IO Psych Ch 13
In general, which statement BEST summarizes research on leader behaviors?
Both initiating structure and consideration are important behaviors, but findings on how they affect performance have been inconsistent.
_____ is an example of a leader behavior that would be characterized as consideration.
Emphasizing participative decision-making
The first theory to consider how leader characteristics might interact with situational variables to determine leader effectiveness was:
Fiedler's contingency theory.
According to research on leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which statement is false?
LMX relationship quality is unrelated to turnover intentions.
_____ focuses on the reciprocal relationships between subordinates and leaders.
Leader-member exchange theory
_____ is a social process through which an individual intentionally exerts influence over others to structure their behaviors and relationships.
Leadership
Allen is completing a questionnaire that requires him to describe the single worst colleague has ever encountered and to evaluate him or her on a scale of bipolar adjectives (e.g., pleasant-unpleasant, friendly-unfriendly). Allen is likely completing the:
Least Preferred Coworker Scale.
According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), which behavioral phrase measures a leader's initiating structure?
The leader schedules the work to be done.
Which of these is a common characteristic among the new leadership theories?
They encourage an increase in subordinates' self-esteem and satisfaction.
Why might I/O researchers be particularly concerned about some of the findings related to implicit leadership theory (ILT)?
This theory indicates that subordinates' ratings of leaders may not reflect leaders' actual behaviors.
_____ is a form of leadership where the relationship between leader and follower is based chiefly on exchanges, with a focus on contingent reinforcement.
Transactional leadership
_____ is a form of leadership where the interaction between leader and follower raises both to higher levels of motivation and morality than they would achieve individually.
Transformational leadership
Recent research on implicit leadership theory (ILT) has indicated that subordinates give more favorable ratings to:
Whites and males.
According to research on gender and leadership, which statement is true?
Women emerge more often as leaders in socially oriented situations.
According to House's (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that stress subordinates' personal accomplishments and encourage excellent performance are known as:
achievement-oriented leader behaviors.
The main difference between transformational leadership and authentic leadership is:
authentic leadership does not necessarily include a charismatic component.
According to French and Raven (1958), which of these is NOT a base of power?
authoritarian power
A small group of employees is working to solve a budgetary problem. To identify who might emerge as the leader of the group, one may want to examine each employee's:
behavioral flexibility
Hazel gets her subordinates to obey her by yelling at them and threatening to fire them. Many of them have been written up for minor infractions, and most are afraid of her. In this case, we might argue that Hazel has:
coercive power
Recent research suggests that extraversion and _____ are related to the emergence of a leader.
conscientiousness
Based on the Ohio State studies, the dimension of leadership behavior that relates to the extent to which leaders act in a supportive way and show respect for their subordinates is:
consideration behavior.
The Iowa studies, led by Kurt Lewin, examined all of the following leadership styles EXCEPT:
consideration.
The leadership theories that formally take into account situational and contextual variables are referred to as:
contingency theories.
Which trait was NOT studied by early trait theorists?
decision-making
Two conflicting outcomes that can result from transformational leadership are:
dependence on the leader and empowered self-direction.
House's (1996) concept of _____ is quite similar to initiating-structure behaviors.
directive leader behaviors
According to House's (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that clarify performance goals and evaluation standards are known as:
directive leader behaviors.
If a leader is able to influence his or her work group to produce successful, long-term performance, that leader is:
effective
According to Fiedler, it is best to have task-oriented leaders when a situation has:
either very high or very low control.
The ability to assess and manage one's own emotions as well as understand the feelings others is known as:
emotional intelligence.
One common characteristic among the new leadership theories is that they:
encourage subordinates to identify with the leader's values.
Research in South Korea suggests that leaders high in emotional intelligence are effective because they:
engage in more transformational behaviors.
Brandon is a leader who spends a great deal of time organizing tasks and schedules for his subordinates. He tends to spend very little time, however, supporting and encouraging them. Brandon is _____ on the initiating-structure dimension of behavior and _____ on the consideration dimension of behavior.
high; low
Akoni is a very charismatic leader. All of his subordinates want to emulate him. The facet of transformational leadership Akoni embodies is:
idealized influence.
