Introduction to Sociology- Chapters 16, 17, 18, 21- Test 2, chapter 16 introduction to sociology, Introduction to Sociology Chapter 16 Terms, Introduction to Sociology Chapter 16: Education, Sociology 1 Final, Introduction to Sociology- Chapters 16,...
Infant Mortality Rate
#Deaths of Infants / 1000 Live Births
High-income countries have less than ______ percent of the world's population while they are responsible for over ______ percent of the world's wealth.
20; 75
Which of the following people is most likely to be found at the bottom of the economic ladder in the United States?
A Mexican American woman
Which of the following is an example of a global commodity chain?
A car sold in Italy is built in France with parts manufactured in China using Japanese technology.
Mechanical Solidarity
A cohesiveness based on difference
Which of the following is an example of symbolic ethnicity?
A woman whose maternal grandparents came to the United States from Norway participates in a Norwegian folk dance group and bakes Norwegian pastries for special occasions.
Human Ecosystem
Any system of interdependent parts that involves human beings in interaction with one another and the physical environment
Which country was the site of the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, where thirty-five thousand people, representing 180 governments and seven thousand women's organizations, discussed the problems of women worldwide?
China
____________ is a pay-equity strategy based on the idea that men and women holding different jobs should be similarly compensated if the jobs require comparable skills, training, effort, and responsibility.
Comparable worth
What is a major difference between a traditional state and a nation-state?
Nation-states exercise a high level of control over a clearly defined territory, whereas traditional states often had weak control over poorly defined territories.
_________ can best be defined as a set of symbols and beliefs providing a sense of membership in a single political community.
Nationalism
With regard to migration, the dynamics within a country of origin that force people to emigrate, such as war, famine, or political oppression, are referred to as ________.
Push factors
The Three Stages of Demographic Transition Theory
Stage 1: High birthrate and high death rate Stage 2: High birthrate but a declining death rate Stage 3: Low birthrate and low death rate
How does the gender typing of jobs create a catch-22 situation for women as a group?
The fact that many female-dominated occupations are low-paying, require few skills, and offer few prospects for advancement serves to reinforce the notion that women are only suitable for lower-level jobs.
Radical feminists identify _______ as one of the primary sources of women's oppression.
The family
Functionalist Theory
Which theory holds that societies change from simple to complex and from an undifferentiated to a highly differentiated division of labor, the primary cause of social change are technological innovation and globalization make society more differentiated but still stable, and that individuals remain integrated into the whole because society seeks equilibrium
1. Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience? Question options: a. Differential association theory b. Strain theory c. Labeling theory d. Opaque theory
a
10. The United States Government is a form of: Question options: a. A bureaucracy b. A coercive organization c. A total institution d. A normative organization
a
10. What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States? Question options: a. The decline of the middle class b. The feminization of poverty c. The growth of the upper class d. The stagnation of wages for workers
a
11. GNI PPP, or gross national income divided by purchasing power parity, helps measure: Question options: a. The standard of living in a country. b. The average level of education per person in a country. c. The amount of inflation affecting a country's currency. d. The average global interest rates for loans.
a
11. Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled," and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to "live down" to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience? Question options: a. Symbolic interactionism b. Conflict theory c. Functionalism d. Feminist theory
a
12. The McDonalidization of Society refers to: Question options: a. The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions. b. The obesity epidemic that's rapidly sweeping the United States. c. The country's increasing dependence on fast food as a daily meal. d. The increasing popularity of McDonalds as a hang-out for youths.
a
15. Which court case decision allowed racial segregation in schools and private businesses? Question options: a. Plessy v. Furguson b. Brown v. the Board of Education c. Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia d. Roe v. Wade
a
19. When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as: Question options: a. Tracking b. Grade inflation c. Feminism d. Manifest function
a
democracy
a form of government that provides all citizens with an equal voice or vote in determining state policy
organic solidarity
a form of social cohesion that arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work
power elite
a small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States
Education
a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, skills and cultural norms .
structural unemployment
a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the jobs that are available
demographic transition
a term used to describe the change from high birthrates and death rates to low birthrates and death rates
assembling perspective
a theory of collective behavior introduced by McPhail and Miller that seeks to examine how and why people move from different points in space to a common location
1. During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. Question options: a. Socialization b. The looking glass self c. Resocialization d. Anticipatory socialization
a.
1. Which of the following best defines the term commodity?
a. *A physical object we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others.* b. An activity that benefits people, such as health care, education, and entertainment. c. An economic system which adheres to the principles of socialism. d. A benefit given to those who participate in the capitalist market.
7. The term xenophobia can best be defined as:
a. *An illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods.* b. A marketing campaign aimed at foreign countries selling American goods. c. A pronounced fear of globalization destroying one's job. d. A hatred of corporate America and the lobbying push.
18. Hitler was an example of what kind of authority?
a. *Charismatic* b. Rational-legal c. Traditional d. None of the above.
12. According to Neil Smelser, several conditions must be in place for _________________ to occur?
a. *Collective behavior* b. Effective interpretation c. Social revolt d. Singular protest
18. Which of the following is not a widely contributing factor in social change?
a. *Disease* b. Social institutions c. The environment d. Technology
8. Which sociologist studied the power elite, and wrote the book entitled Who Rules America?
a. *G. William Domhoff* b. C. Wright Mills c. Karl Marx d. Émile Durkheim
20. Which of the following is an example of convergence theory in action?
a. *Germany rebuilt its economy after World War II, creating more job opportunities and prosperity for its citizens. * b. Following the decline of the automotive industry, Detroit became a bankrupt city with large unemployment. c. The suburbs of Paris became crime-infested after wealthier citizens moved into the city, pushing the lower classes out of their homes. d. Washington DC has become a city to which many young people flock because of its low unemployment rate and job opportunities.
4. Which court case set the precedent for access to education within the United States for students with disabilities?
a. *Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia* b. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Brown v. the Board of Education
13. Keshawn used to work for an IT company in Baltimore, but lost his job when his company decided to use workers in New Delhi instead. This is an example of:
a. *Outsourcing* b. Polarization c. Automation d. The technology gap
11. Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled," and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to "live down" to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience?
a. *Symbolic interactionism* b. Conflict theory c. Functionalism d. Feminist theory
11. Which of the following is an example of a convergence cluster?
a. A crowd watching a performance of Hairspray b. *A group of friends traveling to New York City for the weekend* c. A crowd singing the National Anthem before an Orioles game d. A boat of people screaming after Jaws is spotted beside their boat
17. Please define representative democracy:
a. A form of government in which a small percentage of the population is represented by popular election, and the rest of the population is represented by those whose office is dependent upon noble birth. b. A government of a nation that recognizes monarchs but requires these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution. c. A form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group. d. *A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests.*
14. The term mercantilism can best be defined as:
a. An economic system in which there is private ownership (as opposed to state ownership) and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth. b. *When children tend to enter the same or similar occupation as their parents.* c. An economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges. d. An economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society.
18. In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____. Question options: a. An innovation b. A discovery c. A culture lag d. A cultural universal
a. An innovation
9. By 2009, America had suffered several consecutive quarters of economic decline. America was in the midst of a:
a. Capital rebuttal b. *Recession* c. Depression d. Economic sling-shot recovery
9. Which of the following is NOT a method used within the United States to produce educational equality?
a. Charter schools b. *Mandatory tutoring* c. Bussing d. Head Start
Max Weber, Georg Simmel, and Karl Marx were all advocates of: Question options: a. Conflict theory b. Structural functionalism c. Capitalism d. Symbolic interactionism
a. Conflict theory
2. Society and culture _____. Question options: a. Could not exist without each other b. Are unrelated c. Are the same thing d. Could not exist together
a. Could not exist without each other
20. Which sociologist saw political conflict as the only means of promoting positive change for the underprivileged?
a. G. William Domhoff b. C. Wright Mills c. *Karl Marx* d. Émile Durkheim
6. Many Americans pay for haircuts, trips to the dentist, or transportation on the metro and bus systems. These actions support the notion of capitalism, an example of _____. Question options: a. Non-material culture b. Material culture c. A cultural universal d. The counterculture
a. Non-material culture
15. From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a purpose of government?
a. Planning and directing society b. Meeting social needs c. Managing international relations d. *Lobbying for domestic corporate interests*
5. Which of the following is NOT a latent function of education?
a. Political and social integration b. Courtship c. Working in groups d. *Transmission of culture*
3. Traditional
a. Power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs
16. The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. which advocates for equal rights and marriage rights of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual citizens. The HRC is a ____ group:
a. Revolutionary b. *Reform* c. Religious/Redemptive d. Alternative
8. Davis is low on cash, but really wants an electric guitar. He offers to trade his acoustic guitar, for his friend Bill's electric guitar. Davis is engaging in:
a. Supply and demand b. Mercantilism c. Capitalism d. *Bartering*
9. Casual Crowd
a. people who share close proximity without really interacting
A technological determinist would argue that information technology changes the workplace by ____________.
allowing workers to move beyond time-consuming, repetitive tasks and devote more of their time to creative thinking and problem-solving
capitalism
an economic system in which there is private ownership (as opposed to state ownership) and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth
census
an enumeration, or counting, or a population
Hyperreality
an idea associated with Jean Baudrillard, who argued that as a result of spread electronic communication, there is no longer a separate "reality" to which TV programs and other cultural products refer.
public
an unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas
10. Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? Question options: a. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. b. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. c. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher. d. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon.
b
8. What is particularly unique about the United States middle class? Question options: a. It is the smallest class in the United States. b. It is broken into two subcategories: upper and lower middle class. c. The people who are middle class often have little to no education. d. The upper class are as likely to become members of the lower class as members of the lower class are likely to become members of the upper class.
b
8. Which of the following is not a branch of the U.S. Criminal Justice System? Question options: a. The police b. The jury c. The courts d. The corrections system
b
11. The term "value" can be defined as: Question options: a. The tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. b. A culture's standard for discerning what' good and just in society. c. Scripture found within the Bible. d. Federal laws and regulations.
b. A culture's standard for discerning what' good and just in society.
8. The term interpretive framework can be defined as: Question options: a. A basis for which sociologists determine whether their independent and dependent variables reflect the results. b. A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing. c. An established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions. d. Specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study
b. A sociological research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; this approach is not based on hypothesis testing.
6. Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological hypothesis? Question options: a. The more study halls students are given during the school day, the worse they perform on their tests. b. The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account c. The longer an inmate spends in prison, the more difficult it is for him to adapt to the outside world. d. The more positive reinforcement a parent gives a child, the better they do in school.
b. The more CDs Jamilla buys, the less money she has in her bank account
environmental racism
belief that disproportionate number of hazardous facilities(waste disposal and chemical plants) are placed in low-income areas primarily populated by people of color
2. Chris spent his days combing through garbage in New York City with his brothers and sisters. Sometimes he would find food, or something to sell for money. He never tried to overcome his lower-class status because he had seen his friends try and fail. So, he accepted his fate, and tried to live life as best he could in a closed society. Chris is an example of someone living under: Question options: a. A meritocracy b. A dictatorship c. A caste system d. An oligarchy
c
20. What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the United States? Question options: a. Racism b. Socioeconomic status c. All of the above d. None of the above
c
4. Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a: Question options: a. Positive informal sanction b. Negative informal sanction c. Positive formal sanction d. Negative formal sanction
c
7. Charlotte was born to a lower class family in rural Pennsylvania. After taking a job in the mail room of a large corporate office, Charlotte is slowly promoted through the ranks and becomes CEO of the company by the age of 50. What type of stratification is shown in this story? Question options: a. Structural mobility b. Intergenerational mobility c. Intragenerational mobility d. Downward mobility
c
15. Which of the following is an example of an unethical sociological research practice? Question options: a. Conducting a literature review prior to conducting an experiment b. Drawing conclusions from a study which the hypothesis did not predict c. Observing study participants without their consent d. Using a control group and an experimental group during observation
c. Observing study participants without their consent
12. Janet is visiting her childhood friend in the Hamptons. Janet wears ripped jeans and Chuck Taylors to an infamous "White" party. The majority of party-goers refuse to socialize with her. Janet is experiencing a form of ____. Question options: a. Formal sanction b. Xenocentricism c. Social control d. Ethnocentricity
c. Social control
5. A class of third graders is told that the assistant principal will be visiting their class to confirm their teacher's reports of bad behavior. When the principal visits, the students behave perfectly. This is an example of ________. Question options: a. The Authority Effect b. The Regressive Effect c. The Hawthorne Effect d. The Cognizant Effect
c. The Hawthorne Effect
12. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the American Sociological Association's code of ethics? Question options: a. To guarantee the safety of their participants b. To maintain value neutrality c. To ensure the financial gain of the researchers d. To foster professionally responsible scholarship in sociology
c. To ensure the financial gain of the researchers
According to Jeffrey Sachs, which of the following activities could help the world address the growing technology gap between rich and poor countries?
