Introduction to Exercise Science Final Exam- Ch 9-13

What are the principal certifications offered by the primary exercise science professional organizations?

- ACSM offers certification in two tracks: health and fitness, certified personal trainer, health fitness instructor, clinical, exercise specialist, and RCEP. - NSCA credentials offers CSCS and certification of personal trainers (NSCA-CPT). - ACE offers personal trainer certification, advanced health & fitness specialist certification, group fitness instructor certification, and lifestyle and weight management consultant certification. - Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) offers licensure, registration, and certificate of training in weight management. - NATA offers certification through the NATA Board of Certification. - YMCA offers personal training instructor certification - Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research offers personal trainer certification.

What is the primary purpose of the continuous NHANES?

- Determining if there is a need to change vitamin and mineral fortification regulations for the nation's food supply - National programs to reduce hypertension and cholesterol continue to depend on NHANES data to steer education and prevention programs toward those at risk and to measure success in curtailing risk factors associated with heart disease - New measures of lung function will further the understanding of respiratory disease and better describe the burden of asthma in the United States.

What are the primary benefits of certification?

- Provides recognition of competency to work with the healthy, athletic, injured, diseased, or disabled populations - Demonstrates commitment to the profession and the standards that have been established - Assists with job employment and advancement in professional development

List five important outcomes of the Framingham Heart Study the help guide the current recommendations for reducing disease risk

- smoking - high blood cholesterol - physical inactivity - obesity and overweight - uncontrolled stress or anger

What are the primary employment opportunities in the fitness industry?

-Club fitness programs -Community programs -Corporate wellness programs -Spa fitness programs

What is the difference between an occupational and a physical therapist?

-Occupational therapists are licensed professionals who assist individuals with physically, mentally, emotionally, or developmentally crippling conditions to maintain or recover working skills and daily function. -Physical therapists are licensed professionals who help individuals recover from an injury or disabling physical condition.

What branches of the federal government are charged with enhancing the health and reducing the disease risk of the American public? What does each specific branch do to enhance the health of Americans?

-The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) protects the health of all Americans and provides essential human services, especially for those who are least able to heal themselves. -The National Institutes of Health (NIH) promotes science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend a healthy life. -The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) promotes the health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability.

Describe the primary conclusion of the 1995 United States Surgeon General's report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention?

-positive effects of physical activity on the health of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrine systems including a reduced risk of premature mortality -reduced risks of coronary heart disease, hypertension, colon cancer, and diabetes mellitus -regular participation in physical activity appears to reduce depression and anxiety, improve mood, and enhance the ability to perform daily tasks throughout the life span

What is the primary purpose of the Healthy People 2010 and 2020 programs?

1- Attain high-quality, longer lives 2-Achieve health equity 3-Create social and physical environments 4- Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

Describe the steps involved in a qualitative analysis of a soccer kick

1. ID the major question of interest 2. Find optimal view point to observe movement 3. ID distance of observation 4. Determine the # of trials to see movement for analysis 5. Do you need slow motion? or is watching it sufficient?

List the primary stages of motor development

1. Prenatal (before birth) 2. Infancy (birth to 1yr) 3. Early Childhood (1 to 6yrs) 4. Late Childhood (6 to 12yrs) 5. Adolescence (12 to 20yrs) 6. Early Adulthood (20 to 40yrs) 7. Late Adulthood (40 to 65yrs) 8. Older Adulthood (65yrs+)

7 Basic movements in Functional Movement Screening

1. Squat 2. Hurdle Step 3. Inline Lunge 4. Shoulder range of motion 5. Straight leg raise 6. Stability push up 7. Rotary stability

What are the three stages of information processing?

1. Stimulus recognition-individual collects information from the environment 2. Response selection- individual decides what to do after collecting and processing information 3. Response programming- individual initiates an action after a response has been selected

Define longitudinal

A longitudinal survey is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades

Primary functions of the motor cortex

A region of the vertebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions

Define linear motion

All points of the body are moving in the same direction at the same speed & distance rectilinear translation & curvilinear translation

Name the primary organizations in the areas of motor control, motor learning, and motor development

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA)

Describe the short-term memory component of the multistore memory model

An individual's conscious or working memory, information is collected from either the short-term sensory store or form the long-term memory and stored for short periods of time *working memory, 1-60sec, pairs nicely with repetition

What is a biomechanical system of interest?

