Intro to Sociology Review

According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is classified as a ____________.

Aniome

Lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group is called ____________.

Anomie

We can study how ancient cultures compare to modern cultures because of this sub-field of anthropology.

Archaeology

Refers to the social status of a person that is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.

Ascribed statuses

The process by which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called:

Assimilation

The process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society is called ____________________.

Assimilation

The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist:

Auguste Comte

The economy of the postindustrial United States is characterized by:

1. Computer-facilitated automation. 2. Relocation of manufacturing plants to less developed countries. 3. International competition in the manufacturing sector of the economy. 4. Increasing numbers of service compared to manufacturing jobs.

In the study of social class, a sociologist would likely to focus on what 4 characteristics?

1. Power 2. Social Mobility 3. Style of Life 4. Occupation Status

What are the 4 characteristics of the Chicago School of Sociology?

1. Studied urban neighborhoods in Chicago. 2. Influenced by Herbert Spencer. 3. Used ethnography in research. 4. Most influential during the twentieth century.

The act of accommodating; state or process of being accommodated; adaptation is called __________________________. (Adjustment of differences; reconciliation.)

Accommodation

A manager decides to hire a 25-year-old woman instead of a 65-year-old man because he automatically assumes the older individual is slower, helpless, and confused. What is this an example of?

Ageism

The act of younger adults tending to relocate to seek opportunities elsewhere, whereas older adults are less likely to relocate is called ____________________.

Aging in place:

Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the:

Calvinist doctrine of predestination.

______________________ is an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Capitalism

People are born into unequal groups based on their parents' status and remain in these groups for the rest of their lives is called _________________?

Caste

Societies which use the _____ system have a closed system of social stratification where an individual's birth determines that person's entire future.

Caste

Status is ascribed from birth is called a ________________?

Closed System

As a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit from the contributions of all its members. This is a ___________________ approach to stratification.

Conflict

An analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows is called ________________________.

Content analysis

Difference between structural and cultural assimilation in sociology?

Cultural assimilation, or acculturation, occurs when minority-group members learn and adopt the Anglo-American culture, such as, learning the English language, changing eating habits, etc. Structural assimilation, or integration, occurs when minority-group members enter the social structure of the larger society.

Online communities were created before the rules for appropriate behavior in these virtual spaces were created. This is an example of:

Cultural lag

___________________ allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?

Culture

Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes that if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects:

False consciousness

Behaviors that are learned and shared by a social group that we often refer to as "customs" in a group that are not morally significant, but they can be important for social acceptance are called _____________?

Folkways

Gesellschaft vs Gemeinschaft

Gemeinschaft, often translated as " community ", is a concept referring to individuals bound together by common norms, often because of shared physical space and shared beliefs. Gesellschaft, often translated as " society ", refers to associations in which self-interest is the primary justification for membership.

______________ means that marriage is between people from similar sociological or educational backgrounds.

Homogamy

Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated? (A) Horticultural (B) Pastoral (C) Hunting and gathering (D) Agricultural (E) Industrial

Hunting and gathering

Intragenerational vs Intergenerational

INTRAgenerational mobility refers to someone moving up or down the social ladder within their own lifetime. INTERgenerational mobility, on the other hand, looks at changes in social class across generations, comparing parents to their children.

Tamara worked as a waitress for five years after high school before she went to college. After college, Tamara got a job as a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. This best exemplifies which of the following types of mobility?

Intragenerational

Who argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?

Karl Marx

What are three things that can properly be considered norms?

Laws, folkways, and mores.

Where does most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from?

Local PROPERTY taxes. (not income taxes)

The social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs is called _____________________.

Mechanical Solidarity

According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its:

Mechanical solidarity

What theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?

Merton's strain theory

The theory that states social structures may pressure citizens to commit crimes is called ________________.

Merton's strain theory.

____________ is the practice or state of being married to one person at a time.

Monogamy

Moral standards that determine right and wrong are called _________.

Mores

The __________________ model explains the growth of urban communities that have developed on the outskirts of major metropolitan areas that have economic and social centers with identities of their own?

Multiple-nuclei

System is achieved through merit or effort is called a __________________.

Open system

Social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals have on each other in more advanced societies is called ______________________.

Organic Solidarity

Semiskilled positions held primarily by women are called _____________________ jobs.

Pink-collar

Mating with multiple males is defined as _________________.

