ISA 40 Final

la dolce vita

"The sweet life" 1960, Federico Fellini -jesus is being flown by a helicopter over ancient roman aqueduct, church has no more power -paparazzi*** invented by this film, documented the life of the stars -mostly in this film Italians are lost, they are living well but they are lost -dancing, exploring drugs, but they are sad -love btwn 2 people and shows them going into the trevi fountain

Palladio

(1508-80) the most influential Venetian architect -book translated into English 1715-1720, ad often republished -Thomas Jefferson was the greatest admirer of Palladio in the US -marked the first effort to give architectural expression to the Republican form of govn't -Monticello, means "little hill" is in Virginia -neoclassicism in architecture 1. -Villa la Rotonda, Palladio -all four sides look the same -4 facades, called the round one bc the interior is round -very greek and early roman REPUBLIC era -eg temple of portunus -see basic design, portico and more solid part of the building, pediment, ionion capitals, staircase -neoclassical -return after the innovations of the renaissance -return further to the foundations -the width between the columns is the difference btwn buildings -sproul hall is a perfect example

1861

Formal Italian Unification in Turin (Cavour-politician and King), of North and south Italy but not papal states

Claudio Monteverdi

(1567-1643) -writes operas (not religious), b4 he wrote as a humanist about Greek mythology -diff approach to writing music from the people before him -b4 there were a lot of specific rules you had to follow -he says that music and text are of equal importance -music should be a passionate and emotional experience to listen to -the audience should feel something there would be no disconnect -L'Ariana first performed in 1608- the Lament -hierarchy dissolves now that emotions btwn audience and orchestra are grounded -music is now incorporated into the curriculum of Venetian public schools -academy was a place for humanists to go to, musicians were invited to come too-it was a place for intellectuals, men and women in painting, happy -nothing in this painting suggests that it is a religious place

Liberal italy

(3 legs on which a table stands on) -internal inequalities and divisions -emigration- prior to 20th C -colonialism -want to make italians now that italy is unified -the southern question (pg 20 of lecture notes) -italian colonialism

1919

-1919: squads- who are opposed to proletarian and farmworkers' rights begin violence against socialist offices and individuals -d'Anunzio- leads occupation of Fiume in 1919 -reacting to the mutilated victory of Italy's WWI

WW2

-1943-45 civil war overlapping WW2 in Italy, Mussolini's 2nd govn't in Salo -colonialism pt 2- Italy acquired 6 colonial territories btwn colonialism and WW2 then lost them all -until late 1930s until WW2, US admired Mussolini, time magazine man of the year, we wanted to be on the same side bc of all the Italian americans -1940 italy enters WW2 on the side of Nazi Germany -WW2's effect thru pics -people have left the cities, and then come back and there are no houses for them-shanty towns around the edges of every big city -a lot of the men have died -aqueducts in rome-perf place to set up semi-house -construction going on in the distance -after WW2 and transition into Europe, there is the need for Italians to figure out how to grow/who they are when including their past and their future—rebranding of Italy

Resistance

-1943-45 was the resistance -april 25: general insurrection, day of the liberation of cities such as Milan b y the partisans- symbolizes the end of nazi fascism and is still celebrated today -april 38 Mussolini is killed while trying to escape to Switzerland -may 2 surrender of Caserta -narratives emerge after certain events that are all different so that the memories still survive but are often incompatible -incredibly high number of assassinations and massacres in these three years by both sides, people killed by nazi fascists graph -feeds the narratives -peak was reached in 1944 with the anti fascists in Tuscany -the last three years of the civil war was Italians fighting each other on their own soil -september 8 1943 was the flight of the king to the south which signified to Italians the collapse of the state -individuals were left to do whatever they wanted -fascism turned away from personal responsibility but now after the german occupation Italians had to make their own decisions -many members of the resistance jumped on the bandwagon -Vivarelli- historian of fascism -he published a memoir on his childhood -born in 1929 in siena, he confesses that when he was 14 he left Tuscany to join the black brigades that were fighting for Mussolini -his father was a fascist who died in 1943 and was killed by partisans -choosing the fascist republic instead of the resistance meant remaining loyal to his father -after WW2 he reassessed fascism and his decisions when he as younger -shows how circumstances affect the decisions of the younger generation -representations of the resistance -how the civil war was represented by the anti fascist winning side -anti fascist throne is the coalition of the king of the partisans post war -the armistice??? -aim to convince the allies that Italians were good -pic of anti fascist propaganda -northern Italy, 43 partisans were captured and forced to parade through the villages before being killed and they had to carry a sign that said- are they the liberators of Italy or are they the bandits? -discredited the efforts of the partisans -first important exhibition after the resistance was the liberation exhibition in Milan -explanations of everything were both in English and Italian bc the targeted audience were Italians and the allies -idea of good germans/ bad italians -italians against fascist germans, took part in the civil war to make italy a republic (people elect representatives)

"Years of lead"

-1950s-ealry 1980s -the boom is a rapid period of cultural change but also cultural distress bc cultures cannot keep up with the pace of the change -the years of lead refers to bullets -1970s -internal clashing/killing btwn right and left wing people in Italian society -fed by dislocation of the boom and rapid cultural change, sustained by unresolved issues of italy's civil war 1943-45 and WW2 and fascism -1960s- student uprisings, extreme right and left conflicts, ideology and idealisms -anni di piombo (years of lead- bullets) thru the 1970s into the 1980s, riots, street battles, assassinations, domestic terrorism -most famously, the assassination of the democrazia Cristiana leader Aldo Moro in 1978

historic compromise

-Aldo Moro 1916-1978 killed by the red brigades -internal battles btwn left and right come to such a degree that a man who was respected and had served as prime minister is killed in degrading circumstances -head of Christian democrat parry, served for 5 yrs ( long time) -served during the heart of the lead years -not a cynical politician -he was a devout catholic -began to work on the "historic compromise" - made with the communist party to work together, not a one party system- there are a few -christian democrats and communists were pillars, own half the country each essentially, still embedded in Italian society -wanted to bridge the gap btwn their differences for the welfare of Italians -we know which extremist group was at work when he died- extremist red groups- the red brigades