Mila thinks her boss, Elliot, is a very effective leader. When Mila is asked whether Elliot is collegial and professional with his peers, she says yes, even though she's never actually observed Elliot around his peers. This issue is most relevant to which theory of leadership?
implicit leadership theory
The theory that views leadership as the outcome of a perceptual process involving both leaders and subordinates is:
implicit leadership theory.
One main difference between transformational leadership and servant leadership is that servant leadership focuses on _____, whereas transformational leadership focuses on _____.
individual growth; organizational growth
Alessandro is careful to give his subordinates tasks suited to their talents, goals, and abilities. In this case, the facet of transformational leadership he is showing is:
individualized consideration.
The facet of transformational leadership where a leader treats followers as individuals by supporting and encouraging them is:
individualized consideration.
Which of these was identified as a prototypical leadership trait by U.S. participants in a research study?
industriousness
Research by Li and colleagues (2013) found that transformational leadership had the greatest impact on teams when team members:
initially feel low levels of cohesion within their team.
According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), "Tries out his or her ideas in the group" and "Decides what shall be done and how it will be done" are statements that measure:
initiating structure.
Based on the Ohio State studies, the dimension of leadership behavior that relates to the extent to which leaders define their roles and their subordinates' roles in achieving group goals is the:
initiating-structure behavior.
Lisbet encourages her subordinates to fight for a common cause. She also focuses on seeing the best in people and wants everyone to work for the greater good. In this case, the facet of transformational leadership she is demonstrating is:
inspirational motivation.
The facet of transformational leadership where a leader focuses on the best in people and gives followers a reason to engage in shared goals is:
inspirational motivation.
The facet of transformational leadership where a leader encourages followers to consider problems from a new perspective is:
intellectual stimulation.
The process through which transformational leaders increase subordinates' ability to see problems from a new perspective is known as:
intellectual stimulation.
Vina gives her subordinates challenging problems and encourages them to find creative solutions to them. The facet of transformational leadership she is showing is:
intellectual stimulation.
Eastern cultures tend to indicate that _____ is important to leadership; Western cultures tend to indicate that _____ is important to leadership.
intelligence; determination
After the 1950s, interest in leader traits disappeared. Leadership researchers then turned their attention to:
leader behaviors.
Joely is a leader who spends a great deal of time supporting and encouraging her employees. She tends to spend very little time, however, scheduling tasks and defining roles for them. Joely is _____ on the initiating structure dimension and _____ on the consideration dimension.
low; high
According to Fiedler, relationship-oriented leaders are best in situations of:
moderate control.
Labert, Tepper, Carr, Holt & Barelka (2012) found that in terms of most leadership outcomes, it was most effective for leaders to have:
moderate levels of initiating structure and high levels of consideration.
According to implicit leadership theory (ILT), leadership effectiveness may be:
more about subordinates' perceptions than about leaders' actions.
According to Eagly's research on gender and leadership, women are:
more participative than men.
According to leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which of these is characteristic of in-group subordinates' relationships with their leaders?
mutual trust
According to House's (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that involve mentoring, guidance, and coaching are known as:
participative leader behaviors.
Research by DeRue and colleagues (2011) suggests that task-oriented leadership behaviors are related to _____, while relationship-oriented leadership behaviors are related to _____.
performance-related outcomes; affect-related outcomes
Transformational leaders express more _____ than do non-transformational leaders.
positive emotions
According to Fiedler, a favorable situation for leadership is defined by three dimensions that include:
positive relationships with subordinates, well-defined tasks, and decision-making power.
An individual's potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of others is referred to as:
power
Research on implicit leadership theory suggests that subordinates will rate a leader positively when:
the leader matches their prototype.
To determine leadership style, Fiedler used a scale where leaders described the worst colleague they have ever encountered. This scale was known as:
the least preferred coworker scale.
Recent findings suggest that perceptions of leader-member exchange (LMX) variability can lead to lower levels of satisfaction and well-being when:
there is high variability within a work group.
Implicit leadership theory suggests that white men might emerge as leaders more often because:
they match most people's prototype of a leader.
Across all countries, research has found that the leadership traits that appear to be important are:
those that match cultural expectations.