Analysis of specific body limb movement, or analysis of movement of the complete body -ex-walking patterns in someone who has osteoarthritis in their knees

Primary functions of the supplementary motor cortex

Area of the brain that collects and processes information from other areas of the brain and initiates an organized movement

Primary functions of the cerebellum

Area of the brain that serves to coordinate complex voluntary movements, posture, and balance in humans

Describe the relationship between practice performance and task difficulty

As task difficulty increases practice performance decreases

High-speed motion capture systems are often used to assess what aspect of motor performance?

Assess body movements and make a very detailed analysis of motor performance

Explain how athletic training and sports medicine might contribute to enhancing individual sport and athletic performance

Athletic training and sports medicine: Identify techniques and signals to improve the detection of injuries and prevent potential injuries

Describe the differences among: certification, licensure, and registration

Certification- individual, institutional, or educational program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards through successful completion of a valid and reliable examination Licensure-granting of permission by a competent authority (typically government agency) to an organization or individual to engage in a practice or activity that would otherwise be illegal Registration-recording of professional qualification information relevant to government licensing regulations; similar to licensure, except that the scope of practice is usually more narrow than for a licensed professional

What is the difference between a clinical biomechanist and an ergonomist?

Clinical biomechanist- centered on improving the ability of an injured or disabled individual to. Perform activities of daily living, including work and leisure activities, physical activity, or exercise Ergonomist- centered on the interactions between humans, the objects they use, and the environments in which they function

What is the difference between the closed-loop and open-loop theories of motor control?

Closed-loop theory-sensory information is necessary to control motor performance during movement, muscle activity can be altered during performance Open-loop theory- no feedback from joints, proprioceptors and muscles received during movement, all movements are preplanned

Describe the short-term sensory store component of the multistore memory model

Collects information form the environment through the senses, has unlimited capacity for storing information, storage duration is very short *uses senses, unlimited capacity, very short time 1 sec.

Define general motion

Combination of linear and angular motion

Define the tree types of mechanical loads: Compressive force Tensile force Shear force

Compressive force- force that tends to shorten or squeeze something, decreasing its volume Tensile force- a force that tends to stretch or elongate something Shear force- force acting on substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of substance

What are the two types of thermotherapy and how does each type work to enhance rehabilitation from injury?

Cryotherapy uses ice massage to reduce the temp of injured tissues. Heat therapy uses hot cloths, ultrasound to produce heat to increase blood flow and decrease muscle and joint stiffness

Describe how crystal intelligence and fluid intelligence interact with aging to influence psychomotor function

Crystal- ability to store info in brain Fluid- ability to perform reasoning and abstract thought

EEG provides the assessment of what physiologic measure?

Electric activity produced by the brain

Describe the relationships among research, program development, and policy initiative as they relate to the future of exercise science.

Exercise science professionals will continue to play an active role in research as greater insight into how improvements in individual health, the overall health of Americans, and effective and cost-efficient healthcare is delivered. Additional research will need to continue to occur at the cellular and molecular levels as we attempt to further understand the role of genetics and molecular responses to physical activity, physical inactivity, and exercise in both healthy and disease conditions. Moreover, as exercise science and allied health professionals work to enhance the health and reduce the disease risk of the clients and patients they work with, it will be important to expand effective programs and develop new and innovative intervention programs and examine the efficacy of those interventions. Numerous private and public organizations and businesses will continue to develop and implement programs at the local level for enhancing health and promoting chronic disease risk reduction. Additionally, federal and state governments and private organizations promote and support policy initiatives designed to enhance health and reduce disease risk. The development of sound policies includes having an infrastructure that provides sophisticated data collection and analysis, professional guidance, funding for the initiation of the policies, and an evaluation to assess the effectiveness of the policies.

Explain motor behavior might contribute to enhancing individual sport and athletic performance

Further refinement of effective motor learning and control strategies

What significant events happened during the Renaissance period that contributed to the development of biomechanics?

Galileo (1564-1642) Study of falling bodies -gravity, mechanical aspects of bone, mechanical analysis of movement Giovanni Alphonso Borelli (1608-1679) The Father of Biomechanics -used geometry to show relationship between muscular and mechanical principles in running, jumping, flying, and swimming Sir Issac Newton (1686) -published theories on basic laws of physical world

The Father of Biomechanics

Giovanni Alphonso Borelli

Explain how sport psychology might contribute to enhancing individual sport and athletic performance

Identify effective performance enhancement techniques for individuals of various ages and their coaches and increase utilization by athletes of all ages

Explain how exercise physiology might contribute to enhancing individual sport and athletic performance

Identify the mechanisms of legal and illegal human growth-promoting agents and further refine optimal training programs for individuals of different genetic profiles, different sports, and different ages

Describe the long-term memory component of the multistore memory model

Individuals must move skills to storage in the long-term memory in order to keep them in memory, information deemed important enough to store permanently is sent from short-term memory to long-term memory *permanent memory, unlimited capacity and duration

External cues

Instruct movement with cues that provide a natural correction or external feedback ex-hands under shoulders, feet together

Internal cues

Instructing movement using cues that give exact instructions occurring with the body to accomplish the movement task ex-hands and feet touching ground, squeeze qlutes

A metabolic measurement cart is used to make assessments of what physiologic measure?