collaboration between universities in wealthy nations and those in poor countries on research projects conducted in and for the benefit of poor countries
19. Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of: Question options: a. The influences of a total institution b. The generalized other c. The influences of one's peer groups d. The hidden curriculum of schools
d
20. The term meritocracy is defined by the text as: Question options: a. A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. b. The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation. c. The authoritarian devalue of an employee. d. A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.
d
3. What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? Question options: a. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. b. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. c. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. d. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.
d
5. Which of the following is NOT a latent function of education? Question options: a. Political and social integration b. Courtship c. Working in groups d. Transmission of culture
d
5. Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society? Question options: a. Karl Marx b. Carl Sagan c. Émile Durkheim d. C. Wright Mills
d
6. Grace works in at an advertising agency. Grace's coworkers help her complete presentations, contact clients, and assist her with research. Her coworkers are serving a(n): Question options: a. Expressive function b. Intrinsic function c. Elementary function d. Instrumental function
d
6. In the article The Uses of Poverty, Herbert Gans argues that it is unlikely poverty will ever go away because_____. Question options: a. poverty is inherent to all societies. b. there is no way to replace the functions that the poor serve. c. the poor are unwilling to do the work required to get themselves out of poeverty. d. replacing the functions of the poor would be at the expensive of the wealthy.
d
6. Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education? Question options: a. Socialization b. Social control c. Social placement d. Social networks
d
2. Erik Erikson's theory explains: Question options: a. Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand-ins that provided food. b. How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality. c. When human moral development begins in an individual. d. How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.
d.
19. Kevin conducted a study on whether the length of the line at a local Starbucks affected how well the customers enjoyed their coffee after receiving it. Malcolm conducted the study at his local Starbucks, and found the same results. Kevin's study had a high level of _____. Question options: a. Literacy b. Validity c. Interpretation d. Reliability
d. Reliability
Achievement Gap
disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status.
Education is key to reducing global poverty because __________.
educated people tend to have fewer children, which can help slow population growth and the strains it puts on a country's resources
Mediated Interaction
interaction between individuals who are not physically in one another's presence- for example, a telephone conversation.
Pluralism is a model of ethnic relations in which ________________.
numerous ethnic cultures live separately yet participate in the larger society's economic and political life
In world-systems theory, a core country is one that __________.
obtains raw materials from core countries to make finished goods that it sells at a profit
social constructionist theory
social movement is an interactive, symbolically defined and negotiated process that involves participants , opponents, and bystanders
growth rate
the difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants, per 1,000 population
sovereignty movement
the effort by the indigenous people of Hawai'i to win self-government, as well as the restoration of-or compensation for- their ancestral land
credentialism
the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill has attained a certain level of education or has met certain job qualifications
birthrate
the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year, also known as the crude birthrate
infant mortality rate
the number or deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in a given year
economic system
the social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
social epidemiology
the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population
hidden curriculum
the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission
social placement
the use of education to improve one's social standing
color-blind racism
the use of the principal of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
terrorism
the use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims
Cultural transmission
the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture.
holistic medicine
therapies in which the health care practitioner considers the person's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics
frame alignment process
using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement
Human capital theorists explain the gender pay gap by arguing that _________.
women seek less-demanding jobs that require little personal investment in training or skills acquisition—and therefore that pay less—so they can have more time to devote to domestic responsibilities
Sex Ratio
#Males / #Females x 100
Infants are _____ times more likely to die at birth in low-income countries.
13
Which of the following is an example of "doing gender"?
A man riding on the subway offers his seat to a young woman who boards; she smiles, says thank you, and sits down.
Which of the following is an example of an external risk?
A parasite that attacks wheat crops
Modernization
A process of social and cultural change initiated by industrialization and followed by increased social differentiation and division of labor
While many people complain about their jobs, work provides a number of things, besides a paycheck, that are important to people's lives, such as __________.
A sense of self worth
In the context of religion, disestablishment refers to _______.
A weakening of the political influence of an established religion or religions
Which of the following is an example of work or a transaction in the informal economy?
A woman watches her friend's children for an afternoon in exchange for help with her tax forms.
Cohort
Consists of all the people born within a given period of time
Demographic Transition Theory
Countries pass through a consistent sequence of population patterns linked tot he degree of development in the society, ending with relatively low birthrates and death rates. The population level will eventually stabilize
Which of the following Latino groups has seen two major waves of immigrants, with members of the second wave forming the bulk of the "working class" for members of the first wave?
Cubans
As it has become unacceptable in American society to openly express racist views, some scholars claim that a "new racism" is on the rise, which focuses on _______ between groups rather than _________.
Cultural differences; biological ones
A _______ is a religious decree or judgment issued by a recognized Islamic legal authority.
Fatwa
Macrochanges
Gradual transformations that occur on a broad scale and affect many aspects of society
Population Pyramids
Graphic depictions of the age and sex distribution of a given population at a point in time
Sociologists who study religion are particularly concerned with _________.
How religion is socially constructed by people
According to law professor Amy Chua, why does the introduction of democracy to countries that have been ruled or dominated by an ethnic minority sometimes lead to more rather than less ethnic conflict?
In such situations there is often a severe backlash against the dominant ethnic minority by the ethnic majority who are eager to claim all the country's political and economic power for themselves and punish their former oppressors.
Credentialism
Less emphasis on official curriculum. Derives need for degrees to determine merit.
Which feminist perspective focuses primarily on establishing and protecting equal opportunities for women through legislation and other democratic means?
Liberal feminism
Why are many women reluctant to report sexual harassment?
Many women fear they will be subject to some kind of retaliation.
Which of the following statements comes from a functionalist perspective?
Religion promotes social cohesion by encouraging people to commit to a set of values and beliefs that bind them together and strengthen their collective conscience.
Conflict Theory
Which theory holds that conflict is inherent in social relations, and society changes from a class-based to a classless society, economic inequality drives social change, and that individuals are faced wth conflict, but the powerless may organize to drive social change
1. Elisa graduated from college with a double major and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa society. She was then offered a job in New York where she worked 12 hours a day and produced excellent results. Within two years she had over 100 employees working under her. Elisa's hard work was rewarded with a raise and a bonus. This form of promotion is based on the principles of: Question options: a. A meritocracy b. A democracy c. A caste system d. A closed stratification system
a
6. The term crime can be defined as: Question options: a. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. b. A harmful action directed at the authorities. c. A sequence of events leading to incarceration. d. An unintended consequence of necessary action.
a
8. The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as: Question options: a. A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission. b. The course objectives teachers incorporate into their syllabi after the semester has started. c. The emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications. d. The unexpected subjects students take an interest in after being exposed to experts in the field.
a
motivational framing
a call to action
A manufactured risk is ___________.
a danger created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world
mental illness
a disorder of the brain that disrupts a person's thinking, feeling, and ability to interact with others
crowd
a fairly large number of people who share close proximity
laissez-faire
a form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government intervention in the economy
monarchy
a form of government headed by a single member of a royal family, usually a king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler
oligarchy
a form of government in which a few individuals rule
monarchy
a form of government in which a single person (a monarch) rules until that individual dies or abdicates the throne
dictatorship
a form of government in which a single person (or a very small group) wields complete and absolute authority over a government or populace after the dictator rises to power, usually through economic or military might
stigma
a label used to devalue members of certain social groups
flash mob
a large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time
environmental justice
a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjective disproportionately to environmental hazards
environmental refugee
a person who has been displaced by rising seas, destructive storms, expanding deserts, water shortages, or high levels of toxic pollutants
emergent norm theory
a perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior
Jeffrey Sachs defines a technology innovator as__________.
a region that provides most of the world's technological inventions
mass
a relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity
IQ (intelligence quotient)
a score attained on tests of symbolic or reasoning abilities.
In addition to creating efficiencies in industrial production, what major change did Taylorism bring to the workplace?
a shift in control over knowledge of the production process from workers to managers
social movement organization
a single social movement group
Oligopoly can best be defined as ________.
a situation in which a small group of large corporations controls production and sales in a particular market
population pyramid
a special type of bar chart that shows the distribution of a population by gender and age
underemployment
a state in which a person accepts a lower paying, lower status job than his or her education and experience qualifies him or her to perform
market socialism
a subtype of socialism that adopts certain traits of capitalism, like allowing limited private ownership or consulting market demand
disaster
a sudden or disruptive event or set of events that overtaxes a community's resources, so that outside aid is necessary
Henry Ford was among the first to realize that being able to mass produce standardized commodities is not of much use without _________.
a sufficiently large consumer base able to buy the commodities
depression
a sustained recession across several economic sectors
evolutionary theory
a theory of social change that holds that society is moving in a definite direction
resource mobilization theory
a theory that explains social movements' success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals
patrimonialism
a type of authority wherein military and administrative actions enforce the power of the master
pluralist model
a view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant
elite model
a view of society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
19. When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as:
a. *Tracking* b. Grade inflation c. Feminism d. Manifest function
Climate Change
The systematic increase in world-wide surface temperatures and the resulting ecological change
How has Fordism been turned on its head in the current era of capitalist economic production?
There has been a shift from standardization to customization; companies now must be more flexible and provide consumers with greater variety and choice while still producing things quickly, efficiently, and cost-effectively.
16. Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
a. Set precedent for universal access to education in the United States
6. Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education?
a. Socialization b. Social control c. Social placement d. *Social networks*
3. During what time period did economies begin to develop globally?
a. The Industrial Revolution b. The Post-Industrial Revolution c. *The Agricultural Revolution* d. The Information Age
2. The anti-drug campaign in the 1980's encouraged students to "just say no" to put an end to drug use and drug violence. Which type of framing did this campaign use?
a. Diagnostic b. *Motivational* c. Referential d. Prognostic
abstract and concrete attitudes
abstract attitudes are ideas that are consistent with mainstream societal views, while concrete attitudes are ideas that are based on actual experience.
No Child Left Behind Act
an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding
medical model
an approach in which medical experts define illness or disease, determine and control the course of treatment, and even affect patients' views of themselves
labeling theory
an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engage in the same behavior are not
human ecology
an area of study that is concerned with the inter-relationships between people and their environment
capitalism
an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
communism
as an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce
value-added theory
assumes that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement (smelser 1963)
14. In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of _______. Question options: a. An entry test that must be passed b. A degradation ceremony c. A graduation ceremony d. An exit test that must be passed
b
13. A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. Question options: a. Functionalist b. Symbolic interactionist c. Feminist d. Conflict theorist
b. Symbolic interactionist
Sociology is defined as the: a. Qualitative analysis of human phenomenon. b. Systematic study of society and social interaction. c. Quantitative analysis of social transgressions. d. Theoretical examination of lif's origins.
b. Systematic study of society and social interaction.
20. The term institutionalization can be defined as: Question options: a. The idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit. b. The act of implanting a convention or norm into society. c. A status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income. d. Responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society.
b. The act of implanting a convention or norm into society.
8. Acting Crowd
b. crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal
9. Solomon Asch concluded that one reason people conform to a group is because they believe: Question options: a. They are too weak to decide for themselves. b. The group is better informed than they are. c. Dissent is a form of weakness. d. Large groups never make mistakes.
b
11. Miguel is doing a research paper on New York City's Stone Wall riots of 1969. He visits the scene of the riots, interviews people who were there, reads the police reports of the event, and watches video footage. Miguel is conducting a(n) ______. Question options: a. Overview b. Case study c. Experiment d. Data analysis
b. Case study
20. In order to better understand the sorority pledging process at her university for her sociology thesis, Carmen pledges with a popular sorority. This is an example of _____. Question options: a. Literature review b. Participant observation c. Secondary data analysis d. Dependent variables
b. Participant observation
8. It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory? Question options: a. Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development b. George Herbert Mead's theory of self-development c. Nature vs. Nurture d. Freud's theory of self-development
c
4. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes? Question options: a. When they are born. b. When they first go to school. c. In their teenage years. d. After they graduate from college.
c.
7. Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______. Question options: a. Achieved status b. The Thomas Theorem c. Ascribed status d. The looking-glass self
c. Ascribed status
15. Brown v. the Board of Education
c. Declared that state laws that had established separate schools for black and white students were unequal and unconstitutional
9. Which of the following is an example of cultural relativism? Question options: a. Ingrid becoming upset over the course language used in the Australian Outback. b. Andy marrying a woman who does not practice his religion, though his parents disprove. c. Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying. d. Joseph protesting the Running of the Bulls while visiting Pamplona.
c. Helena putting aside her vegetarianism to eat meals with the local tribe she is studying.
7. Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? Question options: a. Putting your cell phone on silent during a Broadway production b. Holding hands with your best friend c. Incest taboos d. Marrying the partner whom your parents have chosen for you
c. Incest taboos
____ believed that societies grew and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production. Question options: a. Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Karl Marx d. Comte
c. Karl Marx
19. Charles Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self hypothesizes that: Question options: a. Self-esteem is directly correlated with body image. b. The media encourages society to base their appearances on visible public figures. c. People base their images on how they think other people see them. d. Personal identity isn't influenced by outside social forces.
c. People base their images on how they think other people see them.
4. Charismatic
c. Power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities
18. Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method? Question options: a. Research existing sources b. Report results c. Receive corroboration from the field d. Formulate a hypothesis
c. Receive corroboration from the field
Verstehen is defined by the text as: Question options: a. To maintain a moral conscience. b. To compare and contrast social facts. c. To understand in a deep way. d. To require proof of interpretation.
c. To understand in a deep way.
7. Conventional Crowd
c. people who come together for a regularly scheduled event
9. According to the article Islands of Meaning, the categories we use to make sense of the world are __________. Question options: a. reflective of objective reality b. reflective of distinctions that naturally exist c. reflective of socially constructed distinctions
c. reflective of socially constructed distinctions
Sorting
classifying students based on academic merit or potential
sorting
classifying students based on academic merit or potential
war
conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons
monopoly
control of a market by a single business firm
acting crowds
crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal
expressive crowds
crowds who share opportunities to express emotions
cultural capital
cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture
1. Sandy is standing in line for Kanye West tickets. The line wraps around the block, spilling into the streets and crowding store windows. Sandy is part of a(n): Question options: a. Dyad b. Triad c. In-group d. Aggregate
d
10. Education is important to society because: Question options: a. It teaches children facts about the world in which they live. b. It teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain social graces. c. It teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-on-one situations. d. All of the above
d
11. Social control is: Question options: a. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. b. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. c. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms
d
11. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy: Question options: a. Clear division of labor b. Impersonality c. Explicit rules d. Personality-based promotion
d
12. In 2008 the United States, as well as the rest of the world, felt the effects of the recession. After the collapse of the housing market, people lost their jobs and they quit spending money. Many people could not afford their mortgages anymore and their homes went into foreclosure. For many people, it was a time of __________. Question options: a. Social stratification b. Social inconsistency c. Horizontal mobility d. Downward mobility
d
13. Which sociologist studied how cultural capital helps an individual navigate their culture? Question options: a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Pierre Bourdieu
d
14. The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: Question options: a. Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain. b. Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. c. People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way. d. Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.
d
15. A famous socialite is court-ordered to enter a rehabilitation center to eliminate her drug addiction. The socialite is about to become a member of a: Question options: a. Voluntary organization b. Paparazzi organization c. Utilitarian organization d. Coercive organization
d
17. Which of the features of McDonaldization is being described in the following scenario? "The results of searches on online dating sites are based on predefined algorithms and formulas that the site uses. Some sites provide daily suggestions of potential partners and these are sent without the user being asked. Most sites also automatically strip out real email addresses from any communications between users which forces people to use the dating website to communicate." Question options: a. Efficiency b. Calculability c. Predictability d. Control e. Irrationality of rationality
d
17. Whose work do conflict theorists rely on to help form their arguments surrounding social stratification? Question options: a. Auguste Comte b. Émile Durkheim c. René Decartes d. Karl Marx
d
19. Symbolic interactionists have come to the conclusion that: Question options: a. Most people do not care about social rank and standing. b. Only lower class people drink beer. c. Only upper class people can enjoy a good game of polo. d. Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.
d
9. The term secondary deviance can be defined as: Question options: a. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. b. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. c. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. d. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.
d
2. Reliability is defined by the text as: Question options: a. How well the study measures what it was designed to measure. b. How long a study is expected to remain relevant and influential. c. How close the study's results come to the experimenter's hypothesis. d. A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.
d. A measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced.
15. As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: Question options: a. Collective norms are weakened. b. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. c. Specialization of labor lead to alienation. d. All of the above
d. All of the above
8. Functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: Question options: a. An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated b. Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion c. The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality d. An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy
d. An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy
2. Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. Question options: a. Functionalism b. Symbolic Interactionism c. Institutionalism d. Conflict Theory
d. Conflict Theory
Which theorist claimed that people rise to their proper level in society based solely on personal merit? Question options: a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Herbert Spencer d. Emile Durkheim
d. Emile Durkheim
3. Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds the country quite unlike the United States. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of _______. Question options: a. Paradigms b. Xenocentrism c. Moral relativism d. Ethnocentrism
d. Ethnocentrism
Definition of C. Wright Mills' sociological imagination. Question options: a. The theory that man evolved slowly over time. b. The process of analyzing human behavior based solely on statistics. c. A series of interviews asking subjects about their sleep habits and dreams. d. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.
d. How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.
14. Kyle is collecting newspaper clippings from his grandfather about the American public's perception of World War II. This is an example of ______. Question options: a. Tertiary data b. Interactive data c. Primary data d. Secondary data
d. Secondary data
1. Alexis wants to research the 1960's feminist movement. She reads articles from the time period, watches documentaries, reads scholarly journals on the topic, and interviews influential women from the movement. What kind of research method is Alexis using? Question options: a. Ethnography b. Surveys c. Experiments d. Secondary data analysis
d. Secondary data analysis
16. Thomas wants to better understand the trends in literacy rates in Baltimore city over the past 50 years using Baltimore city data. What type of research should Thomas conduct? Question options: a. A survey b. Field research c. An experiment d. Secondary data analysis
d. Secondary data analysis
According to Berger, what kind of person will make a good sociologist? (Invitation to Sociology) Question options: a. Someone who is very good at statistics and working with numbers. b. Someone who is dedicated to making the world a better place. c. Someone who also has a strong background in social work and psychology. d. Someone who is curious about both unusual and mundane aspects of social life.
d. Someone who is curious about both unusual and mundane aspects of social life.
4. Xenocentrism is: Question options: a. The opposite of cultural relativism b. The opposite of cultural universalism c. The same as cultural imperitivism d. The opposite of ethnocentrism
d. The opposite of ethnocentrism
1. A server at a restaurant is in the kitchen complaining bitterly about a rude customer they have seated in their section. When the food is ready for the table, the server picks it up and brings it out to the table, politely asking the customers if they need anything else. In this scenario, which idea from dramaturgy does the kitchen represent? (The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life) Question options: a. a front b. the promissory nature of interactions c. sign vehicles d. back stage
d. back stage
10. Expressive Crowd
d. crowds who share opportunities to express emotions
Tracking
dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of assumed similarities in ability or attainment.
4. When Goffman says that the impressions we give off during interactions have a moral character, he means that ______. Question options: a. people are generally being deceitful when they engage in impression management. b. sign vehicles can always tell us who is faking and who is being real if we pay close enough attention. c. only people who do not have to hide a social stigma can reach an appropriate definition of the situation. d. the impressions we give to others imply claims and promises as to who we are and how we will behave.
d. the impressions we give to others imply claims and promises as to who we are and how we will behave.
informal education
education that involves learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society
precarious work
employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected
subsistence farming
farming where farmers grow only enough to feed themselves and their families
resource mobilization theory
focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause
Mass Media
forms of communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, designed to reach mass audiences.
Neoliberalism refers to a set of economic policies grounded in the notion that _________.
free-market forces, protected by eliminating government regulation, provide the only path to economic growth
politics
in Harold Lasswell's words, "who gets what, when, and how"
democracy
in a literal sense, government by the people
collective behavior
in the view of sociologist Neil Smelser, the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reacting to a common influence in an ambiguous situation
What type of inequality is masked by comparing the per-person gross national income (GNI) of different countries?
inequality between people within a given country
authority
institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised
religious/redemptive movements
movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals
affirmative action
positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
institutionalization stage
organizational structure develops, paid staff begins to lead group, organizational members may become disillusioned and drop out
coalescence stage
people begin to organize and to publicize the problem
conventional crowds
people who come together for a regularly scheduled event
Cultural Navigators
people who draw from both their home culture and mainstream culture to create an attitude that allows them to succeed.
casual crowds
people who share close proximity without really interacting
What are some of the major factors that have produced social change throughout time?
political organization, culture, physical environment
charismatic authority
power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers
rational-legal authority
power made legitimate by law
vital statistics
records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government units
downsizing
reductions taking in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization
civil disobedience
refers to nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it nonviolent direct action(ex: boycotts, hunger strikes, sit-ins, demonstrations, marches)
recession
two or more consecutive quarters of economic decline
No Child Left Behind Act
requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding.
alternative movements
seek limited change in a specific aspect of peoples behavior
revolutionary movements
seek to bring about a total change in society
reform movements
seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure
resistance movements
seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occured
religious movements
seek to produce radical change based on spiritual or supernatural beliefs
Latent functions
unintended and less obvious consequence of some element of society
What does the existence of the "two-spirit" in certain Native American cultures help teach us about gender?
that gender roles are socially constructed and can vary from one context to another
Credentialism
the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications.
Universal access
the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system
universal access
the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system
influence
the exercise of power through a process of persuasion
equilibrium model
the functionalist view that society tends toward a state of stability or balance
Dependent development refers to ____________.
the idea that poor countries can develop economically under certain circumstances, but only in ways shaped by their reliance on wealthier countries
formal education
the learning of academic facts and concepts
Formal education
the learning of academic facts and concepts.
fertility
the level of reproduction in society
life expectancy
the median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions
modernization
the process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies
demography
the scientific study of population
deindustrialization
the systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants
Democratic elitism refers to ___________.
the theory that bureaucracy is necessary for the smooth functioning of a large-scale society, but must be counterbalanced by imaginative and effective political leaders, and that the existence of multiple political parties serves as a check on both bureaucrats and politicians
offshoring
the transfer of work to foreign contractors
Communication
the transmission of information from one individual to another.
ecofeminism
theory and approach based on belief that patriarchy is also a root cause of environmental problems
collective behavior
voluntary, often spontaneous activity engaged in by large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values
preliminary stage
widespread unrest, people begin to become aware of a problem
automation
workers being replaced by technology
riot
violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions, but not directed at one specific target
totalitarianism
virtually complete government control and surveillance over all aspects of a society;s social and political life
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Which theory holds that social change occurs when new meaning systems develop around people's behaviors and attitudes, the primary cause of social change being changes in people's attitudes and beliefs drive social change, and that people have to adapt to new understandings that emerge from social change
13. Peer groups are important to adolescents because: Question options: a. They help to develop a sense of identity separate from adolescents' parents. b. They provide the second major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. c. They rank higher in importance to adolescents' than parental influence. d. They help exert dependence among adolescents.
a
13. Since the social classes in the United States do not have any clear boundaries, how is a sociologist supposed to determine whether their subjects are in the upper class or the upper-middle class? Question options: a. Upper class is often defined as having control over one's life and the lives of people around you, while the upper-middle class is often defined as having control only over one's own life. b. The upper class is split into "old money" and "new money" people, while the upper-middle class simply struggles to maintain its wealth. c. All upper class people enjoy opera and have been bred for their stations while the upper-middle class consists mostly of newly wealthy people who may not have had the same kind of upbringing. d. In the upper class, everyone knows everyone, but in the upper-middle class, the people do not comingle.