Trevi Fountain

-Italy 17th C to unification- sometimes referred to as Italy's forgotten centuries - Late Baroque 18th century o -art comes out of the building = consistent Baroque trait o -Trevi fountain, Rome -Trevi fountain in La dolce vita movie 1960 -Arch of Constantine, Rome 4th century CE -back part of trevi fountain is marked with the arch of Constantine, can se ethe arches in the fountain -then see it again in later art

Town Hall (Latina)

-Mussolini -lots of public works projects -he visited these places a lot -sense in this area that he just left the room, as if he was just there -continuity of names -no history book mentions that there are pics of Mussolini in this place/his hometown -how do people retain the happy parts of their memory about fascism by preserving their environment—maintain continuity of Mussolini and not changing it -Vittoria aka fascist town, know called latina -fasques -town hall with tower—reminds us of Siena -appropriation of the medieval honor/reappropriation of antiquity -incorporate "indigenous," specifically Italian, medieval architecture

Medieval Siena

-Palazzio Publico in Siena, unusual tower in unusual Piazza -Campo in Siena is divided into 9 pie slices bc the govn't was composed of 9 people, elected every 2 months, opposite of kingdoms, aristocracies, tyrannies, a democratic principle at work -600 people were elected by the town and they elect the 9 every 2 months, very transparent public process -no statues or human embodiment representing the city in Siena (Florence has the David) -in Siena, abstraction is necessary to the legitimacy of this form of rule—depersonalize rule, power doesn't rest in any single human dead or alive -Architecture: Siena Cathedral (13th c) -does not invoke the classical models -Raphael, the School of Athens, incorporation of classical architectural models -ceilings, columns, symmetry, arches—Romans (Greeks don't) -released parts -public spaces aren't shared?

baroque rome

-RCC trying to stay alive -St. Peter's Basilica 16th C -the Baroque -front can be pulled away -has a pediment, with the core of the building but can be façade of any moment in time -wider gap in center columns -heart of composition is Renaissance item -on the cusp of Ren and Baroque -Baroque-ornate, Borromini and Bernini unfamiliar proportions = Baroque -baroque: distinguish btwn horizontal and vertical elements, much more ornate The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement

Renaissance Venice

-Venice is a city of ceremonial festivity all the time -people enjoy this happy harmony btwn religious and secular festivals -the seat of music is another nickname for Venice for all of the artistic and ceremonial festivals that Venice has—so you need instrument shops -Venice is also a site of printing -Venice is the site of printed music -Venice was the epicenter of all of these artistic creations lecture page 10!!! of notes

1911

-aerial bombing in the world, seizing libya (and the dodecanese islands) -50th anniversary of the italian state -inauguration of memoral for king

italian civil war (mostly on dates slide)

-anti-fascist win -antifascist throne is coalition of the king of the partisans post war -inspired by student protests at universities/years of lead

1978

-assassination of the democrazia Cristiana leader Aldo Moro in 1978 -right to get an abortion -Aldo Moro 1916-1978 killed by the red brigades -internal battles btwn left and right come to such a degree that a man who was respected and had served as prime minister is killed in degrading circumstances -head of Christian democrat parry, served for 5 yrs ( long time) -served during the heart of the lead years -not a cynical politician -he was a devout catholic -began to work on the "historic compromise" - made with the communist party to work together, not a one party system- there are a few -christian democrats and communists were pillars, own half the country each essentially, still embedded in Italian society -wanted to bridge the gap btwn their differences for the welfare of Italians -we know which extremist group was at work when he died- extremist red groups- the red brigades -he had guards and extra cars so it is a wonderment that they could kidnap him, rome was full of roadblocks but yet they continue to keep him and take him to a middle class apartment and keep him there for 55 days in a box -over the 55 days he writes letters and it becomes clear that he knows he is going to die- he was holding the newspaper of the day to show that he was alive on the day -he was in the trunk of his car in the center of rome, the car was parked at equal distances from the communist and Christian parties- his dead body -the red brigade's message was that they have defeated the compromise btwn both parties -face of aldo moro and plaque at this site -he could tell that no one was willing to fight for his release as allies, yet everyone (pope and UN) were trying, yet Christian democrats were not calling for his release

Bernini

-baroque, ornate -happy in comparison to Borromini -twisty columns 1. Baldacchino, St. Peter's (1624-1633) 2. Throne, St. Peter's (1657-1666) -throne of St Peter, the 1st pope, one of the disciples of Christ, golden stuff coming off of the wall—architecture 3. Colonnade, St. Peter's (1656-67) -designed the colinae that is an ellipse, the 2 geometric centers of the ellipse are marked -looks like there is only one row of columns but there are actually 3 4. Sant'Andrea al Quirinale (1658-70) -another church, façade is unglued rom the building at the front, sticking off - unfamiliar proportions = Baroque -ceiling is most important, angels coming off of wall is sculptural element 5. The Rape of Proserpina, 1621-22 -mythological scene- rape by god Zeus, gestures, drama, HAIR, fingers are dimpling her thigh 6. Apollo and Daphne, 1622-25 -Apollo who is going after who a female Daphne, who is running away from him; she is transformed into a boreal tree when he grabs her -Bernini manages to create sculpture in which you see her becoming a tree, see her desperation -added dome to Siena Cathedral

Risorgimento

-beg to late 19th century = Risorgimento, wars towards the unification of Italy -italy was divided in many diff states after the fall of napoleon -the Austrian environment in the northeast -intellectuals were struggling to create an Italian consciousness -failed revolution -italy is the least of the great powers -the Risorgimento legacy/ good Italians and bad germans -second Risorgimento, comparison btwn both risorgimentos being similar drove anti german sentiments? -minimizing Italians responsibility, Italians were represented as victims of Mussolini and the war etc all the bad things that happened to them, the difference btwn the germans and the Italians was of quality, itlaians took part in the war without conviction and were capable of cruelty and violence whereas Germany was full of good soldiers, representation of Italy as an antifascist country was misleading -italians fighting against the germans