Which leadership theory focuses on identifying the individual characteristics that make people good leaders?
trait
Janet is a leader who focuses on outlining clear expectations for her team. In a weekly email, she informs her team of the rewards they will receive for meeting her expectations. Janet is most likely engaged in:
transactional leadership.
Research suggests that transformational leadership is most effective when it is combined with aspects of:
transactional leadership.
Nikki is a manager who not only motivates her team to exceed its goals but also helps her subordinates see the value in their work beyond the paycheck. Nikki is most likely engaged in:
transformational leadership.
According to Eagly et al. (2003), female leaders are more likely to engage in _____ behaviors, and male leaders are more likely to engage in _____ behaviors.
transformational; ineffective transactional
Harold is the only employee in his restaurant who knows the secret recipe for its famous prize-winning apple pie. Harold has likely gained:
expert power
One common characteristic among the new leadership theories is that they:
explain how leaders can take organizations to new heights.
Recent research suggests that conscientiousness and _____ are related to the emergence of a leader.
extraversion
If someone described Bonita as an "effective leader," they would probably mean that she:
has elicited successful performances from her team members.
Research on the training of leaders on emotional and social skills:
has not provided conclusive results.
Anita is a leader who spends time organizing tasks for her subordinates, yet she also takes the time to support and encourage them. Anita is _____ in initiating structure and _____ in consideration.
high; high
Which of these is a component of transformational leadership?
idealized influence
The facet of transformational leadership where a leader arouses a strong desire among employees to emulate the leader is:
idealized influence.
In the 1950s, research on leadership was:
largely based on commonsense notions of leadership and social interactions.
Dulebohn and colleagues (2012) conducted a meta-analysis that suggests that _____ explain the most variance in LMX.
leader behaviors and perceptions
Research by Hendricks and Payne (2007) found that Big Five characteristics affect motivational constructs like _____, which in turn impact(s) leadership effectiveness.
leadership self-efficacy
Nishii and Mayer (2009) found that LMX differentiation:
led to higher performance in the long run.
Sheila's company has promoted her to the position of Senior Vice President of Accounting. Sheila possesses a(n):
legitimate base of power.
Marta believes that a leader is someone who is charismatic, encouraging, and forceful. In this case, one might call this concept of a leader a:
prototype
According to implicit leadership theory, one's mental representation of a leader is known as a:
prototype.
The dark triad is composed of:
psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism.
The glass ceiling is a phenomenon in which:
qualified individuals cannot move up in an organization because of discrimination.
Latrice is well-liked and respected by her colleagues. Even though she is not a supervisor, her colleagues often do what she suggests because she is so admired. In this case, we might say that Latrice has:
referent power
Fernando is the human resources manager responsible for making all decisions about employee raises and promotions in his company. He has:
reward power.
According to Fiedler, the extent to which a leader perceives he or she has control of a circumstance is known as:
situational favorability.
One common characteristic among the new leadership theories is that they:
stress emotionally appealing behaviors such as empowering subordinates.
One of the main differences between leader-member exchange (LMX) theory and behavior-based theories is that LMX theory:
suggests that leaders treat subordinates differently from one another.
House's (1996) concept of _____ is quite similar to consideration behaviors.
supportive leader behaviors
An ongoing study on culture and leadership is known as:
the GLOBE project.
The "feminine advantage" refers to the theory that:
women are more effective leaders because they are more inclusive and nurturing.
According to the Glass Ceiling Commission, in 1991 women held _____ of administrative and management positions and _____ of top leadership positions.
43%; 5%
_____ leadership is where one leads through his or her own genuine style that engenders trust in followers and builds relationships.
Authentic
_____ leadership is where one leads through personal integrity and is driven by a desire to assist other people.
Servant
According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), which behavioral phrase refers to a leader's consideration?
The leader is willing to make changes.
_____ theory was popular in the 1950s and has reemerged in the last 30 years.
Trait
One main difference between authentic leadership and servant leadership is that authentic leadership is focused on _____, while servant leadership is focused on _____.
being true to oneself; growing and developing others
One main difference between transformational leadership and servant leadership is that transformational leadership has the potential for _____, whereas this is not possible with servant leadership.
narcissism