Instrument that measures the volumes of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry can be used to provide a quantitative assessment of what three body components?

Lean mass, fat mass, bone mass

What is the difference between practice and learning?

Learning- relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice or experience, results in a change of memory and cannot be directly observed Practice-learning paradox exists because certain variables affect practice performance and retention performance in an opposite manner. Individual's performance during practice is not necessarily an indicator of learning.

Types of body motion

Linear-all points of the body moving in the same direction at the same speed & distance Angular-motion of the body about a fixed point or fixed axis General-combination of linear and angular motion

Describe the basic scientific principle associated with the use of MRI and MRS

MRS- noninvasive measurement of tissue substrates and metabolites occur, similar principle as MRI MRI- uses a strong magnetic field, radio frequency pulses, and a computer to produce detailed pictures of body structures

Define angular motion

Motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis -rotation, seated knee extension

Decoding

Process of moving information from long-term memory store to short-term memory store

Encoding

Process of moving information from short-term store to long-term memory store

Why are professional certifications important for athletic trainers and clinical exercise physiologist?

Professional certifications are important for athletic trainers and clinical exercise physiologists to assure that the individuals meet the essential standards of patient care. Only graduates of an athletic training program accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education may take the national Board of Certification examination and become a certified athletic trainer. For clinical exercise physiologists, certification and registration are becoming increasingly important and in many instances a requirement for employment as a clinical exercise physiologist.

Describe the mission of American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

Promote and support leadership, research, education, and best practices in the professions that support creative, healthy, and active lifestyles

Describe the mission of American College of Sports Medicine

Promotes and integrates scientific research, education, and practical applications of sports medicine and exercise science to maintain and enhance physical performance, fitness, health, and quality of life

Describe the mission of International Society of Biomechanics

Promotes the study of the biomechanics of movement with a special emphasis on human beings; encouraging international contacts among scientists in this field, promoting knowledge of biomechanics on an international level, and cooperating with related organizations

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative instruments in the measurement of behavioral and psychological assessments of exercise and sport psychology?

Quantitative instruments - self, reports, questionnaires, inventories Qualitative instruments - used to develop an understanding of the individual and personal factors that give meaning to why and individual believes and acts in a specific manner, life histories, case studies, grounded theories

What are the two types of linear motion?

Rectilinear Translation- all points on body in straight line, no change direction Curvilinear Translation- all point of body move in parallel line the same distance. path followed by points of object are curved

Explain how sport nutrition might contribute to enhancing individual sport and athletic performance

Refine appropriate macronutrient and micronutrient intakes for performance enhancement of different sports and different age groups

Describe the mission of American Society of Exercise Physiologists

Represents and promotes the profession of exercise physiology and is committed to the professional development of exercise physiology, its advancement, and the credibility of exercise physiologists

Define epidemiologic

Research investigations conducted to identify factors that affect the health and disease of populations

How are the three planes of the body (sagittal, frontal, or transverse) used to describe movements of the body?

Sagittal- flexion, extension, hyperextension Frontal- abduction, addiction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, deviation, eversion, and inversion Transverse- rotation, supination, pronation, horizontal, abduction, horizontal adduction

What is the difference between the sequential movements and simultaneous movements of body segments?

Sequential movements- segments of the body and joint rotations occur in a specific sequence or order Simultaneous movements- major movements of the body occur at the same time

The principle that a certain percentage of total body fat lies directly beneath the surface of the skin allows for the use of which technique for the assessment of body composition?

Skinfold assessment using skin fold calipers

Why should the type of ergometer (i.e., treadmill or cycle) used during testing be matched to the exercise mode of the individual being tested?

So individual is safe and so the test will give accurate measures of the individual's health and functional capacity

Explain the difference between static and dynamic biomechanics

Statics- looks at forces, bodies, and masses at rest or with a constant velocity Dynamics- examines forces, bodies and masses as they speed up or slow down

Primary functions of the basal ganglia

Structure in the brain that is responsible for movement organization, scale and amplitude of movement, and perceptual-motor integration

How are summary knowledge of results and fading knowledge of results used to improve motor skill performance?