1600

-burning alive of Giordano Bruno - landmark moment 1600, the kind of person that the inquisition was out to get, he was a humanist, monk -he went to Venice to escape the church but it didn't work -he was burned as a heretic, the municipal govnt of rome erects a statue 1889—anti papal statue showing triumph over the pope with the erection of the statue

chip on italy's shoulder

-colonialism -idea for the need for national pride, that Italy has a chip on its shoulder compared to other European countries and now it needed to prove that it was very much equal to its neighbors -when the Italians came to new countries they were regarded as not white -they occupied the rung beneath the irish, and in the south/the east coast, there were lynchings of these people -northern Italians were reading about these lynchings ☹ -treated as though they were African American, which was an insult -this resentment fuels italy's chip on its shoulder, which drove Italy towards colonialism and led it to join WWI, but these were things that they couldn't afford but did it for the urge to obtain national pride -page 20 of notes

fascism

-emerged from futurism -starts after WW1 -see lecture on 10/17 page 26 of notes

1922

-fascist march on Rome: 28 October 1922- when Mussolini comes to power, the king was weak and there was a lot of disarray -king invited Mussolini to be prime minister and they staged this march by a band of thugs that were intimidating the north -1922-43: Mussolini prime minister

guelphs and ghibellines

-guelphs: allies were the roman catholic church (pope) -ghib: holy roman emperor -2 major factions that dominated the politics of northern italy in the 13th and 14th centuries, and created lines of division within italian cities like Florence

1896

-humiliating defeat in Ethiopia (at Adwa) -1896, past Eritrea, wants to keep going further into ethiopia -humiliating bc it was perceived as the worst defeat of a white European country at the hands of an African power → desire for cultural and political forward motion ` -they decided that going to war would help unify the nation and enhance patriotism -establish themselves in a whole other arena

professionalization of the actor and musician (Renaissance)

-in Vicenza, Teatro Olimpico (1580), the only public theater that still remains, v original set -looks like behind the set is a fake city so it looks like the set goes on forever -intimate relationship, closed space, sky at the top so the entire world can exist in the theater, audience and actors on the same level acting: -Ren is interdisciplinary period -acting requires all of the different skills of knowing how to talk, act, sing etc -church decided that theater was only allowed to be put on during carnival season- right before lent you are allowed to be happy and loud and indulge in things before you have to give them up for lent -pop up theaters on wagons -they have masks on, they deliver diff parts of their play in diff piazzas, noq theater is public and moving- v diff from the end of the middle ages -medieval passion plays were funded entirely by the church, really elaborate sets- inside or right outside the church -mystery or miracle plays -passion of jesus Christ showing the crucifixion, in a language that was only understood by a select group of people, only clergy members performed -from the beg of the 16th century plays are written in Italian, they are funny and full of satire in a language that is accessible to more people -more permanent home for theaters -one of the very first permanent theaters = the academys musicians: -opera was born in Florence in the renaissance period -the renaissance was a very rich period for the arts -group of humanists, scholars, musicians got together to revive the greek tragedy—the text was sung -they created opera- camerata de Bardi -many of the first operas were collaberations btwn the most celebrated musicians and poets of the time eg-Gaspara Stampa, highly praised

migration

-internal migration in 20th C, post unification -think back to 14th C city-states -italy has to been seen with the effect of something global, there is no Italy w/o colonialism -emigration from Italy to go to the Americas -internal migration as a major part of Italy and immigration and emigration - Italians from south moving to north—discriminated in north -image of Italians moving to Germany to work in factory buildings -external migration continues but they would come back/stay in europe -since the mid 80s, there is a phenomenon of in-migration -refugee crisis, people coming across the Mediterranean and dying but the people who survived could reach Italy easily -pontine marshes-bring in people to clear the land- Mussolini -economic boom in the 50s, first mass migration into Germany were Italians in 1955 -official agreement of labor exchange with people later on (more immigration into Germany) -issue of mass foreign immigration and nagging economic inferior conflicts -inferiority complex continues when Italy is compared to the rest of Europe-lacking mass immigration when compared to the rest of Europe at the time -mass migration into italy 1970s 1960s/70s, people didn't notice this immigration until 1980s when people came in from former colonies in Africa -now single males looking for work instead of women working and taking care of people in houses -now people notice there are tons of immigrants, so in 1980s they passed anti-immigration law

southern question

-italian politicians began to worry about it, it means the southern issue, not really an answer to the question but it is a problem -the new govnt was in the north, the moved the capital to rome, but the center of political gravity is in the north, everything is in the point of view of northerners, and they thought the south should be made to feel as if it was part of Italy, but that it had to be modernized very very fast -still no universal suffrage or literacy -still true today, internal prejudice, they are talked about as a separate race from physical anthropologists -internal racism to southern Italians -new Italy was not able to grow economically fast enough -malnourished, malaria in most parts of Italy -huge cholera epidemic in naples in 1885 -very limited means in order to improve the situation, so people left to find opportunity elsewhere

americanism/anti-americanism

-italy couldn't have survived after the war without getting money from the US and there were many internal divisions at the time, they remembered americans by the gum, chocolate etc that they were given by americans -didn't like America/ american foreign policy, didn't want to be part of NATO???