a
15. A person's position in a country's social stratification is determined by: Question options: a. Wealth, power, income, race, education b. GNI PPP, GDP, GNI, the PRB, and standards of living c. Clothes, accessories, hobbies, shoes, and number of credit cards d. Prestige, family, legal records, occupation, and favorite food
a
16. Which technique of neutralization is being described in the following scenario? (Situational Ethics and College Student Cheating) Question options: Brad was unable to get the books for his English class before the first quiz because Amazon.com was late in delivering them, even though he ordered the books a week before classes started. He tried to get copies of the books from the library but they were already checked out, and none of his classmates would loan him a copy. Because he was unable to do the assigned readings before the quiz, he felt he had no choice but to look at a classmates answers to make sure that he passed the first quiz. a. Denial of Responsibility b. Appeal to Higher Loyalties c. Condemnation of the Condemners d. Denial of Injury e. Denial of the Victim
a
17. Joseph and Paula are excited to welcome their child into the world. They cannot wait to pass on all their knowledge, insight, and rich culture. Just as their parents gave them guidance and showed them how to live, Joseph and Paula will continue the chain by handing down their societal values and thus, sustain the society they love so much. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Question options: a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Feminist Theory
a
18. Hope is desperate for the new designer purse that she saw while window shopping at her local mall. She knew every girl in school would covet her bag and wish to be like her. When she walked in, she whipped out her credit card, and purchased the $5,000 bag. This kind of purchasing is called: Question options: a. Conspicuous consumption b. Popular consumerism c. Designer consumerism d. Credit card consumerism
a
19. In the 2010 film, The Social Network, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was portrayed as a leader who was goal-oriented, issuing orders and assigning tasks. Which of the following leadership styles did Zuckerberg likely use? Question options: a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Oligarchy
a
2. What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? Question options: a. A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. b. A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships. c. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships. d. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function.
a
20. Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? Question options: a. Carol Gilligan b. Erik Erikson c. Sigmund Freud d. Lawrence Kholberg
a
4. Cate is the daughter of a Senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n)___________ marriage. Question options: a. Exogamous b. Traditional c. Endogamus d. Unconventional
a
4. Which court case set the precedent for access to education within the United States for students with disabilities? Question options: a. Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia b. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Brown v. the Board of Education
a
6. What type of child-rearing approach is characterized by multiple activities organized by adults, reasoning with children, and encouragement to interact assertively with authority figures? (Unequal Childhoods) Question options: a. concerted cultivation b. accomplishment of natural growth
a
7. Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was: Question options: a. Necessary; it challenged people's views. b. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior. c. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored. d. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel.
a
7. Émile Durkheim's much lauded study of suicide is important to the field of sociology in many ways. One of the most influential impacts was: Question options: a. It defined the differences between sociology and psychology b. It allowed psychology and sociology to merge into one field. c. It showed the psychological reasons for suicide to be a lie. d. It earned Émile Durkheim the title "Father of Sociology" so that other sociologists would have a role model.
a
one person, one vote
a concept holding that each person's vote should be counted equally
According to sociologist Talcott Parsons' ideas about different family members filling different roles, which of the following activities describes the filling of an instrumental role?
a father working to provide for his family's physical needs—food, clothing, shelter
Head Start program
a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status
representative democracy
a form of government in which individuals are selected to speak for the people
oligarchy
a form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group
mechanical solidarity
a form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies
mercantilism
a form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies
mutualism
a form of socialism under which individuals and cooperative groups exchange products with one another on the basis of mutually satisfactory contracts
tracking
a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities
value-added theory
a functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur
World Information Order
a global system of communication operating through satellite links, radio and TV transmission, and telephone and computer links.
dictatorship
a government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforce laws
representative democracy
a government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests
politics
a means of studying a nation's or group's underlying social norms as values as evidenced by its political structure and practices
collective behavior
a noninstitutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage
Global Village
a notion with Marshall McLuhan, who believed that the world has become like a small community as a result of the spread of electronic communication.
culture lag
a period of maladjustment when the non material culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions
authority
a power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate
career inheritance
a practice where children tend to enter the same or similar occupation as their parents
outsourcing
a practice where jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country
global assembly lines
a practice where products are assembled over the course of several international transactions
polarization
a practice where the differences between low-end and high-end jobs become greater and the number of people in the middle levels decreases
bartering
a process where people exchange one form of goods or services for another
social movement
a purposefully organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal
global warming
a significant rise in the earth's surface temperatures that occurs when industrial gases like carbon dioxide turn the planet's atmosphere into a virtual greenhouse
power elite
a small group of powerful people who control much of a society
education
a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms
industrial society
a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
convergence theory
a sociological theory to explain how and why societies move toward similarity over time as their economies develop
A welfare state can be defined as ________.
a system in which government organizations provide material benefits for those who cannot support themselves adequately through paid employment
crowd
a temporary gathering of people in close proximity who share a common focus or interest
fad
a temporary pattern of behavior that involves large numbers of people and is independent of preceding trends
A strike can best be defined as ______.
a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees to express a grievance or enforce a demand
false consciousness
a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective patterns
emergent-norm perspective
a theory of collective behavior proposed by Turner and Killian that holds that a collective definition of appropriate or inappropriate behavior emerges during episodes of collective behavior
new social movement theory
a theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories
assembling perspective
a theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action
5. George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows: Question options: a. Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage b. Game stage, play stage, generalized other stage, preparatory stage c. Preparatory stage, game stage, play stage, generalized other stage d. Generalized other stage, preparatory stage, play stage, game stage
a.
14. Over the past decades, the turnout of minority voters has:
a. *Steadily increased* b. Remained unchanged c. Steadily decreased d. Slowly decreased
13. The term value neutrality is defined by the text as: Question options: a. A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results. b. The study of evolving ethics and morals in relation to sociological research. c. A systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand. d. A study's participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population.
a. A practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results.
17. The concept anomie can be defined as: Question options: a. A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness. b. How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group. c. A person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests. d. When one or more of an individual's roles clash.
a. A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.
Which of the following men coined the term positivism, and is widely considered the father of sociology? Question options: a. Auguste Comte b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Emile Durkheim
a. Auguste Comte
5. The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because: Question options: a. Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities. b. Societies began to form where rainfall was plentiful; groups were able to cultivate plants instead of living nomadic lifestyles. c. Tribes became nomadic, traveling to various locations in search of sustenance. d. Animals were first domesticated as a resource for survival.
a. Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities.
13. Neil Smelser's theory of crowd behavior is referred to as ______ theory:
a. Crowd intonation b. Immersed socialization c. Assembling d. *Value-added*
4. Quincia is studying how of the lack of comprehensive sex education is affecting a small, rural town in North Dakota. She spends two months in the town, observing and interviewing the townspeople. Quincia is conducting a(n) _____. Question options: a. Ethnography b. Case study c. Experiment d. Secondary data analysis
a. Ethnography
9. Tyson is researching whether actors on prime-time television and hit movies negatively impact teenagers' body images. He is going undercover at a local high school to observe and participate with the students to better understand the world they live in. Tyson is conducting which research method? Question options: a. Field research b. Surveys c. Experiments d. Secondary data analysis
a. Field research
10. Which of the following is an example of nonreactive research? Question options: a. Gathering data from government studies b. Educating classrooms on the necessities of safe sex c. Interviewing heroin addicts and providing them with clean needles d. Volunteering at a local food bank and interacting with homeless persons
a. Gathering data from government studies
Which of the following is an example of sociological imagination? (Sociological Imagination) Question options: a. In thinking about how he met his girlfriend, Kelvin realizes that what he thought was the happy coincidence of being at the same bar at the same time was actually not just random chance. Both he and his (now) girlfriend lived within walking distance of the bar, had the same 9-5 work schedule that left them free to visit a bar in the evening, and had graduated from the same college which gave them a similar group of friends and life experiences which made them feel like they had a lot in common. b. Mary began noticing a pattern in when she was likely to be asked out when she went out on the weekends. When she had an even number of girlfriends with her, she was unlikely to be asked out. But when she had an odd number of girlfriends with her, she was asked out much more frequently. She therefore concluded that if women anywhere want to have better success on the dating market, all they have to do is always go out with an odd number of girlfriend c. Debi can't figure out why her boss never comes in on time. After a while began inquiring among co-workers and found out that her boss was also late to meetings once she was at work, and frequently talked about being late or missing appointments outside of work. Debi concludes that her boss is just someone who tends to be late a lot, and adjusts her expectations accordingly.
a. In thinking about how he met his girlfriend, Kelvin realizes that what he thought was the happy coincidence of being at the same bar at the same time was actually not just random chance. Both he and his (now) girlfriend lived within walking distance of the bar, had the same 9-5 work schedule that left them free to visit a bar in the evening, and had graduated from the same college which gave them a similar group of friends and life experiences which made them feel like they had a lot in common.
17. What is the importance of interpretive framework? Question options: a. It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world. b. It eliminates the need for a literature review. c. It relies on statistics to determine causal relationships. d. It prevents researchers from making unethical decisions.
a. It leads to in-depth knowledge of a participant's social world.
11. Alienation is defined by the text as: Question options: a. The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self. b. Social forces considered real which exist outside the individual. c. The act of defying social norms in favor of group unity d. The strength of ties that people have to their social groups, was a key factor in social life
a. The condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or sense of self.
20. Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction? Question options: a. The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club. b. Lilly being sent to prison because she failed to pay her taxes. c. Brett illegally downloading the new Black Keys album because he couldn't afford to buy it. d. Sarah buying Lady Gaga tickets from a scalper because the show sold out.
a. The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club.
socialism
an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society
socialism
an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned
craze
an exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long perios
totalitarian dictatorship
an extremely oppressive form of dictatorship in which most aspects of citizens' lives are controlled by the leader
10. Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity? Question options: a. Symbolic interactionism b. Conflict theory c. Functionalism d. None of the above.
b
14. Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime? Question options: a. Street crime b. Corporate crime c. Violent crime d. Institutional crime
b
14. What seems to be the key (although not the rule) to upward social mobility? Question options: a. How well off your parents are. b. How much education you have. c. How many jobs you work. d. How much you spend on your personal appearance.
b
14. Which court case decided that state laws that had established separate schools for black and white students were unequal and unconstitutional? Question options: a. Plessy v. Furguson b. Brown v. the Board of Education c. Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia d. Roe v. Wade
b
15. True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime? Question options: a. True b False
b
16. Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Question options: a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Feminist Theory
b
17. What is the Head Start Program? Question options: a. A teaching method which equips students to regurgitate facts in order to do well on standardized tests. b. A federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status. c. A state mandate that determines the eligibility of students who expect to attend college. d. A curriculum which requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding.
b
17. Which technique of neutralization is being described in the following scenario? (Situational Ethics and College Student Cheating) Question options: Bob works in technical support at a computer store. As part of his job, he installs software on computers for clients. His boyfriend Adam is in graduate school and struggles to makes ends meet. When he gets a new computer over the holidays, he asks Bob to install a copy of Microsoft Office on the new computer to save some money. Bob agrees and brings a bootleg copy home and gives it Adam. a. Denial of Responsibility b. Appeal to Higher Loyalties c. Condemnation of the Condemners d. Denial of Injury e. Denial of the Victim
b
20. One main issue in studying global social inequality is: Question options: a. Most countries keep their economic situations secret. b. Social inequality is relative and therefore, difficult to compare across cultures. c. The presence of tourism can make a country look richer than it really is. d. Most people live beyond their means which gives a false sense of wealth to a society.
b
3. It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. He chose a bride whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as he did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _________ marriage. Question options: a. Exogamus b. Endogamous c. Traditional d. Unconventional
b
3. Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic: Question options: a. Organizations across a college campus come together at a yearly fundraiser to raise money for the local Breast Cancer Awareness chapter. b. Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta. c. Chorus members of the campus's production of Hairspray practice in Theatre building's first floor, while the cast of God of Carnage practices on the second floor. d. The Chemistry Club advertises their organization at the local science fair.
b
4. When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as Michael's _____. Question options: a. Out-group b. Reference group c. Aggregate d. Secondary group
b
7. Malik grew up in an affluent household which embraced activities such as attending the opera, visiting museums, and traveling to foreign countries at least once a year. When Malik goes to college, he finds he has much to talk about with professors, and fellow students from similar backgrounds. Malik is enjoying the benefits of: Question options: a. Grade inflation b. Cultural capital c. Tracking d. The education gap
b
9. Parents often socialize their children to: Question options: a. Understand and follow different norms from what they themselves follow b. Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow c. Ignore society and create their own norms and follow them regardless of consequences d. Ignore society and live alone without much interaction with other people
b
9. Which of the following is NOT a method used within the United States to produce educational equality? Question options: a. Charter schools b. Mandatory tutoring c. Bussing d. Head Start
b
3. Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role? Question options: a. Taking Jimmy to the aquarium. b. Buying Sarah a toy kitchen to play with. c. Letting Kim wear pants to school. d. Allowing Joey to sleep with his "blankey."
b.
10. Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? Question options: a. A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line b. A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Ronald Regan c. A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns d. A toll-booth employee collecting toll change
b. A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Ronald Regan
5. A cultural universal is: Question options: a. An object or a belonging of a group. b. A pattern or trait common to all societies. c. The ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. d. A written document outlining appropriate behavior.
b. A pattern or trait common to all societies.
15. The term "language" can be defined as: Question options: a. Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. b. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. c. The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. d. Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values.
b. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.
A hypothesis can be defined as: Question options: a. A way to explain different aspects of social interactions b. A testable proposition c. An attempt to explain large-scale relationships d. Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them
b. A testable proposition
12. Most Americans views eating snails as an unappetizing prospect but in France they are considered a delicacy. According to Islands of Meaning, the best explanation for this is that Question options: a. Americans have unsophisticated tastes in food and can't appreciate the delicate flavor of the snails. b. Because snails are viewed as belonging the category of food in France, the taste of the snails is perceived differently than in America where they are classified as inedible. c. Because consumption of wine is much more prevalent in France the taste of the snails is perceived as much more pleasant. d. French law requires that all school children try snails at least once during their childhood.
b. Because snails are viewed as belonging the category of food in France, the taste of the snails is perceived differently than in America where they are classified as inedible.
18. Which of the following is an example of role strain? Question options: a. Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham. b. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. c. Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. d. Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country.
b. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.
Jeremy wrote an essay criticizing the college admissions process, arguing that heavy competition and limited educational resources make admission difficult for the average student. Which perspective would Jeremy's argument fall under? Question options: a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict Theory c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Behaviorism
b. Conflict Theory
8. Kurt and Mitch visit an Amish village on a class trip. "Let's see if we can round up some old radios and appliances and drop them off for them later this week. I think they'll appreciate it. They just don't understand what they're missing." Mitch rolls his eyes. Kurt's perspective is an example of _______. Question options: a. Behavioral normativity b. Cultural imperialism c. Material culture d. Ideal culture
b. Cultural imperialism
10. Angelica visits Thailand with her family. When she wears short-shorts and tank tops while visiting a series of temples during her first week, she is met with hostility from the locals. She feels she no longer knows how to behave or interact with those outside her family. Angelica is experiencing _____. Question options: a. Cultural imperialism b. Culture shock c. Material culture d. Xenocentricism
b. Culture shock
Eleanor is researching the effect social media has on worldwide political awareness and revolution. Felix is examining the effect World of Warcraft has on the romantic relationships of middle-aged men in his metro area. Eleanor's analysis is _____, while Felix's analysis is _____. Question options: a. Micro-level; macro-level b. Macro-level; micro-level c. They are both macro-level. d. They are both micro-level.
b. Macro-level; micro-level
16. MTV's widely-watched TV series The Jersey Shore is an example of _____, while the obscure works of playwright Sam Shepard are an example of ______. Question options: a. High culture; popular culture b. Popular culture; high culture c. High culture; low culture d. Jersey culture; low culture
b. Popular culture; high culture
In Invitation to Sociology, what does Berger argue is the defining characteristic of sociology as a discipline? (Invitation to Sociology) Question options: a. Use of statistics b. Scientific integrity c. Similarity to social work d. Trying to make the world a better place.
b. Scientific integrity
12. Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o'clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o'clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o'clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition? Question options: a. A shift in her desire to enjoy life. b. A shift in her reading habits. c. Resocialization. d. A complete and permanent loss of herself.
c
12. Strain theory: Question options: a. Argues that morality is based on wealth. b. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.
c
12. The term sorting can be defined as: Question options: a. A formalized system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities. b. The process by which students are allowed to choose their own classes based on interest. c. Classifying students based on academic merit or potential. d. The use of education to improve one's social standing.
c
13. Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of: Question options: a. Consumer-oriented discretion b. Laissez-faire leadership c. Conformity d. Out-group dynamics
c
16. Justin enrolls in a local community college so he can one day become an engineer. Justin is about to become a member of a: Question options: a. Voluntary organization b. Paparazzi organization c. Utilitarian organization d. Coercive organization
c
16. The Davis-Moore Thesis states: Question options: a. That economic hardship and skyrocketing inflation is the cause for all social stratification in the United States. b. That Karl Marx was correct and that stratification can only be solved by converting to a socialist government. c. That the more society values a particular profession, the more the people in that profession will make. d. That people constantly move up and down the social ladder, and this creates an unstable economy which will eventually collapse on itself.
c
18. Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Question options: a. Structural Functionalism b. Conflict c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Exchange Theory
c
18. Which technique of neutralization is being described in the following scenario? (Situational Ethics and College Student Cheating) Question options: Sharon's manager at work frequently asks her to stay late to finish projects but is very inflexible about letting her take vacation time. Her manager is frequently rude to her and sets unreasonable deadlines for finishing projects. Because of this, Sharon doesn't feel guilty at all about making personal photocopies at work and doing her home banking and email on her work computer. a. Denial of Responsibility b. Appeal to Higher Loyalties c. Condemnation of the Condemners d. Denial of Injury e. Denial of the Victim
c
7. An instrumental leader: Question options: a. Promotes emotional strength and health, ensuring that people feel supported. b. Refers to the main focus or goal of the leader. c. Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. d. Rejects gender roles in the name of the feminist movement.
c
8. Christine is president of her Improvisation Comedy Troupe. When making decisions about booking gigs, rehearsal spaces, and call-times, Christine leaves the troupe to decide for themselves. Christine is a(n) _____ leader. Question options: a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Republican
c
3. ____ societies relied on permanent tools for survival, and expanded due to innovations such as crop rotation and fertilizer. Question options: a. Industrial b. Feudal c. Agricultural d. Hunter-gatherer
c. Agricultural
1. What group defines themselves through a rejection of the mainstream: Question options: a. Beatniks b. Hepcats c. Hipsters d. Hippies
c. Hipsters
_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society. Question options: a. Symbolic Interactionists b. Conflict Theorists c. Structural Functionalists d. Social Individualists
c. Structural Functionalists
19. In the early 2000's, The L Word and Queer as Folk debuted on Showtime. Both shows depicted the lives of members of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, thus giving viewers a glimpse into a ______. Question options: a. More b. Formal Sanction c. Subculture d. Social relativism
c. Subculture
After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups. Question options: a. Conflict theorist b. Structural functionalist c. Symbolic interactionist d. Feminist conflict theorist
c. Symbolic interactionist
17. Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? Question options: a. The yuppie craze of the 1980's b. The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's c. The hippie movement of the 1960's d. The disco invasion of the 1970's
c. The hippie movement of the 1960's
16. Karl Marx asserted that the means of societal change existed in the tension between: Question options: a. The enslaved bourgeois reclaiming power from the controlling proletariat. b. The bourgeois struggling for the allocation of resources amongst themselves. c. The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois. d. The proletariat fighting each other for a position within the bourgeois.
c. The working class proletariat taking the means of production from the wealthy bourgeois.
In the Sociological Imagination, Mills' explains that the difference between a trouble and an issue is that _____. (Sociological Imagination) Question options: a. a trouble is a problem that many people have, but an issue is a problem that many people care about. b. a trouble is something that affects an entire society, an issue is something that only affects individuals. c. a trouble is a private matter experienced by an individual, whereas an issue is perceived as a problem in the wider society. d. a trouble is a very serious problem facing an individual, whereas an issue is a much less severe problem that affects and individual.
c. a trouble is a private matter experienced by an individual, whereas an issue is perceived as a problem in the wider society.
Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function. Question options: a. latent; manifest b. manifest; manifest c. manifest; latent d. latent; latent
c. manifest; latent
6. The definition of the situation is______. (The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life) Question options: a. the meaning giving to an interaction by the most powerful participant b. how people detect who is lying in face to face interactions. c. the tacit agreement among participants in a face to face interaction as to what is going on. the different meaning each participant gives to a face to face interaction.
c. the tacit agreement among participants in a face to face interaction as to what is going on.
11. The transition from college life to work life can be quite difficult for many young adults in the United States. Which is a possible cause for this struggle? Question options: a. The status quo has been maintained for a substantial period of time, and now the economy and government are undergoing significant changes. b. Many young people are in the same situation, so drawing expertise or knowledge from their experiences from peers is difficult. c. Finding a job, renting an apartment, and being independent is a daunting task that seems insurmountable. d. All of the above
d
13. In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? Question options: a. Strain theory b. Control theory c. Differential association d. Labeling theory
d
18. To make students more competitive in the work force and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades (i.e. what was once considered a B, is now considered an A). This is known as: Question options: a. GPA debt b. Systematic grading c. Academic bribing d. Grade inflation
d
19. Which technique of neutralization is being described in the following scenario? (Situational Ethics and College Student Cheating) Question options: AJ sells pot as a small side business to his main job of bartending. When asked if he feels guilty about breaking the law, he responds "Not even a little, it's not like helping people get a little high and relax does anyone any harm! Pot should totally be legalized, it's silly to have it be illegal when alcohol is so much more dangerous and is perfectly legal." a. Denial of Responsibility b. Appeal to Higher Loyalties c. Condemnation of the Condemners d. Denial of Injury e. Denial of the Victim
d
2. The term formal education is defined by the text as: Question options: a. Learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society. b. The education one receives at a private school, parochial school, or private college. c. An education that is accompanied by a tutor at all times. d. The learning of academic facts and concepts.
d
5. A total institution can be defined as: Question options: a. A business which offers career advice for federal employees. b. A group in which the masses have a large influence in decision making. c. A clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy. d. An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs.
d
5. Which factor is considered when evaluating someone's standard of living? Question options: a. Income b. Employment c. Class d. All of the above
d
9. Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today? Question options: a. World War I b. The Fall of the British Empire c. The French Revolution d. The Industrial Revolution
d
According to Durkheim, which of the following is NOT a social fact? Question options: a. A religious belief b. A law c. A custom d. All of the above are social facts
d. All of the above are social facts
7. Which of the following is NOT a cause of mutant statistics? (Dammed Lies and Statistics) Question options: a. Honest mistakes by people who do not have sufficient understanding of numbers. b. Intentional manipulation by the political left. c. Intentional manipulation by the political right. d. Detailed explanations of definitions, measurement, and sampling provided to the media by researchers. e. The result of enthusiasm for a cause and a desire to improve the impact of the statistic.
d. Detailed explanations of definitions, measurement, and sampling provided to the media by researchers.
3. John wants to study whether a larger number of laptops available to students at his school lead to higher grades. Choose the independent and dependent variable. Question options: a. Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: Number of laptops b. Independent variable: John; Dependent variable: Grades c. Independent variable: Grades; Dependent variable: John d. Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades
d. Independent variable: Number of laptops; Dependent variable: Grades
14. What is one difference between a "more" and a "folkway"? Question options: a. Mores encourage social rebellion; folkways do not. b. Mores are legally acceptable to violate; folkways are not. c. Mores are constructed based on norms; folkways are not. d. Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.
d. Mores may carry serious consequences if violated; folkways do not.
Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method. Question options: a. Qualitative b. Pathos c. Logos d. Quantitative
d. Quantitative
Using sociological imagination to study poverty is valuable because it lets us see ____. (Sociological Imagination) a. that most of the reasons that people are poor is related to their own personal decisions b. that people's motivation explains almost all of what happens to them in their life c. that social traits such as race and gender have little impact on who is poor d. that some personal troubles cannot be entirely solved or explained by the actions of individuals.
d. that some personal troubles cannot be entirely solved or explained by the actions of individuals.
