Intro to Weather & Climate Final

The air parcel reaches the top of the interior mountain range at Location E. What is the air parcel temperature?

1 °C

The average dry adiabatic lapse rate is

10 C°/1000 m.

What is the temperature as the air parcel rises and reaches Location B?

10 °C

The air parcel is still moving East, but is now forced up due to the interior mountain range. What is the air parcel temperature at Location D?

15 °C

Given the starting conditions (air parcel temperature at Location A & dewpoint temperature) and your knowledge of the adiabatic process, at what altitude should condensation occur?

2500 m

The air parcel makes its final descent on the east side of the interior mountain range to Location F. What is the temperature of the air parcel there?

26 °C

Approximately how much of all the water on Earth is freshwater?

3%

Climographs represent averaged weather data for what duration of time?

30 years

Now follow the air parcel as it descends to Location C. What is the air parcel temperature at that location?

30 °C

If an air parcel at 2000 m with an initial temperature of 30°C and a dew point of 15°C begins to rise over a mountain, at what altitude will a cloud form?

3500 m

If an air parcel at 2000 m with an initial temperature of 30°C and a dewpoint of 15°C begins to rise over a mountain, at what altitude will a cloud form?

3500.0

The top of the Earth's atmosphere is approximately

480 km (300 mi) above Earth's surface

If we begin our journey at the coast (0 meters) where it is 26 degrees Celsius, what will the temperate be when we reach the upper limit of the Tierra Fria zone at 3000 meters if we use the ELR?

6.5 degrees Celsius

Which location corresponds with a humid subtropical climate type? Please reference Fig. 4.

A

Which of the following are true of rising and descending parcels of air? Select all that apply.

A descending air parcel warms because of increased pressure. The process of temperature decrease in a rising parcel of air due to expansion is the same as the change in temperature of gases from an aerosol can¸ which upon release gets colder. A parcel that is warmer than the air around it is unstable

Tropical monsoon climates

All of the above.

Which of the following statements is true? (select all that apply)

Altitudinal zonation makes it possible to grow many different types of crops Altitudinal zonation strongly influences the plants (and crops) that grow there Plants that grow well in the temperate midlatitudes (e.g. Nebraska) can also thrive in the tropics if grown at higher elevations Elevation plays a major role in a region's climate

Consider the climograph in Fig 3. Which month averages the most rainfall?

August

Which continent shows cooling temperatures during the months of April and May?

Australia

Which location corresponds with a hot semi-arid climate type? Please reference Fig. 4.

B

Which of the following best describes air pollution?

Both natural and anthropogenic gases, particles, and other substances in amounts that cause damage to the environment or are harmful to humans.

Which location corresponds with a Mediterranean climate type? Please reference Fig. 4.

C

Which Mexico cities have an arid (desert) climate?

Ciudad Juarez

Which location corresponds with a hot desert climate type? Please reference Fig. 4.

D

On a sunny day, where the surface temperature is 30 C, but with different dew point temperature, choose the cloud that will start to form in the lowest altitude.

Dew point temp at 15 degrees celsius

On a sunny day, where the surface temperature is 30 C, but with different dew point temperature, choose the cloud that will start to form in the highest altitude.

Dew point temp at 5 degrees celsius

____ climates occupy the most extensive area of land on Earth.

Dry

Which of the following is true of the Mediterranean climate?

Dry summers and wet winters

Broadly define where the majority of Tropical climates are located using the above figure.

Equatorial regions

How does evaporation affect land-water heating differences?

Evaporation tends to lower temperatures more over water bodies than over land.

Which location corresponds with a subarctic climate type? Please reference Fig. 4.

F

Air will rise at the moist adiabatic lapse rate if its relative humidity is between 50 and 75 percent.

False

An air parcel is stable if, for a small displacement, it accelerates away from its original position

False

The dry adiabatic lapse rate is about 6°C/km near the surface, but larger in the middle and upper troposphere.

False

Which of the following statements is FALSE about surface air temperature at most locations.

Highest surface air temperature tends to occur at noon hour.

Which location experiences greater temperature variability over a year?

Houston, Texas

Which location is warmer in the month of August (A)?

Houston, Texas

Type of climate s normally located along leeward lower east coast continents such as in southeast and central Argentina, Uruguay and south of Brazil, the southeast portions of east Asia, the southern United States, South Africa, and eastern Australia

Humid Subtropical Hot-Summer Climate

Which of the following is true regarding acid deposition?

Hundreds of lakes are incapable of supporting life due to high acidity.

Most freshwater is contained in

Ice and glaciers

Which of the following is not true of tropical and subtropical hot desert climates?

In most years, they do not receive any precipitation.

During which of the following months do countries in the Southern Hemisphere experience their warmest temperatures?

January

Select all of the following statements that relate best to climate:

January is the coldest month in Tennessee Winters are normally dry in South Florida

During which of the following months does Europe experience its warmest temperatures according to the MODIS temperature map?

