Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
region between thorax and pelvis
- abdominal
point of the shoulder
- acromial
forearm
- antebrachial
space in front of the elbow (anterior elbow)
- antecubital
armpit
- axillary
arm
- brachial
cheek
- buccal
wrist
- carpal
abdomen
- celiac
head
- cephalic
neck
- cervical
ribs
- costal
hip
- coxal
leg
- crural
elbow
- cubital or olecranal
finger
- digital
back
- dorsal or dorsum
thigh
- femoral
forehead
- frontal
reproductive organs
- genital
buttocks
- gluteal
depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
- inguinal
lower back between ribs and pelvis
- lumbar
breast
- mammary
chin
- mental
nose
- nasal
lower posterior region of head
- occipital
mouth
- oral
eye cavity
- orbital
ear
- otic
palm of hand
- palmar
front of knee
- patellar
chest
- pectoral
foot
- pedal
pelvis
- pelvic
region between anus and external reproductive organs
- perineal
sole of the foot
- plantar
area behind the knee
- popliteal
middle and anterior region of thorax
- sternal
instep of foot
- tarsal
navel
- umbilical
spinal column
- vertebral
A recent physiological discovery is that cells in the small intestine bear the same taste receptor proteins that detect molecules of sugar in the mouth.
...
Absorption and Excretion
...
Anatomical Terminology
...
Body Cavities
...
Body Covering
...
Body Regions
...
Body Sections
...
Characteristics of Life
...
Give the correct anatomical term for the following body regions:
...
Homeostasis
...
Integration and Coordination
...
Label the four quadrants of the abdomen on the diagram below:
...
Label the nine abdominal regions on the diagram below:
...
Levels of Organization
...
Life-Span Changes
...
Maintenance of Life
...
Organ Systems
...
Organization of the Human Body
...
Relative Position
...
Reproduction
...
Requirements of Organisms
...
Right Left
...
Support and Movement
...
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
...
Transport
...
posterior region between the hipbones. - sacral
...
Early medical providers developed the language of anatomy and physiology from
Greek and Latin.
A cut across a cylindrical organ is called
a cross section.
The discovery of proteins released by
a damaged spinal cord was discovered by a technique known as gene expression profiling.
In a negative feedback mechanism
a deviation from the set point is corrected and the correction reduces the action of the effectors.
In the thirties signs of aging include
a few gray hairs, faint facial lines, minor joint stiffness, and a decrease in female fertility.
A lengthwise cut of a cylindrical organ is called
a longitudinal section.
Hydrostatic pressure is
a pressure exerted by liquids.
Control centers function to
decide what a particular value should be.
The anatomical term meaning more internal is
deep.
In the sixties signs of aging include
deepening wrinkles and a waning immune system.
The thoracic cavity is divided from the abdominopelvic cavity by the
diaphragm.
The anatomical term meaning farther away from a specific point is
distal.
The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic wall is th
e parietal peritoneum.
Nutrients supply
energy and raw materials for building new living matter.
Anatomists rely on
examination of the body.
With agriculture humans became susceptible to worm diseases because
excrement was used in fertilizers and less reliance was placed on wild plants that offered their protective substances.
Physiologists rely on
experimentation.
In the forties and fifties signs of aging include
fading of hair color, wrinkles, increased blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose levels.
Programmed cell death begins in the
fetus.
Substances that provide organisms with nutrients are called
foods.
When health returns
growth resumes, but leaves behind areas of dense bone.
The axial portion includes
head, neck, and trunk.
The organs of the cardiovascular system are the
heart and blood vessels.
A form of energy used by the body is
heat.
The forerunners of modern drugs were
herbs and potions.
The female system also
houses developing offspring.
Tooth decay was lowest among
hunter-gathers and highest among city residents.
Examples of atoms are
hydrogen and lithium.
With urbanization humans became more susceptible to
infectious diseases and malnutrition.