1870

-italy takes rome and breaks w the Catholic church -need to get rome to have a unified Italy, pope loses control of city outside vatican post 1870 monuments: 1-garbaldi on his horse -overlooking rome on geniculum hill -his body looks at rome, his face is turned towards his republic of rome that he established in 1848, as if he is keeping an eye on the pope or telling the pope that he won 2-monument to victor Emmanuel II -nicknamed the wedding cake, the typewriter, the false teeth -crazy huge monument -isnt inaguarated until 1900s -its function is to be a monument to the king under whom Italy was first unified, has equestrian statue of the king, so big they fit an orchestra in the horse's stomach -the king is looking at st peters -spacial symbolic plane so you are reminded of the meeting at teano -statue of king is right at the heart of rome -interesting convo btwn st peters, garibaldi and the king thru these monuments—show that they have defeated the pope -monument of the fallen soldier!

medieval literature

-middle ages to beginning of renaissance -religious and secular writings 1. Decameron- Boccaccio -story of the thief (see reading) 2. The Divine Comedy-Infero, Dante -Dante goes to hell w virgil is the prince medieval? -how to run the government, can't all be good

Giotto

-most famous artist of his era 1. meeting at the golden gate -articulation and visual distinction, crenallation, detail in the building -separates holy scene from the secular scene, put on different planes, no feeling of free floating bodies, holy scene that is on the ground -guy in the corner coming back from the fields shows that the holy can be in the wordly, visually innovative

neorealism

-neoclassical = highlight in terms of national recognition in Italian cinema -neorealism-innovative, contribution to genre and technique, new kind of cinema that is realistic -italians were misguided in their collaboration w the Nazis, so these cinematic films helped change this negative view and rebranded them—thanks to neorealism

Palazzo publico (Siena)

1297 -Palazzio Publico in Siena, unusual tower in unusual Piazza -Campo in Siena is divided into 9 pie slices bc the govn't was composed of 9 people, elected every 2 months, opposite of kingdoms, aristocracies, tyrannies, a democratic principle at work -600 people were elected by the town and they elect the 9 every 2 months, very transparent public process -no statues or human embodiment representing the city in Siena (Florence has the David) -in Siena, abstraction is necessary to the legitimacy of this form of rule—depersonalize rule, power doesn't rest in any single human dead or alive -how do you produce a regime that claims to be good for its citizenry using images that aren't relevant images (no kings, gods etc)?

italian opera

-opera was born in Florence in the renaissance period -the renaissance was a very rich period for the arts -group of humanists, scholars, musicians got together to revive the greek tragedy—the text was sung -they created opera- camerata de Bardi -many of the first operas were collaberations btwn the most celebrated musicians and poets of the time -Eruidice and Dafne are subjects taken from greek mythology, one of the first published texts -very particular genre/style of singing -basic structure has stayed the same but it has evolved into a popular genre bc countries like Italy had a lot of illiterate people who could spread culture and enjoy it by going to the theater -this period is called the romantic era -lots of operas were based on Shakespeare's plays/describing your own feelings -opera is melodramatic in expression -so the myth is that audiences burst into Verdi choruses at random times in order to show how his operas resounded w them page 51 of notes!!

humanism

-renaissance idea -sought after for heresy by the church -an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems. -revival of the classics -The humanists believed that the Greek and Latin classics contained both all the lessons one needed to lead a moral and effective life and the best models for a powerful Latin style. Stresses the importance of humans rather than the divine.

1866

-the republic ends in 1797 w Napoleon's conquest. The Austrians end up in Venice. -venice taken from Austrian forces!! -when venice actually becomes independent

WW1

-this resentment fuels italy's chip on its shoulder, which drove Italy towards colonialism and led it to join WWI, but these were things that they couldn't afford but did it for the urge to obtain national pride -WWI = huge carnage, many futurists were wounded or killed in the war, marks a turning point btwn pre-war optimistic futurism and post-war futurism that is influenced negatively by the reality of the war -signals the merging of aims of futurists into the political party—found concrete political expressionism in fascism -risorgimento = failed revolution -to intervene or no- nationalists yes, socialists no -fascism emerges after -monument of the fallen soldier

Palazzo dei Priori (Perugia)

-three kinds of public spaces in our time: 1) the church (may have its own piazza)-the cathedral 2) the market (piazza) 3) city hall (civic center) -new architectural form-town hall/city hall -asymmetrical in design—says I am not a church or a palace, large platform w stairs like SK house -towers -political=church (same height) -privacy, family towers were used to fight among competing families -italians are primarily members of their hometowns first and their country second -stairs, space to address the public, crenellation, no balcony but in the public square etc -construction began in late 13th C

medieval commune

-year 1000, beginning of demographic boom, coming out of the dark ages, new agricultural advances, peace, cities reemerged -denser urban life than it has been in a long time -by 1300, pop'ns of over 13K, as many as 400 city-states claimed a degree of political autonomy -walls, towers, water, paving are the most important part of these towns -paving arrives in Florence in 1235, paved with bricks in Siena in 1290 -narrow, twisty, uphill and downhill streets, protection from the wind and the rain -glass pains don't arrive until 17th century, so merchants have open windows hence the windy streets, in btwn indoors outdoors space -town is wrapped around a castle, which is usually the most elevated space -professional streets, eg blacksmiths all on the same street -pigs and chickens clear the garbage -food comes from -sauce is dense w spices, cant eat fruit, basic ruley soup every day, good day = a little smoked pork, not very much meat (better opportunities if you started out rich) -sheep and cows brought to market, chickens, pigs, and town criers so a lot of noise -smell food, urine, and poop, wild animals and bandits on the road, jugglers, street entertainment, sick people wandering the streets (lepers) **-visible social exclusion in this kind of environment -three kinds of public spaces in our time: 1) the church (may have its own piazza)-the cathedral 2) the market (piazza) 3) city hall (civic center) -village closes up at night, which creates a civic intimacy, sense of oneness -no running water, so must get water from outside, or maybe there's a spring flowing through, access it through a well/fountain (1) which is one of the hubs of life in the village, might be where washing takes place, bring horses here to water them, social hub, exchange of news