July

What is the reason for the difference between the values of the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate and the Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

Latent heat released during condensation offsets some of the cooling of a rising air parcel, causing the moist adiabatic lapse rate to have a smaller value.

Review the overall path of the air parcel and select the location where the air parcel first formed clouds.

Location B

Which location would you anticipate as having the most rainfall?

Location E

Where would you expect to find drier conditions across the transect?

Location F

Which of the following is false regarding the tropical rain forest ecosystems?

Low-growing vegetation is dense to the forest floor.

Which location experiences a near absence of rain during the northern hemisphere winter months (D-M)?

Mangalore, India

Which location on this map would have the greatest annual range in surface air temperature?

Minneapolis

Which of the following cities would likely have the greatest annual temperature range?

Minneapolis

Following the urban heat island profile from rural areas to a typical downtown urban area, which of the following is true?

On average, urban areas are 1 to 3°C higher than nearby rural areas.

What is the phenomenon called that results in more rainfall on the windward side and less on the leeward side of mountain ranges?

Rain Shadow

Which of the following locations has the HIGHEST annual range in surface air temperature?

Siberia

What type of climate only found in the Northern Hemisphere because there is no large landmass at the same latitude in the Southern Hemisphere

Subarctic

Which of the following is true of chlorofluorocarbons?

The CFC molecules react with ultraviolet light to release chlorine which then destroys ozone.

Which of these statements is true about the MAR and DAR?

The MAR of a rising parcel is lower than the DAR because, at the MAR, the cooling parcel is warmed by the latent heat of condensation.

Which of the following statements regarding rising air, in which dew-point temperature has been reached, is correct?

The air is simultaneously being cooled by expansion and heated by condensation.

which of the following statements regarding rising air, in which dew-point temperature has been reached, is correct?

The air is simultaneously being cooled by expansion and heated by condensation.

Select all of the following statements that relate best to weather:

The high yesterday was 82 degrees A thunderstorm with hail is forecast for tonight

Which of the following is true of the ionosphere?

The region principally absorbs gamma rays, X-rays, and interacts with the solar wind.

Select all of the true statements below:

The tilt of the Earth (season) and the latitude of a location on Earth affect the amount of sunlight that location will receive during winter solstice. Standing at Nome Alaska (64.5 degrees latitude North) you would experience a never-ending day (sun never sets) during the northern hemisphere Winter.

The future effects of climate change can be modeled in shifting climate type coverage. Which of the following trends can be observed in the gif above? (select all that apply)

There is a reduction in the amount of land with continental or polar climate types. Generally tropical and temperate climate types will extend to higher latitudes. Depending on human action on greenhouse gas emissions - the actual scenario we experience could be better or worse than that modeled here.

Why are humans and other living things not crushed by the pressure of the atmosphere?

They exert pressure outward, counterbalancing atmospheric pressure.

Certain agricultural crops do better in certain altitudinal zones. In which zones does corn grow well? (select all that apply)

Tierra Caliente Tierra Templada Tierra Fria

Unlike the rest of the continental United States, South Florida is mostly classified as Am or ________.

Tropical Monsoon

An air parcel will cool at the dry adiabatic lapse if it is lifted, remains unsaturated, and does not exchange energy or mass with its environment during lifting.

True

In the atmosphere, a rising air parcel will expand.

True

The moist adiabatic lapse rate normally has a smaller value than the dry adiabatic lapse rate

True

Interpret the Am climograph for Miami, FL. Which of the following best describe the expected climate?

Winters are modestly cooler (~10-15 degrees) than summers and precipitation is limited during the winter months.

For most locations, daily MAXIMUM temperature occurs

a few hours after 12- noon

Air consists of?

a mixture of gases that behaves as if it were a single gas

Cooling of a surface overnight that chills the air layer directly above that surface may form

a radiation fog.

The ozonosphere is critical to life because of it?

absorbs most ultraviolet wavelengths

A fog that develops when warm, moist air blows over a cold current (such as the California Current) is an example of ____fog.

advection

The Montreal Protocol

aims to reduce and eliminate all ozone-depleting substances.

Based on Figure 5.7, air temperature above the oceans is usually more moderate than that above the continents because

all the above.

Tundra climates

are found at both high latitudes and high altitudes.

What are climate zones

areas that are divided by precipitation and temperature

The video introduces the concept of the heat island effect for cities. What components of cities lead to heat build ups? Select all that apply:

asphalt and concrete surfaces tall dark buildings transportation energy consumption

Ozone in the lower troposphere

causes lung irritation, asthma, and susceptibility to respiratory illness in humans.

High altitude wispy clouds made of ice crystals are classed as

cirroform.

On a cold, windy day, the air feels ____ because of the wind ____.

colder; increases evaporative heat loss from our skin.

The primary mechanisms to form precipitation are the

collision-coalescence and Bergeron processes

Three criteria used for classification of the atmosphere are

composition, temperature, and function.