According to sociologist Ulrich Beck, who coined the term "global risk society," as technological change progresses, new forms of risk emerge, including:
democratization of education
18. Which of the features of McDonaldization is being described in the following scenario? "While the most popular dating websites have hundreds of thousands of profiles and advertise themselves as a place to find your unique, one in a million perfect life partner, in reality the vast majority of profiles are more similar to each other than different. And while most sites promise to make the experience easy, fun, and convenient, for many people it is onerous, unproductive, and disappointing." Question options: a. Efficiency b. Calculability c. Predictability d. Control e. Irrationality of rationality
e
Cyberspace
electronic networks of interaction between individuals at different computer terminals.
What have been some of the costs of the rapid economic growth in the East Asian region?
human rights abuses, exploitation of immigrant workers, and environmental damage
Stereotype Threat
idea that when African American students believe they are being judged not as individuals but as members of a negatively stereotyped social group, they will do worse on tests.
Mediated Quasi-Interaction
interaction that is one-sided and partial- for example, a person watching a television program.
global commodity chains
internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing
Economist George Borjas has argued that since the 1980s more immigrants to the United States are reliant on government assistance because ________.
many have low education levels and few marketable job skills, which makes it difficult for them to find gainful employment
Worker dissatisfaction and absenteeism tend to be high, and worker conflict is more common, in organizations where ___________.
many workers are closely monitored and are not allowed to make decisions on their own
reform movements
movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure
revolutionary movements
movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society
social movement sector
multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals
constitutional monarchies
national governments that recognize monarchs but require these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution
WRONG -- 16. In the article Preparing for Power" the author argues that these high schools provide students with an experience that _________." Question options: a. is very similar to college, and so prepares them especially well for it. b. puts them at a significant social disadvantage in college because they have only spent time with other elites c. emphasizes topics that are of little benefit to students later in life, such as fine arts and Latin. d. is of very little practical use for anyone going into a career other than math or science.
not d, think it's a
charismatic authority
power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities
traditional authority
power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs
Your friend Meghan overhears you talking about the difference between sex and gender with your classmate Roger. Confused, Meghan chimes in, "Wait a minute! I thought sex and gender were the same thing. They are, aren't they?" You tell her that
sex refers to the physical differences in the body, whereas gender concerns the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females.
Information Poverty
the "information poor" are those people who have little or no access to information technology, such as computers.
power
the ability to exercise one's will over others
anarchy
the absence of any organized government
peace
the absence of war, or more broadly, a proactive effort to develop cooperative relations among nations
According to Jared Diamond, what is the primary economic factor that contributes to a society's collapse?
the absence or ruin of trading partners for essential goods
force
the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will on others
Cultural Capital
the advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children.
ecological modernization
the alignment of environmentally favorable practices with economic self-interest through constant adaptation and restructring
social change
the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children born alive to any woman, assuming that she conforms to current fertility rates
Postmodernism refers to _________.
the belief that society is highly pluralistic and diverse, and that its development is no longer governed by history or progress
social change
the change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations
social movement industry
the collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals
grade inflation
the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago
brain drain
the immigration to the United States and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries
What is the primary reason for the significant decline in union membership in the United States over the past three decades?
the loss of once-unionized manufacturing jobs to low-wage countries
Public Sphere
the means by which people communicate in modern societies, the most prominent component of which is the mass media- movies, television, radio, videos, records, magazines, and newspapers.
According to Jeffrey Sachs, which of the following regions is technologically disconnected?
the mountainous regions of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador
death rate
the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year, also known as the crude death rate
Which of the following factors has contributed to the high rates of HIV/AIDS infection in many African countries?
the overall physical weakness and poor health of many people living in these countries
Racialization can be defined as ________.
the process by which people use understandings of race to classify individuals or groups
McDonaldization
the process by which the principals of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide
crowdsourcing
the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people
Institutional racism can be defined as _________.
the promotion, by governmental, educational, or corporate institutions, of policies that favor certain groups while discriminating against others
mortality rate
the rate of death in a given population
morbidity rate
the rate of disease in a given population
migration
the relatively permanent movement of people, with the purpose of changing their place of residence
Nanotechnology is __________.
the science and technology of building devices or creating materials by manipulating the structure of matter at the atomic level
Structural conduciveness, one of six factors identified by Neil Smesler as the basis for collective action, refers to ____________.
the social conditions promoting or inhibiting the formation of social movements
economy
the social institution through which a society's resources (goods and services) are managed
political system
the social institutions that is founded on a recognized set or procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals
Which of the following is an example of a micro-level factor that can influence migration?
the specific information a potential migrant has about job and housing opportunities in the country where he is thinking of moving
zero population growth (ZPG)
the state of a population in which the number of births plus immigrants equals the number of death plus emigrants
Social placement
the use of education to improve one's social standing.
With regard to work, "gender typing" refers to _________.
the way certain jobs and even fields come to be seen as either masculine or feminine, and then become dominated by one gender or the other
In the context of social change, the compression of time and space refers to ____________.
the way modern communications systems, specifically the Internet, have practically negated time and distance as factors that restrain a wide range of personal interactions
cultural transmission
the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture
resistance movements
those who seek to prevent or undo a change to the social structure
Hidden Curriculum
traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included within the formal curriculum- for example, gender differences.
informal economy
transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government
The United Nations' gender empowerment measure is ____________.
used to compare the position of women in different countries based on factors such as national legislature seats held by women, the percentage of women in managerial and administrative positions, and the ratio of women's to men's earned income
From 1940 through the late 1960s, which group of women joined the labor force in the greatest numbers?
women who were past their prime child-rearing years
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization defines hunger as a diet of ________.
1800 or fewer calories per day
During elections in the United States, people supporting and opposing all sorts of issues and candidates make their views known through newspaper articles, informal conversations, television ads, fliers, bumper stickers, etc. The fact that they can do this at all is an example of what kind of right?
A civil right
Which of the following statements would most likely be associated with a black feminist?
All women are not oppressed in the same way.
The process of internalizing the social norms and expectations that correspond to one's sex through social agents such as the family, peers, and the media is called ________.
Gender socialization
Ethnic Villagers
People who live in ethnically and racially segregated neighborhoods
According to your textbook, which of the following has been central to the process of further concentrating income, wealth, and resources within a small core of countries?
The expansion of global trade
Stereotype Threat- Claude Steele
When African American students believe they are not being judged not as individuals, but as members of a negatively stereotyped group, they will do worst on tests.
fashion
a pleasurable mass involvement that features a certain amount of acceptance by society and has a line of historical continuity
rational-legal authority
a power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws
19. Chip believes that individuals in crowds behave rationally, and thinks crowds are engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action. What sociological perspective is Chip referring to?
a. Emergent norm b. Immersed socialization c. *Assembling* d. Value-added
11. What was the significance of NAFTA?
a. It encouraged trade with North Korea, which had previously been embargoed. b. *It allowed freer trade opportunities for the United States, Canada, and Mexico.* c. It forbade trade with any country that didn't use a capitalist government. d. It restricted trade within North American countries by imposing a heavy tax and tariffs.
xenophobia
an illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods
money
an object that a society agrees to assign a value to so it can be exchanged as payment
climate change
an observable alteration of the global atmosphere that affects natural weather patterns over several decades or longer
social movement
an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action
health
as defined by the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
1. Which of the following does NOT account for the differences in the educational system from country to country? Question options: a. Financial resources from the government and population b. Geographic distribution of male and female students c. Value placed on education d. Amount of time devoted to education
b
2. The term deviance can be defined as: Question options: a. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. c. Social reward for the violation of norms. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.
b
14. Plessy v. Furguson
b. Allowed racial segregation in schools and private businesses
14. Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. Question options: a. The iron cage b. Collective conscience c. Bourgeoisie d. Anomie
b. Collective conscience
15. Sumaira is scared that she will not find a job in the current economy. She decides to be a business major and attend one of the top business schools in the country. Upon graduation, she is hired by a major investment banking firm in New York. Sumaira has completed: Question options: a. A degradation ceremony. b. Developing her sense of self. c. Anticipatory socialization. d. Developing her sense of morality.
c
3. Jackson lives in rural Chile, and is the son of a poor farmer. The nearest school is 50 miles away, and he has no means to get there. What does the educational system in Jackson's country lack? Question options: a. Formal education b. Informal education c. Universal access d. Latent functions
c
13. Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? Question options: a. Driving on the right hand side of the road b. Crossing streets on cross-walks c. Paying taxes d. Making eye contact while speaking
d. Making eye contact while speaking
Manifest functions
intended or obvious consequences of some element of society
Gender Gap
the differences between women and men, especially as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes.
Grade inflation
the idea that the achieved level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago.
Based on 2010 World Bank data, a country is considered low-income if its per person gross national income is under _______.
$39,654
The Unification Church (UC) uses a technique called "love bombing" to gain potential members' total adherence to the group, overwhelming them with attention and constant displays of affection in order to emotionally draw them into the group. The UC is also demands that members withdraw from activity in the outside world, follow strict rules, and identify with the group rather than as an individual. The UC is an example of which of the following?
A world rejecting movement
In July 2010, the Vatican characterized the scandals involving priests who had sexually abused children as "grave crimes." Which of the following was also included on this list of "grave crimes"?
Any priest who ordained a woman
What is one generally accepted theory about why conservative Protestant churches have experienced strong growth in recent decades, while moderate and liberal churches have registered significant declines in membership?
Conservative Protestant churches are very good at mobilizing resources and recruiting new members; their messages and activities seem to inspire deep loyalty and commitment among members.
Who has benefited most from the development of flexible production systems?
Consumers
Why is it not entirely accurate to say that decreased levels of attendance at religious services or ceremonies indicate that people are less religious today than in the past?
It may not be that people are less religious, but that they have found ways to express or experience their religious beliefs that don't involve regular involvement with a church.
As women have almost gained parity with men in terms of their presence in the workforce, what changes have occurred in how responsibility for domestic tasks is divided up between men and women who live together?
Little has changed—working women spend a significantly greater amount of time on housework per week than their male partners.
According to W. W. Rostow's modernization theory, how do traditional cultural values and social institutions affect economic development in low-income societies?
Modernization theorists claim that many low-income societies limit their chances of success because people generally feel that hardship and suffering are inevitable and they don't believe that hard work can make a difference in economic outcomes.
_____ is a measure of a country's yearly output of goods and services per person.
Per-person gross national income
__________ refers to a process of transformation through which religious creeds, practices, and institutions lose their social significance.
Secularization
What was the primary goal of the first phase of feminist movements in the United States?
Securing the right to vote
__________ refers to a phenomenon whereby men working in female-dominated professions are promoted to top administrative jobs in disproportionately high numbers.
The glass escalator
Which of the following statements can be said to be true of the colonization experience in the United States, Canada, South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand?
The indigenous population was decimated by disease, war, and genocide perpetrated or introduced by Europeans.
Which of the following is a phase in the development of a religious movement?
The movement creates formalized rules and procedures in order to organize its followers and their various activities.
Crude Birthrate
The number of babies born per year for every 1000 members of the population (#Births / Total Population X 1000)
Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths each year per 1000 people (#Deaths / Total Population X 1000)
Why has the gap between rich and poor countries widened over the past forty years while at the same time the overall standard of living in the world has improved?
The standard of living has improved mostly in high- and middle-income countries, while in low-income countries it has actually declined, so while the worldwide average in per-person gross national income is higher, the gap between rich and poor is greater.
Environmental Justice Movement
The term used to refer to the social action that communities have taken to ensure that toxic waste dumping and other forms of pollution do not fall disproportionately on groups because of their race, class, or gender
Cultural Diffusion
The transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another
_________ can be defined as the differences in status, power, and prestige of women and men in groups, collectives, and societies.
Gender inequality
_________ refers to the detailed study of industrial processes in order to develop a system of production designed to maximize output.
Taylorism
What distinguishes African Americans and Native Americans from many other racial minorities and immigrant groups in the United States?
Both groups were forcibly subjugated to the rule of whites.
value-added theory's
1. structural conduciveness 2. structural strain 3. spread of a generalized belief 4. precipitating factors 5. mobilization for action 6. social control factors
The argument that religion often has ideological implications and is used to perpetuate inequalities is associated with which theoretical approach to religion?