Michelangelo

1. David (1501-4) -standing on one leg, other one is loose, one shoulder is tall and hip is low other side is bent, loose leg cannot be that long—visual trick bc in reality its longer than the other one -also is head is too big, meant to be put high up on city's cathedral so he was designed so you could see him from far below and that would make sense -used to be on display on top of the civic building -figure from the old testament who fought goliath by using a sling and shooting it to his head, a human able to defy a giant 2. Sistine chapel ceiling (1508-12) -he was not really a painter and then he did this -spine of the ceiling in the center and the curved parts are windows -biblical but to the old testament, there is the flood, adam and eve are created etc -very naturalistic and human, depicts god as a human -pagan classical themes: wisdom, knowledge -one panel: Noah's ark w the flood, in the biblical story people are v scared, trauma, terror—combo of renaissance approach of painting naturalness and applying it to biblical scene -triangle panel: rebuilding of fitting human figure inside architectural element -Renaissance: human form is both natural and kind of overdone, men are buff, women look a little like men, and the colors (v bright) 3. Last judgment (1534-41) -older and bitter, after the sack of rome -depicts the culmination of the entire journey of the soul -this is the day of the final judgment, jesus is dividing people who are good and bad -fierce painting, scary colors, tortured bodies, jesus in middle casting judgment -self portrait of him falling -death of religious feeling -devil in the lower right corner 4. briefly mentioned in lecture: the presade -was destroyed by right wing group in 1989 during years of lead in italy

Boccioni

1. The City Rises -modern city at construction site -color, speed, movement -suggest both the immediate past and future of the action -after paintings, futurism influenced literature 2. Manifest of futurist painters 1910 / sculpture 1912 "Our growing desire for truth can no longer be satisfied with traditional Form and Color. The gesture which we would reproduce on canvas shall be no longer a fixed moment in universal dynamism. It shall simply be the dynamic sensation itself." "...all things move, all things run, all things are rapidly changing. ...moving objects constantly multiply themselves, change shape, succeeding one another, like rapid vibrations, in the space which they traverse. Thus a running horse has not four legs but twenty, and its movements are triangular" 3. unique forms of continuity in space 1913 vs The walking man by Rodin in 1917 -same thing applied to sculptures -wings in sculpture in walking man are the trail that the movement leaves behind like in horse/dog

READINGS

1. The Divine Comedy (Inferno)- Dante -lost faith in the catholic church -goes into hell w Virgil -used the vernacular (not latin?) -need for united italy-paradox crit. church in writing 2. The Prince- Machiavelli -how to run the government -sacrificing ethics for the state, better to be loved than hated?- unite to defeat Medici power 3. Decameron- Boccaccio -story of Andreuccio/ intro about how the story started 4. Isabella Andreini- Rime/Lover's debate -writes about love -fame being female actress in male roles, self-immersed, need to reverse their priorities, represent human potential for happiness -lost love? wants her to come back and be happy-sadness 5. Gaspara Stampa- Rime -her voice, she likes sound 6. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti- Manifesto of futurism -you can't read, words in spirals = Zong Toomb Toomb -throw themselves into the unknown under car, ask people who disagree to come to them 7. Gabriele D'Anunzio- The rain in the pinewoods -rain/nature, foliage, weeping wind -hermione, nature on loving, weeping face 8. italy's divided memory- john foot -divided memory 1943-45, a history of civil wars, legitimation crises (couldn't achieve mass loyalty), monument wars, eliminating/preserving the past -WW1 -fascism -italian wartime camps -WW2 -nazi massacres -the resistance -terrorism- aldo moro -Arthur's fascism as heritage -Hinsborg, A history of contemporary italy -Vivarelli, Winners and losers of WW2

heliocentrism

1512 Copernicus' Discovery (published 1543), heliocentrism (sun centered, brand new theory-direct challenge to the church and challenged theology, cosmology etc, radical change that the earth is secondary, not at center of universe; later galileo makes telescope to show that Copernicus is right he gets in trouble w church but Copernicus doesn't)

protestant reformation

1517 Luther's 95 these (protestant reformation-protest against the church, protest against the lavish lifestyle of the priest, the pope etc, no systematized code of dress or behavior—about corruption of RCC) 1545-63 Council of trent (counter reformation - city in northen Italy, RC church 18 year long meeting to figure out how to respond, beginning of RCC toning it down a little bit) The Protestant Reformation began early in the Italian states, before the end of the 15th century, and quickly collapsed at the beginning of the 17th century. Its development was hindered by the Inquisition and also popular disdain. Questioned RCC indulgences. -new way of thought, humanism, inspired it

Palazzo Te

1527-34 -rustication -hunting lodge, summer palace for the Duke's mistress -fun building w mannerist tricks -alternating pediments -some have large pediments and others don't- this is new -articulation of the surface - variation in depth = exaggeration -size of pediment is exaggerated, v big -dropped stones up at the top, gap, decorative freeze—this isn't conventional -painting made to look like something inside a temple, fluted columns, fake scene thru windows, very conventional Renaissance

sack of rome part 2

1527-army enters rome and lute, kill, rape people—these people are charles the 5th the holy roman emperor -the pope and holy roman emperor were super powers at the time in the world -1527 is the beginning of the end- watershed (turning point)-loss of confidence-challenge to the pope

counter reformation

1545-63 Council of trent (counter reformation - city in northen Italy, RC church 18 year long meeting to figure out how to respond, beginning of RCC toning it down a little bit) Was attempt by Catholic church to counteract the Reformation by reforming the Catholic church and increase membership 1. Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration 2. Religious orders 3. Spiritual movements 4. Political dimensions

cultural hibernation

1559 -time of intense cultural blossoming, at the same time there is a huge crisis in terms of who is going to dominate the religious scene/the Italian wars -parts of culture are shrinking—oppression -Italy becomes autonomous and unified in 1861 -certain aspects in culture and freedom of thought -index that prohibited books (The Prince) by the RCC -crackdown on what you can consume intellectually -the inquisition—to eradicate heresy (RCC against protestants) -no period of economic growth—hunger -ghettoes are multicultural cities, but have a bracketing off/scapegoating of Jews, closed part of town where you live under certain rules -eg Venice, more people packed into a smaller space -no one rejected Christianity itself, but were taking a radical step away from the old Christianity

The Seizure of Rome

1905 -very first italian film that we know of, taking it away from the pope? -reappropriation of antiquity -in addition to futurism, cinema is the domain in which Italy is considered to have made its donation to the world -silent film, pay attention to gesture and expression -meets w general who says no surrender, image of pope hanging behind general -then they go to war, the final canon shot on September 20th, shows the successful breaching of the wall whereby the troops took over -lack of unity in Italy at the time and this movie shows unification- brings people together -closing image is Italy and the flag, pope rose the white flag and surrendered

Where do you go?

