IPC chapter 16 test review

The benefits of properly using radioactivity do not include

A complete cure for cancer—yet

chain reaction

A self-sustaining reaction in which the products of one reaction scent stimulate further reaction events

beta particle

An electron (or positron) emitted during the radioactive decay of certain nuclei.

Carbon 14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon those produced in the atmosphere by

Cosmic radiation

equation that most underlies energy released in nuclear event is

E=mc^2

Chain reactions and I fission reactor are caused by

Ejected neutrons

type of force that pushes a nucleus into two parts when fission occurs is

Electric

gamma rays

High-frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by the nuclei of radioactive atoms.

nuclear fission reactor

Is a high tech way to heat water

Carbon-14 dating

Process of estimating age of once living material by measuring the amount of radioactive isotope of carbon present in material.

critical mass

The minimum mass of a fissionable isotope that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction

in either a fission event or a fusion event, a quantity that remains unchanged is

The number of nucleons

nuclear fission

The splitting of the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium-235, into two main parts, accompanied by the release of much energy.

Explain how radioactive decay has always warmed Earth from the inside and how nuclear fusion has always warmed Earth from the outside.

Uranium fission produces heat on the inside. Sun has fusion reaction that warms the outside.

when A neutron emits a beta particle it transforms into

a proton

which is the least penetrating in common materials

alpha radiation

describe the three main rays produced by radioactivity? which will penetrate farther into material?

alpha, beta, & gamma. alpha- is combination of two origins and two neutrons easy to shield against because of their relatively large size and double positive change beta- electron ejected from nucleus—fast flying electron gamma- are high frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei. gamma is also the most penetrating

Call contains only minute quantities of radioactive materials, yet more environmental radiation surrounds coal fired power plants than vision power plants. this indicates that the coal fired power plants

are not shielded from radiation

When a chunk of material is broken into smaller pieces, the overall surface area increases. When small pieces are assembled into a larger piece, the combined surface area

decreases

both fission and fusion, energy is released while mass

decreases

When food is exposed to gamma radiation, the food

doesn't become radioactive at all

true/false: a radioactive sample of material is usually slightly cooler than its surroundings

false

true/false: when a heavy nucleus undergoes fission, the fragments of the reaction have more mass than before the fission

false

true/false: when a heavy nucleus undergoes fusion, the result of the reaction has more mass than before the fusion

false

true/false: when an element with a half life of 100 years decays, only half of the original element remains in 500 years

false

which of these rays cannot be deflected by electrical and magnetic means

gamma

which type of natural background radiation most predominates inside high flying airplane: alpha, beta, or gamma?

gamma

Which type of radiation is most penetrating in solid substances

gamma radiation

the element with the most mass per nucleon is

hydrogen

When an element ejects a beta particle the atomic number of that element

increases by 1

in both fission and fusion, mass

is converted into energy

compared with the mass of a uranium atom that undergoes fission, the combined masses of the fission fragments are

less

when energy is released by the process of fission, the total mass of the material after the event is

less

if a uranium nucleus split into three, instead of two equal fragments, the fission fragments would have

less mass per nucleon

Energy can take the form of

light, heat, and mass

the energy released in a fission reaction is found by employing E=mc^2. that is, fine the decrease in mass and

multiplied by the speed of light squared

most of radiation from radioactivity that we daily encounter comes from

nature

thermonuclear fusion

nuclear fusion produced by high temperatures

Most of the radiation from radioactivity in earths biosphere

occurs as natural background radiation

the ultimate source of heat for the water in a geyser is

radioactive decay in earths interior

when an element ejection alpha particle the mass number of resulting element

reduces by four

if a sample of a radioactive isotope has a half life of 1 year, how much of the original sample will be left at the end of the second year? at the end of the third year? at the end of the fourth year?

second year= 1/4 third year= 1/8 fourth year= 1/16

nuclear fusion

the combining of nuclei of light atoms to form heavier nuclei, with the release of much energy

transmutation

the conversation of an atomic nucleus of one element into an atomic nucleus of another element through a loss or gain in the number of protons

alpha particle

the nucleus of a helium atom, which consists of two neutrons and two protons, ejected by certain radioactive elements

radioactivity

the process whereby unstable atomic nuclei break down and emit radiation

half-life

the time required for half the atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay

When a nucleus of uranium-238 emits an alpha particle, the resulting nucleus is

thorium-234

true/false: carbon-14 is produced in the atmosphere by the incidence of cosmic rays

true

true/false: nearly all the uranium in the world will in the distant future become lead

true

true/false: when an atom emits a beta particle, it becomes a different atom with a higher atomic number

true

true/false: when an atom emits an alpha particle, the resulting atom has less mass and less charge

true

true/false: when any element decays by emitting a beta particle, it becomes an entirely different element

true

when an atom undergoes alpha or beta decay, it

turns into a completely different element

to date the age of a rock formation scientist turn to the radioactivity of

uranium

A certain element in minutes one alpha particle and it products then he met to beta particles in succession. the atomic number of the resulting element is changed by

zero

A certain radioactive element has a half-life of one hour. If you start with 1.00 g sample of the element at noon how much of the same element will be left at 3 PM

0.125 g

are you certain radioactive element has a half-life of two hours. If you start with 1.00 g sample of the element at noon how much of the same element will be left at 4 PM

0.25 g

when the isotope plutonium 239 emits an alpha particle, the atomic mass of the resulting element is

235

a certain radioactive substance has a half life of one hour. if you start 1 gram of material at noon, how much will be left at 3:00 pm? at 4:00 pm?

3:00 pm= .125 g 4:00 pm= .0625 g

The half life of uranium 238 is 4.5 billion years. Compared with the amount of uranium 238 in the earth today only have that amount will exist in

4.5 billion years