Introduction to Psychology

Functionalism is heavily influenced by the work of ___.

Charles Darwin

___ is the study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking.

Cognitive neuroscience

Today, Gestalt ideas are part of which branch of psychology?

Cognitive psychology

___ focuses on how people think, remember, store, and us information.

Cognitive psychology

Which professional has a doctorate degree and works with humans or animals in a variety of settings?

Psychologist

The psychodynamic perspective draws from the work of ___.

Sigmund Freud

If a researcher is observing a third grade classroom in full view of the students and finds that all the students are extremely quiet, polite, and attentive, what would the researcher most likely conclude?

The students' behavior is due to the observer effect.

___ is known as the "father of psychology."

Wilhelm Wundt

If there is ___ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug.

a placebo effect

Pavlov showed that ___ could be induced by a formerly unrelated stimulus.

a reflexive response

An institutional review board reviews ___.

a study's safety and consideration for the research participants

Evolutionary psychology looks at humans' aversion to bitter tastes as a(n) ___ behavior born of early humans' avoidance of poisonous plants.

adaptive

Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to ___.

all internal covert activity of our minds

John Watson believed that phobias __.

are learned through the process of conditioning.

From a ___ perspective, Anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.

biopsychological

Pia believes that she is an undercover CIA agent working for the President of the United States. Her delusions disappear, however, whenever she takes her psychotropic medication. Pia is most likely being treated by which of the following? a. a counseling psychologist b. a psychiatric social worker c. a psychiatrist d. a clinical psychologist

c. a psychiatrist

Psychologists in the counseling specialization ___.

must be licensed to practice in their states

Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as ___.

objective introspection

Wundt referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities as:

objective introspection

Experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using ___.

random assignment

According to B.F. Skinner, behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are ___.

reinforced

Scientists report their results even if an experiment failed because:

researchers studying the same things will gain from what has already been learned.

Biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause for ___.

schizophrenia

The belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as ____.

structuralism

The belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as:

structuralism

The view that objective introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations is known as ____.

structuralism

What is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?

studying long-term effects is much easier

In an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by:

using random assignment

___ are personal judgments based on beliefs rather than facts.

Biases

Gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan:

"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

The theory of operant conditioning was developed by:

B.F. Skinner

What did Watson believe about behavior?

Behavior is learned

What is a guideline for dealing with human research participants?

Data must remain confidential.

Which research method will allow researchers to determine the cause of a behavior?

Experiment

Which early perspective in psychology, associated with William James, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?

Functionalism

How does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism?

Humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives.

What is true about Gestalt psychology?

It focused on perception of patterns and whole figures.

Why was William James reluctant to accept Wundt's ideas regarding introspection and structuralism?

James felt that consciousness is an ever-changing phenomenon, and that it was not possible to objectively measure it without altering it.

Psychologists in the counseling specialization: a. make up the vast majority of psychological professionals b. are considered medical doctors c. must be licensed to practice in their states d. need no special training

c. must be licensed to practice in their states

Which of the following is true of doing research with people? a. for children, researchers need only the child's agreement in order to use them in a study b. researchers may share the names and information of participants with researchers conducting other studies c. sometimes people react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment d. the research is the highest priority

c. sometimes people react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiement

Which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans? a. animals handle pain and suffering much easier than humans b. researchers need not use anesthesia for surgery c. studying long-term effects is much easier d. there are no limits to what researchers can do with animals

c. studying long-term effects is much easier

The situation of Phineas Gage was perfect for a(n) ___.

case study

The largest subfield of psychology is ___.

clinical

The largest subfield of psychology is:

clinical

Harboring a belief that all male motorcyclists wear beards, then only noticing bearded motorcyclists is an example of ___.

confirmation bias

A(n) ___ is a measure of the relationship between two or more variables.

correlation

According to the behavioral perspective, a child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother's attention will __.

cry again in the future

Which of the following examples best illustrates the placebo effect? a. you hear strange noises in the house after watching a scary movie b. you become sleepy just after you begin studying c. you vomit after eating bad meat d. you drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated

d. you drink a non-alcoholic beverage that tastes like beer and begin to feel intoxicated

If deception is necessary, participants must then be __ after the study.

debriefed

Neither the participants nor the experimenter know if the participants are in the control or experimental group in a ____.

double-blind study

Freud believed that ___ experiences were the most important.

early childhood

In psychology, researchers try to find the answers to:

empirical questions

Only 40% of psychologists are ___.

employed in educational settings

Mary Cover Jones achieved counterconditioning with "Little Peter" by using:

food

When you make a prediction about the explanation for your observations, you are ___.

forming a hypothesis

The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is ___.

functionalism

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis:

is still in use by professionals today, with less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations.

If researchers find a relationship between students' grades and the number of hours they spend watching TV:

it still does not prove causation

The bystander effect says that people in a crowd are ___ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.

less likely to

Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from ___.

observer bias

Description involves ___ a person's behavior and noting everything about it.

observing

In measuring the effect of violent cartoons on childhood aggression, researchers must identify the ____ of "aggressive behavior".

operational definition

The first step in the scientific method is ___.

perceiving the question

By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that:

phobias could be learned through conditioning.

If a researcher finds the people's shoe sizes increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have a(n) ___.

positive correlation

A ___ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor.

psychiatrist

Critical thinking is ___.

the ability to make reasoned judgments

What is the main advantage of laboratory observation?

the degree of control it gives the researcher

The sociocultural perspective studies ___.

the effect people have one another, both individually and in a large group.

Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?

the evolutionary perspective

In an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is ___.

the presence or absence of caffeine

Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use ___ to study psychology.

the scientific method

In a negative correlation ____.

the two variables have an inverse relationship

If a correlation coefficient is positive, ____.

the two variables move in the same direction.

One drawback to the survey method is ___.

the way in which a question is worded can affect the answer

Freud proposed that there is a(n) _____ mind into which we repress threatening urges and desires.

unconscious