1912 -was the first blockbuster -opened in NY to huge audience -played a part in formation of italian identity abroad and the image of Italians for non italian New Yorkers -christians thrown into the arena w wild animals, gestures, exaggeration -the film is basically a soap opera -1913 the last days of Pompeii, mega historic eruption of lava, near naples, towns nearby were buried in hot lava, bodies were found frozen in lava, catachlysmic wipe out -genre- period of interest in antiquity, make feature length films and have special effects -peplum films - sword and sandle- were a huge genre -set in antiquity, décor, sets, outfits, roman past belongs to us Italians -eg gladiator

"Mutilated victory"

1914-1918 WWI italy's mutilated victory -italy didn't get the territories it expected to get after winning -d'Anunzio- leads occupation of Fiume in 1919

Bicycle thieves

1948, Vittorio De Sica -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_lJbSJoIuw -deeply melodramatic, complete tearjerker -post war rome, man is desperate for work -he finds a job putting up posters around the city but to get this job he needs a bike bc he doesn't have money for one so he ends up stealing one -chain of thieves after his stolen bike is stolen -he doesn't want to be shamed in front of his son -little boy echoes dads feelings of despair and shame -the man never speaks in this scene- takes you back to the days of silent films -so few people on the street bc they are all at the stadium -he steals a bicycle and people chase after him -all 1930s buildings built during fascism, all working class buildings -he gets caught and his son sees him get caught- humiliating for this guy FINISH WATCHING

Bitter rice

1949, Giuseppe De Santis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Px5z6TjdY8 -women rice field workers -unforgettable sexy dance scene (not shown) -seasonally it was the women who would do the labor, come from elsewhere in Italy to pick the rice crop -two women are competing over a man- catfight -stolen jewels -music and dance and low morals come with the americans to Italy -women leave for the plan in early may -their work lasts 40 grueling days -call the blacklegs- womens w black tights on- traitors and start girl fights in the swamps -now shift gears bc of the economic miracle- the boom -no more films about the rural, invisible classes, now about industrialization and how Italians are adjusting- comedies

economic miracle

1950s-1960s il boom, italy is rebuilt super fast -industrialization of italy mass immigration/huge recession afterwards in 1970s during years of lead

student movements (in dates)

1960s-1970s student uprisings, extreme right/left conflicts, ideology and idealisms—it is the next generation now, want to know what each indiv did under fascism -1960s- student uprisings, extreme right and left conflicts, ideology and idealisms -anni di piombo (years of lead- bullets) thru the 1970s into the 1980s, riots, street battles, assassinations, domestic terrorism -see slide during dates!

1860

Alessandro Blasetti 1933 -everything is being read thru a fascist propaganda lends -made about the year 1860 -the year of territorial / trenches -Sicily -humble people of sicily being tormented by the old regime -planning to join Garabaldi, shows he will win so they could get to mussolini -shows they are a unified nation but shows mussolini's regime appropriating Garabaldi, indigenous political reforms, entitlement to every past period of grandeur in the Italian past "Garibaldi's 1000 men"

2008-2011

Berlusconi's 3rd term (2nd one was devastating to italian government) -in and out of office he has had over 100 lawsuits, was protected when he was in office through a firm of lawyers, used his office as immunity to get out of trials -if you can delay a lawsuit long enough in Italy they will go away, eventually he was convicted but in the mean time made a lot of things disappear -issue of conflict of interest: -once he was in power he would also be running his cable of power, and kept delaying it -as head of govnt he controlled state networks and private cable channels -eg- woman politician ran for office representing Italy of the European union in Brussels, she disappeared from the media bc her stuff was not on tv bc the prime minister controlled it, she won anyway but people never saw her campaign on the media -Berlusconi was an entertainer on cruise ships, early 190s, end of communism and rise of neoliberal economics -easing up of public views on fascism- he said Mussolini never did bad things to people but just sent people on vacations- referring to incarceration, belittle fascism, creepy revivals of fascism -from one point of view, the greatest crime that Berlusconi created was economic -the economist = british magazine that was watching Berlusconi and made a bunch of critical articles about him, he created complete liberalization of the economy by saying he was a businessman and people voted for him -actual effect was an impoverishment across the board, value of money tanked and Italians did not benefit -euro crisis after Berlusconi- economist holds him responsible for not managing the economy of his country and benefiting his own economics instead -his actions were not hidden -Berlusconi was married and had kids, and his gf today is 31 and he is 80 -he is notorious for having bright white teeth, hair plugs, concerned about his appearance, he is short and very rich, loves to have big parties and be in the news -surfaced that an underage woman from Morocco- "Libby" a prostitute was arrested for something in Milan, his hometown -Berlusconi said she was the granddaughter of an Egyptian president at the time and told authorities to release her -so this led to a court trial about paying an underage woman to have sex -his wife then announced in the press that she was divorcing him, without telling him in person -Berlusconi played a card of fear with his citizens -he held bunga bunga parties which were orgies staffed by paid underage women -he would invite male friends over, some of them were politicians -he said Gadafi turned him on to these parties **Gadafi -political men are also paying off women -Berlusconi famous for his crude gestures, refusing to shake Michelle Obama's hand and admiring her in a crude gesture instead -made a remark to Obama about him being very very tan, embarrassing for italy -Berlusconi and Putin together—shows that he has money, is friends with other wolrd leaders, has powers -Berlusconi has never mocked a disable person -5 stars movement -help of Bossi (anti-immigrant policy) and Fini (continuing fascist, then later renounced it)

