienced?" and, "How do individuals attempt to shape the reality perceived by others?" are most likely asked by a researcher following which theoretical paradigms?

Symbolic-interaction

The country with the highest number of killings involving handguns is:

The United States

The sociological perspective involves seeing the strange in the familiar: Which of the following best provide the essential meaning of this phrase?

Sociologist work to avoid the assumptions that human behavior is simply a matter of what people decide to do.

The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that:

Some cultural elements change more quickly than others do.

Which theoretical approach makes the most use of the philosophical doctrine of materialism?

The social-conflict paradigm

A statement of how and why specific facts are related.

Theory

Which of the following best describes a "well-told" joke?

There is a very sharp contrast between the conventional and unconventional definitions of reality

Androcentricity refers to approaching an issue from a male perspective. T/F

True

Max Weber said that people doing scientific research must strive to be value-free. T/F

True

The middle-income countries of the world are primarily found in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and much of southern Africa. T/F

True

The symbolic-interactionast paradigm presents society less in term of abstract generalization and more as everyday experiences. T/F

True

Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:

Values

Which of the following sociological terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?

deviance

Which of the following is the best example of secondary group?

a Microsoft Corporation awards banquet

The basic ideas behind labeling theory is that:

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do

The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as:

dramaturgical analysis

The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crimes rises sharply:

during the late teenage years

The term "presentation of self" refers to:

effort to create impressions in the minds of others

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents the demands of society, balancing innate pleasure-seeking drives?

ego

A hate crime is defined as:

a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias

Which of the following is the best example of primary group?

a family gathering for religious holiday

Emile Durkheim's basic insight is that deviance is:

a normal element of social organization

From the point of view of parents, what type of formal organizations is a school's Parent-Teacher-Association (PTA)?

a normative organization

Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as:

a passing episode of deviance that has little effect on the person's self-concept

What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

a social group

Paul Ekman claims that:

emotions are fashioned by both biology and culture

Gender figures into the study of deviance because:

every society in the world applies more stringent normative controls to females than to males

Which of the following traits does NOT describe formal organizations in Japan?

expecting leaders to make decisions quickly on their own and others to follow orders

The Special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes:

exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting

Which type of leaders are likely to use humor to lighten a serious moment?

expressive leaders

What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes collective well-being?

expressive leadership

Which types of formal organization do people typically join to obtain material benefits?

a utilitarian organization

Biological approaches offer:

a very limited understanding of crime

Being an honors student is an example of which of the following?

achieved status

What is the term for a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort?

achieved status

Max Weber argued that formal organizations, while efficient, have the ability to _______ people within them

alienate

The term "bureaucracy" refers to:

an organizational model rationally designed to performs tasks efficiently

Organized crime refers to:

any business that supplies illegal goods or services

What is the term for a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?

ascribed status

Which of the following illustrate the "medicalization of deviance"?

-theft being redefined as a "compulsive disorder" -drinking too much being redefined as "alcoholism" -promiscuity being redefined as a "sexual addiction"

Why did Cooley refer to some groups as "primary groups"?

-they are among the first groups we experience in life -they have primary importance in the socialization process -they are people we think of as having primary importance in our lives

Whether people respond to deviance as a moral or medical matter issue affects which of the following?

-who responds police or medical personnel -whether the person is subject to punishment or treatment -how personally competent the person is assumed to be

Which statement reflects Simmel's understanding of the dyad?

Dyads are less sable than groups with many members

Which sociologist, in a systematic empirical study, linked to the incidence of suicide to the degree of social integration of different categories of people?

Emile Durkheim

The language spoken by people in more nations in the world than any other is:

English

A person who criticizes the Amish farmers as backwards for tilling his fields with horses and a plow (instead of a tractor) is exhibiting:

Ethnocentrism

A century ago, most of those who immigrated to the United States came from:

Europe

The Method of Sociological research best suited to identifying cause-and-effect relationships is

Experiment

African Americans and females have higher suicide rates than whites and males. T/F

False

Latent functions refer to society social processes which appear on the surface to be functional for society, but which are actually detrimental. T/F

False

Enthocentrism refers to:

Judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

Consequences of social structure which are largely unrecognized and unintended are called

Latent Functions

Today, most immigrants to the United States arrive from:

Latin America and Asia

Compared with college students of the late 1960's today's students are more concerned with:

Making money

Which of the following is not identified as a reason a global perspective is so important?

Many problems that we face in the U.S. are not found in other societies.

The term "McDonalization of society" refers to:

McDonald's organizational principles come to dominate much of society

___________ distinguish between right and wrong; ___________ distinguish between right and rude.

Mores; Folkway

A state of personal neutrality in conducting research.

Objectivity

Which of the following most closely conveys the point of view of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?

Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages

________ refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment

Resocialization

Positivism is the idea that ____________, rather than any other type of human understanding, is the path to knowledge.

Science

According to Auguste Comte, the key to understanding society was to look at it

Scientifically

A theory is a statement of how and why specific facts are related. T/F

True

A Marxist analyst of U.S. culture suggest that our competitive and individualistic values reflect:

This nation's capitalist economy.

Which of the following does NOT characterize changes brought on by industrialization?

Tradition becomes a more powerful aspect of culture.

A New Industrial Economy, the growth of cities, and new ideas about democracy and political freedoms are identified as factors that helped people to view the world sociologically. T/F

True

What is the sociological term coined by Irving Janis for a limited understanding of some issue caused by group conformity?

groupthink

In terms of human freedom, the chapter on socialization leads to the conclusion that:

human beings are affected by society, but also act back on society

An idea in Freud's thinking that has special importance to sociology is his assertion that:

humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled learning the ways of society

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of:

id

According to Erving Goffman, people usually make efforts to _____ their intentions.

idealize

Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example:

idealizing a personal performance

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind:

imagining a situation from another person's point of view

What is the term for social group that commands a member's esteem and loyalty?

in-group

In his strain theory, Robert Merton uses the term _____ to describe the behavior of a "dropout" who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them.

retreatism

The oldest justification for punishing an offender is:

retribution

Using Robert Merton's strain theory paradigm, which term best classifies the behavior of a low-paid yet compulsively conforming bank teller?

ritualism

Sociologists use what as a term to refer to behavior people expect of someone who holds a particular status?

role

What is the term for the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

role conflict

What is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles?

role exit

The acting out of a role, which is called _______, varies according to an individual's unique personality.

role performance

What is the term for the tension among roles connected to a single status?

role strain

Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and confidant to the workers, but must remain distant to assess the worker's performance?

role strain

The assembled students at a university graduation ceremony would correctly be termed a:

secondary group

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as:

significant others

On average, a U.S. household has at least one television turned on for _____ hours a day.

six

Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals with the goal of preventing deviance; this process is called

social control

The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called:

social interaction

All but one of the following are distinctive characteristics of total institution: which one is NOT?

staff members encourage individual growth and creativity

What is Erving Goffman's term for a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?

stigma

His friends begin to criticize this individual as a "boozer," pushing him out of their social circle. The individual begins to drink even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who are also heavy drinkers. According to Edwin Lemert, this situation illustrates:

the onset of secondary deviance

Solomon Asch's research, in which subjects were asked to match lines, showed:

the power of group membership to generate conformity

Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the United States is about ______ what official reports indicate.

three times greater than

Most criminals cases that reach the courts in the United States are resolved:

through plea bargaining

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is:

to radically alter a person's personality or behavior

In principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to:

tradition