Before agriculture
infectious diseases did not spread easily because, isolated bands of people had little contact with each other.
The anatomical term meaning below another body part is
inferior.
The interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned
injuries and illness because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners.
Responsiveness is a reaction to a change-taking place
inside or outside the body.
Examples of organ systems include
integumentary system, skeletal system, and digestive system.
Each organ system includes a set of
interrelated organs that work together to provide specialized functions.
The anatomical term for the same side is
ipsilateral.
The anatomical term meaning closer to the sides of the body is
lateral.
Serous membranes are located
lining the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and fold back over to cover the organs within these cavities.
The anatomy of the hand is
long jointed bones with attached muscles allows it to grasp objects.
The thoracic cavity contains the following organs
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland.
The organs of the lymphatic system are
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
Organelles are made of
macromolecules.
When small molecules chemically combine they form
macromolecules.
The anatomical term meaning closer to the midline of the body is
medial.
Four major uses of water by the body are
metabolic processes, medium for metabolic reactions, to transport substances, and to regulate body temperature.
Examples of organelles are
mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and nuclei.
When atoms chemically bond together they form
molecules.
The major functions of the muscular system are to
move body parts, maintain posture, and produce body heat.
Circulation is
movement of substances from place to place in body fluids.
Examples of cells are
muscles cells and nerve cells.
Wrinkles are produced because
of decreased amounts of collagen, elastin, and subcutaneous fat.
Teeth can function to break solid foods because
of their shape.
Organisms are formed from
organ systems.
Cells are made of small structures called
organelles.
Reproduction is production of new
organisms and new cells.
Organ systems are formed from
organs.
One-fifth of air is
oxygen.
The visceral pericardium is separated by serous fluid from the
parietal pericardium.
The serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity is the
parietal pleura.
The space between the pericardial membranes is the
pericardial cavity.
The organs of the respiratory system are the nasal cavity
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The two anatomical terms meaning toward the back are
posterior and dorsal.
The peritoneal cavity is the
potential space between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum and is filled with serous fluid.
The structure of the heart includes
powerful, muscular walls that allow it to propel blood into blood vessels.
The application of force on an object is
pressure.
Examples of macromolecules are
proteins and DNA.
The anatomical term meaning closer to a specific point (point of attachment) is
proximal.
Heat helps to regulate
rates of metabolic reactions.
The shape of the mouth allows it to
receive food.
The three components of a homeostatic mechanism are
receptors, a control center, and effectors.
Excretion is
removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.
Effectors cause
responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.
A lengthwise cut that divides the body into left and right portions is called
sagittal.
The organs of the male reproductive system are
scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis.
Homeostatic mechanisms are
self-regulating mechanisms that maintain homeostasis.
Tissues are formed from
similar cells.
Examples of tissues are
simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue.
Examples of organs are
skin, femur, heart, and kidney.
The organs of the integumentary system are
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Impaired cell division
slows wound healing, yet at the same time, the inappropriate cell division that underlies cancer becomes more likely.
The position of the body in the anatomical position is
standing erect, with face forward, upper limbs at the sides, and palms facing forward.
The two anatomical terms meaning closer to the surface of the body are
superficial and peripheral.
The anatomical term meaning above another body part is
superior.
At first healers had to rely on
superstitions and notions about magic.
Scientific inquiry consists of
testing a hypothesis (an educated guess) and then rejecting or accepting it, based on the results of experiments or observations. Conclusions are then derived from the results. New hypotheses often arise from this evaluation of the results.
The heart valves ensure
that blood moves in the proper direction.
The two portions of the abdominopelvic cavity are
the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.
Homeostasis is
the body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
The organs of the nervous system are
the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs.
The cranial cavity houses
the brain.
Digestion is
the breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used.
Within humans the basic unit of structure and function is
the cell.
Within the axial portion the three major cavities are
the cranial cavity, thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
The internal environment of the body consists of
the fluid that surrounds our cells, extracellular fluid, and the cells themselves.