1348

Bubonic plague in Florence -critical to the arts, in response to the bubonic plague that the Decameron was made, local scale: bubonic plague is an unprecedented disaster -this is when the middle ages were peaking, it is a moment of absolute disaster, loss of a certain faith -bodies in the street wrapped up, mules cart off bodies, die quickly from the plague -mid 15th century—Florence begins to use quarantine -entirely public nature of death by plague -dr would help priest in the morning and be dead themselves by nightfall -btwn 1/3 and ½ of pop'n of Europe died in 1 yr

1545-63

Council of trent (counter reformation - city in northen Italy, RC church 18 year long meeting to figure out how to respond, beginning of RCC toning it down a little bit)

Cabiria

Giovanni Pastrone 1914 -intertitles by gabriel d'anunzio -attack on Libya in 1911 -makes this an important contribution to the technology of cinema-invention of the tracking shot -starts in a nice villa w architecture, wealthy man coming home from a long days work, goes to garden to see his daughter Cabiria, volcano called Edna in eastern Sicily that begins to erupt, disastrous scene, throw things into a fire to make it stop, in the course of this, the little girl and her nanny are kidnapped -she ends up in the hands of Tunisians, which was a colony created by the Fenetians (Carthaginians) from the eastern Mediterranean, the entire film is a justification for attacking Libya -semetic people took little girl to sacrifice her to their creepy god Mulock, emblem of the hand -tracking shot moves forward

1968

In May 1968 all universities, except Bocconi, were occupied. -student protests - -student protests in Italy in 1966, students contested inadequate funding, professors acting like they rule everything (varones) etc -students wanted the university to take into consideration immigration and other changes in the south that affected the school -in this way there was a discrepancy btwn institution and reality, the university failed to acknowledge what was going on in the real world -occupation of university building/disruption of regular academic life (wide occupations)- students disrupted lectures and demanded that the teachers discuss w them -these disruptions changed the class into a stage -Marco Bellocchio film shows professor who is teaching poetry and students are stupefied as they listen and then people come in to disrupt the class, making references to the Vietnam war as comparison to the corrupt university system -professors say it isn't the time to discuss this stuff and that this was not the place to have that kind of conversation -students say that the professor is reasserting a position of power and not letting the students say what they have to say even tho the teacher was in an imprisonment camp for 2 yrs, -professors and students weren't understanding each other -entry into the years of lead- bullets, assassinations, riots, domestic terrorism

1890

Italy occupies Eritrea (colony) -rid themselves of failed risorgimento -expand bc they are known as the least of the great powers

1517

Luther's 95 these (protestant reformation-protest against the church, protest against the lavish lifestyle of the priest, the pope etc, no systematized code of dress or behavior—about corruption of RCC)

1909

Marinetti publishes first Futurist Manifesto on front page of French newspaper Le Figaro -tale of death and rebirth -the manifesto of futurism -belief in a new, forward looking kind of art, celebration of the present rather than the future -11 propositions to shake the world out of a long sleep -avante garde- introduction of experimental ideas to the arts

1929

Lateran Accords btwn Italy and the Vatican-the pope is no longer a prisoner -colonialism pt 2- Italy acquired 6 colonial territories btwn colonialism and WW2 then lost them all -attack on ethipia-driven by a sense of getting revenge on odua 1896?? - Ethiopia was a part of the league of nations since it was an empire, then Italy declared itself an empire after acquiring this land -sanctions were imposed on any trade started after this moment -attempted assassination of the Bedouin in eastern libya -atrocities -1929 is a big deal that shows that the fascist regime allowed people to be catholics and townspeople easily Mussolini grants, on behalf of King Vittorio Emmanuel III, the papacy a Vatican state.- headquarters of the Roman Catholic church

Palazzo dei Consoli (Gubbio)

Medieval building in Gubbio, 1300s. Crenellation/symmetry/clock tower

1943-45

Mussolini heads the italian republic based in salo on lake garda, Italy is in civil war (this is his second, puppet, government) -RSi (supports mussolini-black shirts) fights against allied forces and italian national ones and anti fascist parties Nazi troops occupy Northern Italy, release Mussolini from prison and have him leading the puppet Italian Social Republic. Anglo-American troops fight in the following two years to free the whole peninsula. The Italian Resistance plays a growing role in harassing German occupation forces. -the resistance, italy's civil war -italians ended up fighting each other on their own soil rather than germans -flight of the king of italy 1943 -mussolini was fired and the germans gained control -bombing of rome -italy loses control of libya -italy is in rubble 8 September 1943 Italy is nonbelligerent (date of shame for people who still feel sympathy for fascism, Italy changed sides), 12 September Mussolini is rescued from his incarceration by Nazis -so then the Nazis turn on their allies, so all the Nazi people slaughter them and take revenge for Italy switching sides, so Nazis are killing Italians and fighting for the other side -Mussolini has puppet government, financed by Hitler

Pontine marshes

Predappio - people are supporting Mussolini (RSI), saluting it, black shirts -mass said for Mussolini, catholic and poltical religion 2 wks ago -Mussolini's crypt in Predappio -usually some skinheads in support for him -1997 cute pic of Mussolini, poster advertising a newspaper -why??? Rhyme with cell phone and Mussolini -a lot of Mussolini's propaganda is still intact all over Italy -L'Agro Pontino (the Pontine Marshes) -place to see 1930s modernist, fascist architecture -nomad's land- marshy and deeply malarial -under the caesar's of ancient rome they wanted to drain it, failed again in 19th century -Mussolini's single greatest accomplishment thru engineering is to drain this? -La bonifica (reclamation) "making good, redeeming" -digging up tree woods and canals-need thousands of men to do the labor part -clear this land to turn it into usable land and to bring in people from other parts of Italy vs emigration . like urge to create colonies- majority of the people come from Veneto in the northeast -on Italian soil, developing land agriculturally, working toward the italian good -**inland colony created -many laborers died of malaria in the process -families who had between 9-15 children were chosen to live there and were expected to be fascist -middle canal was named after Mussolini -had to train families to live in houses, boys and girls in separate rooms -in order to get water, people had to handle the physical symbol of fascism, pump the fauscus, so it they were forced into looking like they supported fascism in order to get sustenance for life -WW2 -how do the locals regard WW2 and their experience of it? -very first man to fall died in the pontain marshes, monument to him -battle for rome, event commemorating rome's liberation -people wearing nazi and RSI uniforms, in honor of the RSI ☹ -still a certain aura for some people to the losing side that they still support that side