Summary knowledge of results requires an individual to complete serval trials of a single skill or movement without receiving any information about his or her performance Fading knowledge of results involves a systematic reduction in the amount of knowledge of results given to an individual during a practice session

Describe how a biomechanist can improve performance by changing techniques, equipment, or training techniques

Technique improvement- improve movement, may discover a new and more effective tech for performing a sports skill Equipment improvement- improving designs for the shoes, appeal Training improvement- improve performance

What was the primary purpose of the Framingham Heart Study?

The primary purpose of the Framingham Heart Study was to identify the common factors or characteristics that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack or stroke

What was the primary rationale for conducting the HERITAGE Family Study?

The primary rationale for conduction the Heritage Family Study was to examine the role of the human genotype in the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to aerobic exercise training and the changes brought about by regular exercise for several CVD and diabetes risk factors

Describe the mission of North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity

To develop and advance the scientific study of human behavior when individuals are engaged in sport and physical activity; facilitate the dissemination of information; improve the quality of research and teaching in the psychology of sport, motor development, and motor learning and control

Describe the mission of National Athletic Trainers Association

To enhance the quality of healthcare provided by certified athletic trainers and to advance the athletic training profession

Describe the mission of International Society for Motor Control

To promote basic and applied research in the area of control of movements of biologic systems

Describe the mission of American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation

To reduce morbidity, mortality, and disability from cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases through education, prevention, rehabilitation, research, and aggressive disease management

How is a Cartesian coordinate system used in a biomechanical analysis of movement?

Used to quantitatively describe the movement of humans using a spatial reference system and standardized measurement

How does mechanical loading cause the deformation of an object such as a bone?

When force is applied to body, it must withstand the force, if there is to much, it may cause injury. Results in a fracturing of bone or rupturing of tissues

In what ways do a physician and a physician's assistant work together to promote health and reduce disease risk?

Work together to promote health and reduce disease risk by physician assistants working under the physician's supervision to work on the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of illness and injuries to individuals.

Primary functions of the premotor cortex

Works to control many of the body's more complex patterns of coordinated muscle activity

Define sport biomechanics

a branch of biomechanics centered on improving sport performance by athletes through the improvement techniques or the development of equipment *Goal of enhancing performance through movement techniques or equipment development

Define clinical biomechanics

a branch of biomechanics centered on improving the ability of an injured or disabled individual to perform activities of daily living, including work and leisure activities, physical activity, or exercise *provides bio mechanical information to injured or disabled patients for the sake of improving their daily life

Define gate

a person's manner of walking

Why must a clinical biomechanist understand how the body responds to a normal situation or movement?

can used this information to set goals for recovery of injury and disabled individuals and help prevent injuries

Define Clinical trial

comparison test of a medical intervention versus a control condition, placebo condition, or the standard medical treatment for a patients condition

An isokinetic dynamometer controls the speed of muscle contraction and makes a measurement of what muscle function?

controls the speed of muscle contraction and records a measurement of the force during isometric and isokinetic movements of muscles

An ECG machine measures what aspect of cardiovascular function?

detects and record the electrical impulses generated by the hear during and between contractions

What is the conceptual basis for using bioelectric impedance analyzers to measure body composition?

electric currents travel faster in body tissues that have a high water and electrolyte content in those tissues with a low water and electrolyte. An individual with more lean body tissue will have high water content and will allow the electric current to travel faster

What are the three most commonly used instruments for the determination of free-living physical activity and energy expenditure?

heart rate monitors, pedometers, and accelerometers

Explain how sport biomechanics might contribute to enhancing individual sport and athletic performance

improve movement patterns for sport techniques and develop equipment that will enhance performance

An EMG machine measures what aspect of muscular function?

measures and records the electrical activity of skeletal muscle at rest and during contraction

The measure of lung function provides an assessment of what two broad categories of pulmonary disease?

restrictive and obstructive lung disease

Define ergonomics

study of humans and the objects they interact with/use and the environment

Define kinematics

study of motion, including the patterns and speed of movement in the body segments, without consideration given to the mass of the body or the forces acting upon it

Define kinetics

study of the effects of forces on the motion of the body or system of bodies, especially of forces that do not originate within the system itself

Define motor development

the study of motor development throughout the life span from birth through old age

Define motor learning

the study of the gaining of basic and advanced movement skills that are used in everyday activities

Define biomechanics

the study of the human body at rest and in motion using principles and concepts derived from physics, mechanics, and engineering

Define motor behavior

the study of the interactions between the disciplines of motor control, motor learning, and motor development

Define motor control

the study of the understanding of the mechanisms by which the nervous and muscular system coordinate body movements