Stability—three examples. Specific examples of (a) unstable, (b) conditionally unstable, and (c) stable conditions in the lower atmosphere. Note the response to these three conditions in the air parcel on the right side of each diagram. When the environmental lapse rate is between the dry and moist adiabatic lapse rates, conditions are described as

conditionally unstable.

What is defined as the measure of the degree to which a region's climate typifies that of an interior of a large landmass.

continentality

Tropical rainforest climates are produced by

converging air near the equator.

During summer, cities located near the coast are ____ than those in the interior at the same latitude, while in the winter they are ____.

cooler; warmer

A thunderstorm is usually which type of cloud?

cumulonimbus

Which location has a higher average albedo?

deserts

The greater the difference in temperature between the wet bulb and dry bulb on a sling psychrometer, the ______ the air is and the ______ the relative humidity.

drier; lower

What is the condition of outside air at a certain time and place

elements of weather

From Figure 7.5, when a liquid is transformed into a solid,

energy is released from the liquid.

From the figure, when a liquid is transformed into a solid

energy is released from the liquid.

The process of a liquid transforming into a gas is

evaporation

Sea smoke refers to

evaporation fog at sea.

The temperature curve on the climograph of a tropical rainforest climate will typically

fluctuate only slightly around 80 °F during the year.

Which of the following is NOT a control of temperature?

gravity

From the follow figure , the heat index is based on

humidity and air temperature.

Locations with the greatest average annual temperature variability are usually

in the interior of continents in the mid-latitudes.

Which of the following is not responsible for the urban heating effect?

increased albedo of urban environments relative to that of natural landscapes

Saturation specific humidity at various temperatures. Saturation specific humidity is the maximum possible water vapor in a mass of water vapor per unit mass of air (g/kg). As temperature increases, the saturation specific humidity

increases.

Surface-temperature anomalies from 1950 to 2014, compared to 1951-1980 baseline. Oranges indicate positive anomalies (warmer temperatures); purples indicate negative anomalies (cooler temperatures). ​[GISS/NASA.] The overall trend to warming temperatures

indicates the Arctic has experienced larger temperature increases than lower latitudes.

A line connecting points of equal temperature is a(n)

isotherm.

The principal controls and influences of temperature patterns include

latitude, altitude, land-water heating differences, cloud cover, and ocean currents.

Generally, the most important factor influencing a location's annual average surface air temperature is

latitude.

The wet adiabatic lapse rate is _________ than the dry adiabatic lapse rate because _________.

less; condensation heats the air

Land has a _________ specific heat than water and therefore heats more _________.

lower; quickly

Which climate type is considered an arid climate in which the total annual precipitation is less than half the annual potential evapotranspiration?

midlatitude desert

Cloud cover can influence a location's surface air temperatures by

moderating daily and annual fluctuations.

Dry climates are most common

near areas of sub-tropical high pressure.

"Cold and dry" temperature and precipitation patterns are characteristics of

polar climates.

The reaction of automobile exhaust and ultraviolet light

produces photochemical smog.

The precipitation in form of liquid water droplets that forms by condensation or by melting ice crystals as they pass through a warm layer of the atmosphere is

rain

"Hot and wet" temperature and precipitation patterns are characteristics of

rainforests in the equatorial tropics.

The point at which evaporation and condensation are in balance is

saturation equilibrium.

A climograph

shows the monthly precipitation and temperature for a location.

Raindrops that fall through a thick, subfreezing layer of air near the ground form ice pellets known as

sleet.

The heat capacity of a substance is known as

specific heat

The general term that refers to the tendency of a parcel of air to either remain in place or change its initial position is

stability.

Flat and layered clouds with horizontal development are classed as

stratiform.

The process of a solid transforming directly into a gas is

sublimation

What two pollutants react with water to produce acid rain?

sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides

Climate is

the long-term atmospheric condition including extremes that may occur.

Daily relative humidity patterns. On a typical day, the point of highest relative humidity is associated with

the time of the lowest temperature.

High altitudes are cooler than low altitudes because

there are fewer air molecules to absorb and radiate sensible heat.

This climograph is characteristic of which climate type?

tropical monsoon

This climograph is characteristic of which climate type?

tropical rain forest

Based on function, the atmosphere has

two zones that absorb radiation from the Sun.

What solutions are available to reduce the effects of urban heat islands? Select all that apply:

use lighter colors with higher albedos in construction plant more green spaces across cities

Which of the following statements regarding albedo during summer months in the Northern Hemisphere are correct? Select all that apply:

very high albedo values occur in the polar region around the North Pole albedo values are generally lower for North America than during the winter due to a lack of reflective snow

The temperature on a cloudy night is likely to be _________ than that on a clear night because _________.

warmer; the clouds absorb heat energy and then reradiate some of it back to the ground

From the follow figure , the wind-chill temperature index is based on

wind speed and air temperature.