Palazzo Farnese

Rome (1515-1540s) -classical: symmetry horiz, top floor is just a little bit taller like in coliseum, needs big roof line on top -notice color -stonework on front door= rustication, then the building gets lighter as you go up -2 deviations from pattern: rustication (looks like its not finished), and the hats on 2nd layer of windows are different (pediments)-alternated curved and triangle ones only in middle -symmetry is key

1871

Rome becomes the new capital of italy from florence -previous capitals Turin and Florence

Rome, Open City

Rosellini 1945 -shows that the war btwn italians and germans isnt over yet -antifascist war propaganda thru cinema -had a huge impact on the US in 1946- reception was v positive -film offers a representation of the historical events, stark opposition of national, political and sexist ideas -movie provided better way to get propaganda out into the world -men in the movie are elegant and poised, women are messy, pregnant, not helpful -represented as misguided rather than evil, so that even if they betray the partisans, it is not their fault, it is the fault of the germans who made them do that (fascists??) [with Anna Magnani]-greatest female star of her era https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANFI7XN0dt4 -couple talking about how they will be free when they are married bc they are on the just path, they are fighting for the right thing -man is communist in hiding -woman is pregnant with the man's child

1527

Sack of Rome military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory -end of the renaissance?

1994

Silvio Berlusconi becomes Prime Minister for a rightist coalition. However, the pact between northern autonomists and southern post-fascists collapsed late in the year, and Berlusconi is forced to resign as prime minister. -Berlusconi was a media tycoon, started out as real estate guy, had a lot of money, bought a soccer team and brought cable to Italy- a bigger political platform to reach people through tvs at home -created a new political party called "force Italy," and through this party he came to have a political position of power -gets into gvont 1994, he was in office 3x -1994-5 first try at being prime minister, no political experience, money and influence through cable, people supported him

1936

Spanish Civil War, Italy allies with Franco. Declaration of Italian Empire Italy determines that almost all of the horn of Africa is italy's territories -connected ehtipia, Eritrea and Somalia -italy's 5 years there are considered an occupation rather than colonialism Silvio Berlusconi -dangerous, had served as prime minister repeatedly, v wealthy (born)

Niccolo Machiavelli

The Prince. It's better to be feared than to be liked and not respected? 1513 -the art of govn't: culminating Machiavelli (1469-1527)

industrial triangle (post-war Milan, Turin, and Genoa)

The industrial districts are regionalized: in the Northwest there is a large modern group of industries, as in the so-called "Industrial Triangle" (Milan-Turin-Genoa), where there is an area of intense machinery, automotive, aerospace and naval production In the post-war years, Genoa played a pivotal role in the Italian economic miracle, as the third corner of the so-called "Industrial Triangle" of Northern Italy, formed by the manufacturer hubs of Milan and Turin and the seaport of Genoa itself.

Raphael

The school of athens (1510-12) --classical: statues in background (wall elements), like the Holy Trinity distinctly roman ceiling, framing with the arch (distinctly attributed to roman era bc they knew how to make concrete), door at the bottom to give us a sense of scale it's the door youd walk in, almost everyone in the room is a dead philosopher00plato and Aristotle. Inside the Vatican, not religious, church could consider itself the continuer of the highlights of classical culture -fun games, self portrait, nasty portrait of Michelangelo -revival of classical antiquity in form and in subject -idea incorporated into the Siena cathedral in 13th C- incorporation of classical architectural models

1453

fall of Constantinople -capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading army of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 -marked the end of the roman empire

1914-1918

WW1 WWI italy's mutilated victory -italy didn't get the territories it expected to get after winning, went in on the side of the allies (against their previous ally???)

1948

women's suffrage general election rules supremacy of Christian Democrats, formation of the Constitution of the Italian Republic;

"Divided Memory"

between the north and the south of italy, 1943-45 italy civil war, germans eventually surrounded, Italian Resistance and the Italian Co-Belligerent Army fought together and defeated the forces of the Fascist Italian Social Republic. The Italian resistance movement (Italian: Resistenza italiana or just Resistenza) is an umbrella term for resistance groups that opposed the occupying German forces and the Italian Fascist puppet regime of the Italian Social Republic during the later years of World War II. It was formed by pro-Allied Italians, following the Allied invasion of the country, the armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, and German military occupation of northern Italy. The movement is also known as the Italian resistance and the Italian partisans. The modern Italian Republic was declared to be founded on the struggle of the resistance.

1492

death of Lorenzo de medici and discovery of America by Columbus -local vs external factors (int'l or global factors are external) -successor doesn't stay in his job for v long after his death powerful fam in Florence as a political power and artistic hub

1940

italy enters WW2 on the side of Nazi Germany (1939-45 war)

renaissance art

lecture 9/14 page 6 of lecture notes

1860 (date, not movie)

military victory -Garabaldi, threshold, watershed military victory meeting in Teano btw Garibaldi and King Emmanuel II, Garibaldi hails Emmanuel as the King of Italy

colonization

page 25 notes, also in dates

Silvio Berlusconi

page 47 notes -prime minister 3 times, rich, brought in cable -wrecked the economy -business

1252

the city of Florence mints its first gold florin (a heavy, valuable coin) -purest indication of an accumulation of surplus wealth -benchmark moment bc it indicates what Florence has achieved at this point and its accumulation of wealth -one of the material conditions for the renaissance—trade, banking, travel, circulation (of ideas and artistic techniques)

facade

the face of a building