Polyandry

Mating with multiple females is defined as ________________________.

Polygyny

The belief in or worship of more than one god is referred to as:

Polytheism

_____________ refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in search of universal laws?

Positivism

Model of political power emphasizes the interwoven nature of people who have held significantly powerful positions in both government and corporate business is called _____________?

Power-elite

What are the 4 principles of predictable McDonaldization?

Predictability, Calculability, Efficiency, and Control.

Punishment that is justified because it reforms the wrongdoer.

Rehabilitation

Giving the wrong doer what they deserve is called ________________?

Retibution

The sociological theory that views society as a system of groups that are not equal, with these groups consistently generating conflict and change is defined as:

Social Conflict Theory

Sociologists often study _____. This includes the structures that influence daily life, such as religious groups, schools, political organizations and families.

Social Institutions

All of the following are reasons that society punishes wrongdoers EXCEPT: Social Norms Rehabilitation Societal Protection Deterrence

Social Norms

An organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs is called a _________________?

Social institution

A change in position within the social hierarchy is called _____________?

Social mobility

_____ is a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

Social stratification

What are 2 are manifest functions of schools?

Socialization and Culturalization

Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are what?

Status, class, power

______________ views society as a complex but interconnected system, where each part works together as a functional whole.

Structural-Functionalist Theory

What relies most heavily on sampling methods?

Survey research

What theoretical perspective would be most useful in understanding the dealings between teachers and their students?

Symbolic Interactionalism. Research guided by the symbolic interactionist perspective suggests that teachers' expectations may influence how much their students learn. When teachers expect little of their students, their students tend to learn less.

_____________________ views stratification as being developed and maintained through everyday interactions?

Symbolic interactionism

The overarching belief that one or more gods exist is referred to as:

Theism

_________________________ is government control over every aspect of public and private life.

Totalitarianism

True or False: Sociological studies of gender socialization show that girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers.

True

True or False: Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations.

True

What are the 5 stages of grief (in order)?

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

What are the three main justifications for punishment?

Deterrence, Retribution, and Society Protection.

Type of punishment that is used to discourage crime. It is justified because it prevents people from doing bad things in the future.

Detterence

______________________ is defined as two opposing choices.

Dichotomy

James's family disapproves of his marriage to Juanita because she is from a different social class. What best describes James's family's marriage practices?

Endogamy

Measuring or judging one's own culture against another culture is called _____________________.

Ethnocentrism

______________ is the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.

Exogamy

According to this theory, developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, peripheral countries depend on core countries for capital and are exploited for their labor and raw materials.

World Systems Theory

In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that is based on ______________________________________________.

abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information.

A school system that teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of ______________________.

accommodation.

The belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others is called _____________________.

altruism

When all members of a country belong to a single religion and that religion is considered the official religion for the country, the religion is referred to as an ________________________.

an ecclesia.

Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's ________________________.

ascribed statuses.

The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats is called ___________________.

coercion

A shift from an agricultural society to an industrialized one is an essential aspect of the ________________________ model?

demographic transition

An example of a folkway in American society is ___________________.

eating a sandwich for lunch.

According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily ____________________.

economic

Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to ____________________.

explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act.

In An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus argued that human population grows ________________ while food production grows _________________.

exponentially; linearly.

Societies that are postindustrial are distinguished from industrial ones by the predominance of ___________________________.

knowledge-based service industries

The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a _____________________.

latent dysfunction of desegregation.

Demographic transition theory explains population changes by:

linking population changes to technological development

According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is:

rational-legal authority

A sociologist of religion who studies ___________________ is interested in a society that changes from closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values.

secularization

In Gesellschaft, people are more likely than in Gemeinschaft to:

see others as a means of advancing their own individual goals.

The term "SMSA" used in the United States census refers to a:

standard metropolitan statistical area.

A person's self-conception based on the responses of others:

the looking-glass self.

According to Émile Durkheim, religion is characterized by a dichotomy between:

the sacred and the profane

In general, females perform better than males do on tests of:

verbal ability

Demographic patterns have clearly demonstrated that more males than females are born in:

virtually every known human society.

Theorist that is most associated with structural functionalism:

Émile Durkheim

Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of what function of the family?

Economic Production (because machines/factories will help fulfill this function.)

Within the scientific perspective, what are the two most important sources of knowledge?

Empiricism and reason