A Marxist approach
Head Start program
A federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status.
What is ironic about the Internet surveillance practiced by some governments?
A great deal of filtering software is provided by companies based in the United States, where freedom of speech is one of the most prized rights.
Social Movement
A group that acts with some continuity and organization to promote or resist social change in society
What is contradictory about labeling some religious practices or movements cults?
A group that is considered a cult today may in the future become an established church.
Census
A head count of the entire population of a country, usually done at regular intervals
diagnostic framing
A social problem that is stated in a clear easily understood manner
Urban Sociology
A subfield of sociology that examines the social structure and cultural aspects of the city compared with rural and suburban centers
Which of the following is an example of a portfolio worker?
After college, Mariah works as an elementary school teacher for about ten years and then shifts to school librarianship; eventually she gets a master's degree in library and information science so that she can design and manage databases, which allows her to work in both the public and private sector as a consultant or a full-time employee.
The role of __________ in creating hunger and famine has increased dramatically over the past twenty years
Armed conflict
Yelena's family moved to the United States from Russia when she was a small child. Her parents only permitted her to speak English at home and they quickly embraced American holidays such as Halloween and Thanksgiving, and American pastimes such as baseball and miniature golf. This example describes which model of ethnic integration?
Assimilation
Collective Behavior
Behavior that occurs when the usual conventions that guide social behavior are disrupted for some reason and people establish new, usually sudden, norms in response to an emerging situation
Which of the following is an explanation for the income gap between blacks and whites?
Blacks experience a higher rate of unemployment than whites.
Liberation theology is affiliated with which major religion?
Catholicism
Urban Village
Characterized by several 'modes of adaptation'
The rapid rise of transnational corporations over the past thirty years has been facilitated in particular by technological advances in __________.
Communications and transport
________ can be defined as a set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality.
Civil religion
The sociologist William Julius Wilson has argued that discrimination and disadvantages based on _______ are now just as important as those based on ________ in explaining the persistently high rates of poverty in black communities.
Class ; race
Culture Lag
Coined by William F. Ogburn which refers to a delay between social conditions and cultural adjustments to the change
How is Confucianism said to have contributed to the economic success of Japan and other East Asian NIEs?
Confucianism emphasizes the importance of education, respect for elders and superiors, hard work, and sacrifice—values that are very helpful to growing a business and strengthening a society.
Which of the following is an example of transnational governance?
European Union
Achievement Gap
Disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status.
Tracking
Dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis assumed similarities in ability or attainment.
_______ refers to cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and set people apart.
Ethnicity
A/An ________ is a group that shares ideas of common ancestry, a common cultural identity, and a link with a specific homeland.
Ethnie
Which of the following statements illustrates a functionalist view of gender socialization?
Gender roles exist and are perpetuated through socialization because they play a very important role in ensuring that society operates smoothly.
A/An __________ is one in which workers are permitted to control the pace and even the content of their work, within overall guidelines.
High-trust system
Which of the following economic policies has contributed to the expansion of transnational corporations?
Free trade
_______ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females.
Gender
Ferdinand Tonnies
German sociologist who formulated a theory of modernization that still applies to today's societies
Which of the following statements reflects the transformationalist perspective on globalization?
Globalization is a dynamic and self-aware process that is constantly evolving.
What was the main thesis of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's series of commentaries on the Scripture, titled The Woman's Bible?
God created women and men as beings of equal value, and the Bible should fully reflect this fact.
From a sociologist's perspective, which of the following constitutes a minority group in the United States?
Hearing-impaired people
How have sociologists explained the popularity of new religious movements
In an era of rapid social change, people search for explanations and reassurance, and may find greater appeal in movements that emphasize a more personal spirituality.
How does industrial capitalism differ fundamentally from traditional production systems?
Industrial capitalism involves the constant expansion of production, while traditional production systems focus on meeting the basic needs of a family or kinship group.
Why do some scholars and theorists think that the new postindustrial order will be dominated by professionals such as scientists, economists, and engineers, rather than by industrialists and entrepreneurs?
Information is becoming the driving force behind production systems, not machine power.
________ refers to the emergence of a consolidated network of business leadership, concerned not only with decision making within single firms but also with the development of corporate power beyond them.
Institutional capitalism
What is the fastest growing religion in the world today?
Islam
Which of the following religions is theistic?
Islam
Why has legislation such as the 1963 Equal Pay Act failed to make much of an impact on the gender pay gap?
It doesn't address pay discrepancies between male-dominated and female-dominated professions.
Which of the following are characteristics of the knowledge economy?
It focuses on design, development, marketing, and sales rather than the physical production of goods.
How has the introduction of computer technology in the workplace affected workers' skills?
It has created a small group of highly skilled, well-paid professionals with a great degree of autonomy and flexibility in their work.
Which of the following statements about gender and education is true?
Teachers are more likely to engage male students in the problem-solving process.
Dependency theories are closely tied to the ideas developed by ________.
Karl Marx
Which of the following is an example of a technologically disconnected region, according to Sachs?
Laos and Cambodia, which lack access to markets or major ocean trading routes
Which of the following demographic areas consistently experiences a high level of educational segregation?
Large cities
Which social group was the only one to see an improvement in household family income (adjusted for inflation) in the 1990s?
Latinos
How have East Asian countries benefited from economic slowdowns in the United States and Europe?
Looking for ways to cut costs during economic slowdowns, many businesses in the United States and Europe chose to relocate factories to East Asian countries, which had a positive impact on economic growth in those countries.
How has nationalism been experienced in many developing countries?
Many developing countries had their borders established by colonial powers who ignored existing divisions among different cultural and ethnic groups; when these colonies gained independence, it was very difficult to forge a real national identity from such a diverse population.
Why are Christians such a small minority in Asia?
Many Asian countries were able to resist total colonization by European powers and the accompanying efforts of missionaries to introduce Christianity.
What is one explanation for the differing perceptions men and women have of what constitutes consensual sex?
Men are socialized to think that women exist for their pleasure, an attitude that may encourage men to seek many sexual encounters and may limit their sensitivity to women's feelings and desires about what happens in such encounters.
Immigration
Migration into a society from outside
According to sociologist James Davies, social protest is more likely to occur when __________.
People experience relative deprivation
In a wide-ranging study conducted by Richard Freeman and Joel Rogers, it was found that what workers want most in their jobs is __________.
More influence
According to Max Weber, how did Eastern religions limit the development of industrial capitalism?
Most Eastern religions emphasize individual spiritual concerns and harmony with the world, ideas that were not conducive to the radical social changes needed for the development of industrial capitalism.
Which of the following best represents the condition or status of the nation-state in today's globalizing world?
Nation states remain important in the world today
Which of the following statements characterizes how new immigrant groups arriving in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were treated by those immigrants who were more firmly established?
New immigrant groups often experienced significant discrimination from more established immigrant groups.
According to hyperglobalizers, the power of national governments is being challenged by __________.
New regional and international institutions
NIE stands for _________.
Newly industrializing economy
How do old-style and new-style terrorism differ?
Old-style terrorism usually has as its goal the establishment of states for nations without states, whereas new-style terrorism has a much wider scope.
Some argue that as globalization touches more and more aspects of our lives, it forces us to constantly evaluate and re-create __________.
Our self identities
Urban Enclaves
Places that tend to develop their own unique identities
What is a critical factor in the low percentage of women elected to the U.S. Congress?
Political parties have not recruited as many women as men to run for office.
The development of the military-industrial complex is a good example of concerns raised by which theory of democracy?
Power elite
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice refers to opinions or attitudes, while discrimination refers to behavior.
How has global competition changed business practices for many corporations?
Production practices and organizational patterns have become more flexible.
Which of the following countries is categorized as middle-income by the World Bank?
Russia
A/An _______, which usually develops as a protest against a mainstream church viewed as corrupt and lost, often tries to follow the "true way" and change the surrounding society.
Sect
________ can be defined as the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
Segregation
What job sector has seen the greatest growth in recent decades?
Service sector
Sexual harassment can take the form of _______ with the intent of making a person, usually a woman, feel uncomfortable or unsafe, particularly in a work setting.
Sexual jokes
A woman who was born in India but raised in the United States defers to her parents at home, wearing traditional clothing and helping prepare meals for her father and brothers, while at her job she wears Western clothes and is an assertive leader for a team of ten men and women. This scenario is an example of __________.
Situational ethnicity
Which school of thought related to globalization emphasizes the role of regionalization in the world economy?
Skeptics
Microchanges
Subtle alterations in the day to day interactions between people
Which of the following is an example of a nation without a state?
The Basque people in Spain
Why is the Internet a democratizing force?
The Internet facilitates the free exchange of ideas among people from different countries and cultures who otherwise might never have the opportunity to interact.
Which of the following is a criticism leveled against the World Trade Organization (WTO)?
The WTO is not accountable to citizens who are affected by its decisions.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a state
The ability to use force to implement policies
Cultural Capital
The advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children.
Social Change
The alteration of social interactions, institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time
Which of the following political factors has been a driving force behind contemporary globalization?
The collapse of Soviet style communism
Emigration
The departure of people from a society
What is the most important political factor that has promoted change in the modern era?
The emergence of the modern state
The increased strength and reach of Islamic fundamentalism can be traced in part to _________.
The increased influence of Western culture
Globalization
The increased interconnectedness and interdependence of numerous societies around the world
Authority can best be defined as ________.
The legitimate use of power
Population Density
The number of people per unit of area, usually per square mile
Carrying Capacity
The number of people the plant can support on a sustained basis
Revolution
The overthrow of state or the total transformation of central state institutions
Environmental Racism
The pattern whereby toxic wastes and other pollutants are disproportionately found in minority and poor neighborhoods
Urbanization
The process by which a community acquires the characteristics of city life and the "urban" end of the rural-urban continuum
Demography
The scientific study of population
Environmental Sociology
The scientific study of the interdependencies that exist between humans and our physical environment
What is the primary way that interest groups and PACs impact elections in the United States?
They contribute enormous amounts of money to political campaigns.
According to Charles Tilly, why do social movements develop?
They develop as a way of mobilizing group resources when people have no institutional means of expressing their concerns, or when governmental authorities repress their needs.
According to Karl Marx, workers in a capitalist society often develop strong feelings of alienation because _______.
They lack ownership of the products they make
Which of the following is a characteristic of new social movements?
They seek to solidify collective identities based around entire lifestyles.
Rural-Urban Continuum
Those structural and cultural differences that exist as a consequence of differing degrees of urbanization
Hidden Curriculum
Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school, but not included in formal curriculum gender differences for example create a docile force.
Cosmopolites
Typically students, artists, writers, and musicians who together form a tightly knit community and choose urban living to be near the city's cultural facilities
Why do elections based on the principle of proportional representation allow for more direct expression of wide-ranging interests and positions on issues?
Under proportional representation, even parties that win only a small percentage of votes—perhaps because they have very radical ideas or focus on just one or two issues—gain seats in the national assembly.
In which of these countries is voter turnout the lowest?
United States
The highly conservative interpretation of Islam is known as ____________.
Wahhabism
How does welfare capitalism differ from the welfare state?
Welfare capitalism has to do with corporate practices, while the welfare state relates to government practices.
Zero Population Growth
When the birthrate matches the death rate and population growth is not influenced by other factors, such as immigration
The 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women created a clear action platform that argued that when cultural traditions conflict with women's rights, __________ should take precedence.
Women's rights
An occupation can be defined as _________.
Work that is done in exchange for a regular wage
What is one of the most commonly expressed views on how globalization is affecting culture?
World culture is becoming homogenized through the domination of Western influences.
Which theory or set of theories argues that the world capitalist economic system of countries engaging in diplomatic and economic relations with one another must be understood as a single unit?
World systems theory
Which of the following categories encompasses new religious movements that aim to transform followers by unlocking their human potential so they can achieve complete self-realization and lead a successful and meaningful life?
