Introduction to Philosophy ch 6

Hume's division of human knowledge into relations of ideas and matters of fact, along with his insistence that every justifiable belief meet the standards of one or the other, has sometimes been referred to as __________

"Hume's fork."

The philosopher __________ believes that Western tradition has, for the most part, omitted the entire realm of emotions in the mainstream discussion regarding the nature of knowledge.

Alison Jaggar

Which philosopher believed that emotions motivate and guide our cognitive explorations, influence the knowledge we construct, and are instrumental in evaluating both its certainty and relevance?

Alison Jaggar

Which of the following conclusions was reached by Jean Piaget?

Although concepts exist as cognitive potentials in our genetic equipment, they need the ongoing stimulation of experience to reach their fully evolved state.

John Locke expressed his views in the influential work, __________, which had a dominant influence in philosophy and other fields in the eighteenth century.

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

In his essay "Appearance and Reality," __________ emphasized the significance of the philosophical distinction between what things seem to be and what they really are.

Bertrand Russell

What conclusion did David Hume reach concerning the principles of cause and effect and induction?

Both of these principles reflect custom and habit, not rational necessity.

Which of the following philosophers was a proponent of skepticism?

David Hume

Which philosopher believed that reality is the world we experience and that truth is knowledge of relations between ideas?

David Hume

One culture frowns upon emotional displays of affection, and its members are very reserved in public. A second culture views emotional displays of affection as important connections among people and encourages them. How would Alison Jaggar explain this difference?

Each culture tends to define an emotion—and its affiliated attitudes and behavior—in ways that are distinctive to that culture.

Two men standing together on the sidewalk witnessed a car accident. They gave the police two very different accounts of the accident. Which of the following would help explain why their accounts were so different?

Each man viewed the event through his specific "lenses," which shaped and influenced the information selected, the way the information was organized, and the interpretations of the event and the people involved.

For Kant, we constitute our world through the ongoing synthesis of the categories of our mind with the sensations of experience. How does this explain differing accounts of the same event by different people?

Each person views the event through his or her own perception, which shapes and influences the information received, how it is organized, and how it is interpreted.

__________ philosophers believe that genuine knowledge can only be achieved through our sense experience.

Empiricist

Which philosopher believed that reality is our perceptions and ideas and that truth is gaining knowledge of our mental ideas?

George Berkeley

Which philosopher defended an idealist position that maintains there exists no matter, only sensible objects, whose existence is to be perceived?

George Berkeley

Who was the major proponent of subjective idealism?

George Berkeley

George Berkeley argued for subjective idealism but finally concluded that the world reflects the laws of nature as perceived by whom?

God

Which philosopher believed that as people mature, their innate tendencies gradually evolve and become fully formed ideas through the mind's interaction with experience?

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

How was Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz's concept of intellectual development strikingly consistent with modern theories in developmental psychology and linguistics?

His concept said that as people mature, their innate tendencies gradually evolve and become fully formed ideas through the mind's interaction with experience.

David Hume's virulent skepticism posed a dire threat to the "new physics" of science being championed by Isaac Newton and others. Why?

If we are doomed to passively view the impressions and ideas presented to our minds, we might as well give up on discovering genuine and certain knowledge in any area of experience.

Which philosopher believed that reality is the world of experience that we actively construct and that we construct knowledge by applying the faculties of the mind to sense experience?

Immanuel Kant

Who attempted to synthesize the two competing schools of the modern period, rationalism and empiricism?

Immanuel Kant

Who was the major proponent of transcendental idealism?

Immanuel Kant

Why was Immanuel Kant's development of transcendental idealism termed a "Copernican revolution"?

In an analogous fashion, Kant reversed the traditional approach of epistemology, changing the entire perspective.

John Locke's epistemology encompasses a theory of perception that very much reflects the scientific worldview of __________, who saw the universe in mechanistic terms.

Isaac Newton

The research of developmental psychologist __________ in the twentieth century has provided an empirical foundation for Kant's philosophical analysis.

Jean Piaget

Which philosopher believed that reality is the world which causes our sensations and that truth is gaining knowledge of the world through mental ideas produced by empirical sensations?

John Locke

__________ postulated that humans are born with the innate mental structures that provide for the potential of language development.

Noam Chomsky

Kant makes a clear distinction between two types of reality: phenomenal and noumenal. What is the difference between them?

Phenomenal reality is the world as we constitute it and experience it. Noumenal reality is the world that exists beyond our perceptions.

Which of the following statements about the development of human language is true?

The particular language you learn to speak depends on your specific experiences.

Immanuel Kant makes a radical division between phenomenal reality and noumenal reality. Which of the following statements is true, according to Kant?

The reality that is outside of our experience is unknowable by us.

Which of the following statements about the view of self by Immanuel Kant is true?

The self is ultimately viewed as the synthesizing activity at our core.

Which of the following statements summarizes the epistemology of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz?

There are many things that we do seem to know innately, but experience and education are required for these ideas to fully develop.

On what premise did John Locke base his assertion that the rationalist argument of universality is flawed?

There are people who do not exhibit supposedly universal knowledge, such as "children and idiots."

The rationalist Descartes believed that truth can be discovered only by reason. Empiricist philosophers believed that all knowledge must come from experience. Despite these differences of opinion, on what point did all of these philosophers agree?

There is no way to prove that external reality actually exists independently of our experience of it.

One part of "Hume's fork," the relations of ideas, includes the principles of mathematics and logic as well as simple tautologies. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the relations of ideas?

They necessarily involve sense experience.

Which of the following expresses the central point of many recent feminist perspectives on epistemology?

Traditional epistemologies have been selective and biased in their analyses, giving inadequate treatment to theoretical voices that fall outside the mainstream.

George Berkeley's reasoning is the logical, if astonishing, extension of Locke's principles: Because all we know are the ideas we find presented to our conscious minds, then it follows that we can never know a material world that supposedly lies outside of our own personal experiences. Therefore, Berkeley concludes, all of the following are true except which one?

We use a "commonsense" belief in external objects.

Although beliefs are easy to come by, informed beliefs are much more difficult to find. What comprises an informed belief?

You have explored the subject, examined different points of view, evaluated the supporting reasons and evidence, and synthesized your analysis into a compelling and cogent conclusion.

John Locke asserted that the mind is ________, or tabula rasa, on which experience writes.

a blank slate

Immanuel Kant viewed the mind as ________ in constructing the world and our knowledge about it, while the empiricists had viewed the mind as _______.

an active agent; a passive agent

According to Immanuel Kant, why do people experience the same events and then register very different interpretations?

because people do think differently and because people have had different experiences that they draw on in interpreting their experiences

Along with attacking the possibility of knowing an external world, David Hume challenged which of the following principles?

both the principle of universal causation and the principle of induction

For John Locke and other ________, all human knowledge can ultimately be traced back to experiences we have had, transmitted through our five senses.

empiricists

According to David Hume, ________ refer to those phenomena directly experienced through the senses, and ________ are the product of our memory or imagination.

impressions; ideas

Locke emulates Descartes in concluding that ________ provides knowledge of ourselves, and ________ reveals the existence of God.

intuition; reason

John Locke analyzed the qualities of independent objects and how these qualities relate to the perceiving subject. He distinguished two types of physical qualities:

primary and secondary.

In the view of the world called __________, all opinions are equal in truth to all others.

relativism

In Jean Piaget's version of Kant's "categories," which he called ________, inherited cognitive structures evolve into more sophisticated forms through interaction with experience.

schemata

The Scottish philosopher David Hume espoused the views of __________, a school of thought that casts doubt on the possibility of achieving genuine knowledge.

skepticism

According to Jaggar, in addition to immediate feelings and intentional judgments, emotions are also constituted by the

social context in which they occur

"To be is to be perceived" is the cornerstone of George Berkeley's epistemology, which has come to be known as

subjective idealism.

For Immanuel Kant, the conflict between the evidence of real-world experience and the epistemological skepticism of various theories could mean only one thing:

the theories are profoundly flawed.

According to Immanuel Kant, how does science discover and construct knowledge of the world?

through the active use of the human mind in interaction with the data of experience

Kant's epistemology, called __________, describes truths about the world that are both necessary and universal.

transcendental idealism

Kant believed that there are ________ basic categories of the mind, and that one of the goals of metaphysics is to become familiar with these categories so that we can understand how they shape, organize, and constitute our orderly world.

twelve

In his essay on appearance and reality, Bertrand Russell states that there are two questions to be asked with respect to the table. First, is there a real table at all, and second, if there is a real table,

what sort of object can it be?

John Locke's theory of causal perception leads inevitably to questioning which of the following?

whether the external world actually exists