Atmospheric pressure is
the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air above it.
Organs located in the mediastinum are
the heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus gland.
The organism studied in this class is
the human.
The eleven organ systems of the human body are
the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, and reproductive systems.
Receptors provide information about specific conditions in
the internal environment.
The organs of the urinary system are
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The region between the lungs is
the mediastinum.
The organs of the digestive system are
the mouth, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine.
The organs of the muscular system are
the muscles of the body.
The four types of smaller cavities in the head are
the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, the orbital cavities, and the middle ear cavities.
The organs of the female reproductive system are
the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva.
Absorption is
the passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids.
The organs of the endocrine system are
the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland.
A recent anatomical discovery is
the planum temporale which enables us to locate sounds in space.
Respiration is
the process of obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods.
The body uses oxygen in
the process of releasing energy from nutrients.
Elderly people metabolize drugs at different rates than younger people because
the proportions of fat to water in tissues change as a person ages.
The vertebral canal houses
the spinal cord.
The organs of the abdominal cavity are
the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines.
Physiology is
the study of function of body parts.
Anatomy is
the study of structure of body parts including their forms and organization.
Metabolism is
the sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy.
Organs of the pelvic cavity are
the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.
Viscera are organs within
the thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities.
The appendicular portion includes
the upper and lower limbs.
Organs are formed from
tissues.
The major functions of the urinary system are
to filter wastes from the blood and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
The major functions of the endocrine system are
to produce hormones that regulate metabolism by stimulating target tissues.
The major functions of the reproductive system are
to produce, maintain, and transport sex cells.
The major functions of the integumentary system are
to protect underlying tissues, regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors, and synthesize various substances.
The major functions of the skeletal system are
to provide a framework, protect organs, provide attachments for muscles, to produce blood cells, and store inorganic salts.
The major functions of the cardiovascular system are
to pump blood and to carry blood to and from body parts. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
The major functions of the digestive system are
to receive food, break down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminate materials that are not absorbed.
The major functions of the nervous system are
to receive impulses from sensory parts, interpret sensory impulses, and act on sensory impulses by activating muscles or glands.
The major functions of the respiratory system are
to take in then release air and to exchange gases between the blood and the air.
The major functions of the lymphatic system are
to transport lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and to carry certain fatty substances away from digestive organs. Lymphocytes defend, the body against disease-causing agents.
A cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is called
transverse or horizontal.
The serous membrane that covers the heart's surface is the
visceral pericardium.
The serous membrane that covers each abdominal organ is the
visceral peritoneum.
The pleural cavity is the potential space between the
visceral pleura and the parietal pleura.
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the
visceral pleura.
Examples of molecules are
water and glucose.
The five requirements of life are
water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure.
The most abundant substance in the body is
water.
Preserved bones from children can reflect malnutrition because
when a child starves or suffers from severe infection, the ends of the bones stop growing.
Primitive people certainly suffered from occasional
aches and pains, injuries, bleeding, broken bones, and diseases.
The human body can be divided into
an axial portion and an appendicular portion.
An angular cut of a cylindrical organ is called
an oblique section.
Anatomy and Physiology are difficult to separate because
anatomical structures make possible their functions.
The two anatomical terms meaning toward the front are
anterior and ventral.
Chemicals consist of tiny particles called
atoms.
Alzheimer disease may be caused by a buildup of
beta-amyloid in the brain.
Examples of positive feedback include
blood clotting and child birth.
A type of hydrostatic pressure in the human is
blood pressure.
Movement is a change in
body position or body part position and motions of internal organs.
Growth is an increase in
body size.
The organs of the skeletal system are
bones, ligaments, and cartilage.
For humans atmospheric pressure plays an important role in
breathing.
Assimilation is
changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms.
All materials are made of
chemicals
The anatomical term for the opposite side is
contralateral.
A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is called
coronal or frontal.