World-affirming movements
computer-mediated communication
communicative interaction through two or more networked devices, such as computer or cell phone. The emails, chat rooms, and text messages, some of which may be supported by social media
According to the religious economy approach to the sociology of religion, _________ is/are of great importance to ensuring religious vitality in a society.
competition among numerous religions
20. Which technique of neutralization is being described in the following scenario? (Situational Ethics and College Student Cheating) Question options: Jim has been accused of sexually assaulting another student after a night of drinking at a local bar. At his hearing, he's asked by the Conduct Board why he thought the sex had been consensual. He replied that he his accuser had slept together in the past, she had been flirting with him all night, and when she got too drunk to drive home she had asked him for a ride. So when she tried to send him home he had no reason to think he should take her seriously. a. Denial of Responsibility b. Appeal to Higher Loyalties c. Condemnation of the Condemners d. Denial of Injury e. Denial of the Victim
e
The theory of state overload argues that _____________.
governments have taken on more responsibilities than they can realistically pay for and manage, and as a result voters are skeptical of claims made by governments and political parties about future programs and projects
absolute monarchies
governments wherein a monarch has absolute or unmitigated power
Local Knowledge
knowledge of a local community, possessed by individuals who spend long periods of their lives in it.
curanderismo
latin folk medicine, a form of holistic health care and healing
Informal education
learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society.
traditional authority
legitimate power conducted by custom and accepted practice
microfinancing
lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty
Intelligence
level of intellectual ability.
environmental justice movements
look at how experiences with environmental problems differ based on intersections of race and class
new social movement theory
looks at extent collective actions are based on politics , ideology , culture and identity
NGO
nongovernmental organizations working globally for numerous humanitarian and environmental causes
The size of a local park is going to be significantly reduced, because the city government has decided to sell most of the land to a developer. Citizens begin complaining and then come together more formally to protest the decision and attempt to reverse it. Faced with such strong opposition, the city agrees to review the decision, but argues that the revenue from the sale is needed to provide other services. The citizens' group continues pushing to stop the sale and asks the city to look at other ways of generating the revenue needed to close the projected budget gaps. Ultimately, the city decides to sell a smaller portion of the park, a consultant is hired to identify inefficiencies in city agencies that could save money if eliminated, and the citizens' group agrees to the introduction of a ballot measure to raise the cap on property taxes in the community. The evolution of this scenario is an example of how ____________.
social movements are shaped by a process of interaction with established institutions
relative deprivation theory
social movements arise as a response to peoples perception that they have been deprived of what they consider to be fair share
alternative movements
social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals
prognostic framing
social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation
political opportunity theory
social protests are directly related to the political opportunities that potential protesters and movement organizers believe exist within the political system
sick role
societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill
mob
a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target-a person , a category of people, or physical property
8. The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as:
a. *A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission.* b. The course objectives teachers incorporate into their syllabi after the semester has started. c. The emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications. d. The unexpected subjects students take an interest in after being exposed to experts in the field.
7. What is the difference between an oligarchy and a monarchy?
a. *Members of an oligarchy do not necessarily achieve their status based on ties to noble ancestry, while members of a monarchy do.* b. There is no difference - both members achieve status based on ties to noble ancestry. c. Both are elected by a democratic process, but monarchies have the right to override the popular vote. d. Members of a monarchy do not necessarily achieve their status based on ties to noble ancestry, while members of an oligarchy do.
6. Jin is a conflict theorist sociologist. Which of the following statements about Occupy Wall Street would most align with Jin's sociological perspective?
a. *Occupy Wall Street is positive; our capitalist economy is only making social inequality grow larger.* b. Occupy Wall Street is a waste of time; our capitalistic economy is keeping our nation healthy, and is designed for maximum efficiency. c. Occupy Wall Street is a threat; with so many angry people gathered in one place, horrible violence will surely break out. d. Occupy Wall Street is dangerous; large crowds in these environments heighten the risk for sexual abuse and gender discrimination.
5. Which of the following is an example of polarization?
a. *The job market is increasing in the lowest economic levels, and is increasing in the highest economic levels.* b. A professional career is guaranteed after earning a college degree. c. Unemployment is down for those with PhDs and those without a high school education. d. The recession has encouraged many workers to earn their associate degrees.
12. The term sorting can be defined as:
a. A formalized system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities. b. The process by which students are allowed to choose their own classes based on interest. c. *Classifying students based on academic merit or potential.* d. The use of education to improve one's social standing.
14. Which of the following is the best definition of social change?
a. A group of people gathered to protest or rally in favor of a bill or law. b. An act of a bill passing in the House and the Senate. c. An act of military rebellion. d. *The change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations.*
2. Which of the following is an example of structural unemployment?
a. A large fire burns down an automotive plant in Detroit, forcing the employees temporarily out of work. b. Three sales associates from Target are fired after stealing merchandise from the electronics department. c. John quits his job after getting accepted into law school. d. *Though many companies are hiring in Washington D.C., unemployment is high in Tennessee.*
17. What is the Head Start Program?
a. A teaching method which equips students to regurgitate facts in order to do well on standardized tests. b. *A federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status.* c. A state mandate that determines the eligibility of students who expect to attend college. d. A curriculum which requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding.
15. Which of the following is not an example of underemployment?
a. After college graduation, Marcus could only find work part-time as a bartender. b. *After his wife gave birth to twins, Jerry quit his job to help raise them.* c. Following the recession, Ellen lost her fulltime job as a PR assistant and found part-time work as a cosmetic sales associate. d. When John's sales job is outsourced he's forced to take work as a janitor to pay off his student loans.
20. Which of the following best defines a social movement?
a. All politicians and elected officials. b. A collection of rights and laws aimed at the silent majority. c. *A purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal.* d. A group of people organized at a meeting, such as a town hall or a courtroom.
4. Terrence and his family own a farm in a remote region of Chile. They farm only enough to produce enough food to feed the family, and pay their taxes. What are Terrence and his family engaging in?
a. Capitalism b. Mercantilism c. Capitalistic Farming d. *Subsistence Farming*
3. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) is an animal rights group that has over 2 million members across the country and spends millions of dollars on advertising (print, broadcast and social media) in order to spread social awareness about their cause each year. Which theory attempts to explain PETA's success?
a. Collective behavior theory b. *Resource mobilization theory* c. New social movement theory d. Frame alignment process
12. Apple computers ship their computer parts to India to be made, and station their tech support in India. This is an example of a:
a. Decisive export b. *Global assembly line* c. Global commodity chain d. Xenophobia
19. Many of the world's most powerful corporations have headquarters in New York City, which hosts endless influential events, and offers an advanced transportation infrastructure. New York City is a ______ city.
a. Declining b. *Global* c. Recession-Proof d. Corrupt
16. Kendra believes the U.S. government to be corrupt, and thinks that there should be no governing force to control people's lives. Kendra believes in:
a. Democracy b. Constitutional monarchy c. *Anarchy* d. Oligarchies
6. When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, this is referred to as:
a. Ecofeminism b. Frame diagnostics c. Motivational framing d. *Frame alignment process*
15. Assembling perspective falls under which sociological perspective?
a. Feminist b. *Interactionist* c. Conflict theorist d. Functionalist
2. Juan believes that battles such as the French Revolution are necessary for a country to preserve liberty, to maintain or gain land, and will ultimately lead to a more even distribution of wealth among a population. From which sociological perspective do Juan's thoughts come from?
a. Feminist b. *Conflict theory* c. Functionalism d. Symbolic interactionism
6. Which sociological perspective would consider activism such as Occupy Wall Street and Teacher's Union rallies undesirable, because they force political change?
a. Feminist b. Conflict theory c. *Functionalism* d. Symbolic interactionism
10. In recent decades, lobbying has become a powerful force in the political world. Lobbyists frequently meet behind closed doors with senators, lawmakers, and congressmen and women to push influential legislation through the congressional process. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in examining the lobbying movement?
a. Feminist b. Exchange theory c. Functionalism d. *Symbolic interactionism*
18. Which of the following industries is not projected to experience growth within the United States within the next 10 years?
a. Financial b. Healthcare c. Community and Social Service d. *Farming, Fishing, and Forestry*
1. Which of the following does NOT account for the differences in the educational system from country to country?
a. Financial resources from the government and population b.*Geographic distribution of male and female students* c. Value placed on education d. Amount of time devoted to education
3. Jackson lives in rural Chile, and is the son of a poor farmer. The nearest school is 50 miles away, and he has no means to get there. What does the educational system in Jackson's country lack?
a. Formal education b. Informal education c. *Universal access* d. Latent functions
18. To make students more competitive in the work force and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades (i.e. what was once considered a B, is now considered an A). This is known as:
a. GPA debt b. Systematic grading c. Academic bribing d. *Grade inflation*
7. Malik grew up in an affluent household which embraced activities such as attending the opera, visiting museums, and traveling to foreign countries at least once a year. When Malik goes to college, he finds he has much to talk about with professors, and fellow students from similar backgrounds. Malik is enjoying the benefits of:
a. Grade inflation b. *Cultural capital* c. Tracking d. The education gap
4. An airplane has crashed on a deserted island off the coast of Fiji. The survivors are forced to learn new behaviors in order to adapt to the situation and each other. This is an example of which theory?
a. Immersed socialization b. Assembling c. *Emergent norm* d. Abrams
12. What was the significance of the famous case Reynolds v. Sims?
a. It gave African Americans the right to vote. b. *It reaffirmed the concept that each person's vote should be counted equally.* c. It gave women the right to vote. d. It established the precedent that felons are not allowed to vote.
2. The term formal education is defined by the text as:
a. Learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society. b. The education one receives at a private school, parochial school, or private college. c. An education that is accompanied by a tutor at all times. d. *The learning of academic facts and concepts.*
16. Alex's country was once communist, but now allows limited private ownership of companies, and lets market forces determine production and pricing decisions. What kinds of economy is Alex living in?
a. Market Communist b. *Market Socialist* c. Capitalist d. Democratic
13. Which sociologist studied how cultural capital helps an individual navigate their culture?
a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. *Pierre Bourdieu*
13. Queen Noor of Jordan is a leader of which form of government?
a. Oligarchy b. Dictatorship c. *Constitutional monarchy* d. Monarchy
9. Communist regimes, which attempt to control all aspects of citizens' lives, are examples of which form of government:
a. Oligarchy b. Dictatorship c. Constitutional monarchy d. *Totalitarian dictatorship*
11. Which of the following best defines the term patrimonialism?
a. Power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate. b. A military technique which includes the spread of the conquering country's religion. c. A ruling class that is dependent upon the blood line from the father's side of the family. d. *A type of authority wherein military and administrative factions enforce the power of the master.*
1. Tarah is attending a sold-out Counting Crows concert at Madison Square Garden, with thousands of other Counting Crows fans. Tarah is part of a:
a. Public b. *Mass* c. Norm d. Casual crowd
20. What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the United States?
a. Racism b. Socioeconomic status c. *All of the above* d. None of the above
5. The National Organization for Marriage is a group which travels across the country, condemning homosexuality and advocating against new laws allowing gay marriage. What type of movement are they participating in?
a. Revolutionary b. Alternative c. *Resistance* d. Reform
10. Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity?
a. Symbolic interactionism b. *Conflict theory* c. Functionalism d. None of the above.
17. When news of Proposition 8 broke in California in 2008, hundreds of thousands of protestors came together using Twitter, Facebook, and the media to get their message of protest out. Which stage of Blumer and Tilly's social movement outline represents this?
a. Technological response stage b. *Coalescence stage* c. Social media stage d. Institutionalization stage
1. How did Max Weber define power?
a. The authority to imprison citizens without cause. b. The legal resources to prosecute and punish. c. Politically elected influence used to control the masses. d. *The ability to exercise one's will over others*
10. Which of the following best defines the term globalization?
a. The process of removing manufacturing and industrial sites from foreign countries and returning them to the United States. b. When products are assembled over the course of several international transactions. c. Long periods of recession followed by sharp economic upturn worldwide. d. *The process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market.*
17. What is one reason unemployment statistics are unreliable?
a. Those surveyed frequently lie about their employment status. b. *The statistics include only those who are currently looking for work.* c. The government only surveys those who have been out of work for a year or more. d. Different states define unemployment in different ways
19. Which of the following contributes lower percentage of voter turnout from those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds?
a. Voting sites frequently discourage participation from those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds. b. Members of lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to overestimate the voting practices of their peers. c. *Lower-paying jobs frequently have less flexible hours, making time to vote difficult.* d. Many citizens from lower socioeconomic backgrounds cannot afford to vote.
5. Rational-Legal
b. Power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws
