isokinetic

3. Isokinetic exercise

Exercise performed against an accommodating load/force when speed is held constant throughout the full range.

- List advantages and disadvantages of isokinetic resistance for testing and for training.

- Advantages of Isokinetic Applications - Objectivity Objectivity and permanence of the recordings enable the clinician to assess the reliability of the instrumentation and report on performance and progress of the client. - Safety - Optimized resistance - Velocity control - Feedback

- Describe the absolute and relative contraindications for isokinetics.

- Contra-indications of Isokinetics 1. Relative - Pain - severe, which changes effectiveness of program - LOM - loss of motion due to contracture pain - Joint effusion - +1 and +2, have most range of motion and strength - Injury - recent - 2. Absolute - Inflammation such as with soft tissue healing/post-surgery healing - 3+ effusion with decreased range of motion - Severe LOM - Angina - Unexplained pain

- Discuss isokinetic measurements.

- Static measures Example: Isometric peak torque Velocity is set to zero and an isometric effort can be recorded at any selected joint position. - Dynamic measures - Peak torque Simply the highest torque achieved during an effort Value of measured torque during maximal concentric efforts decline with increasing velocities of contraction. - Peak torque to body weight ratio Thought to be a method of determining what torque level should be normal for an individual. This is not a simple number since gender, age, test velocity, as well as body strength as factors. - Work Classically measured as force times distance. As with peak torque, the value of measured work during maximal concentric efforts will decline with increasing velocities of contraction Therefore, is not usually feasible to assess in today's clinic. - Power = work divided by time and is a measure of choice because both torque and velocity are addressed. Plausible for research if computer capability is available. - Endurance - Torque velocity relationships Increasing the velocity affects the torque levels during maximal efforts. With concentric contractions, the torque will decrease, and with eccentric contractions, the torque will increase (up to a point) or remain unchanged. What is new is that the torque-velocity curve can be used so easily to assess performance across a variety of speeds. - Agonist:Antagonist relationships Example is hamstrings: quadriceps ratio. - Right:left comparisons

- Describe the uses of isokinetics.

1. Cardiovascular effects - Functional training - Training and testing - Concentric or eccentric training - Resistance The cardinal principle of isokinetics has been that the client determines the resistance. The harder the client exerts, the greater will be the resistance. Velocity makes a difference here. The client will perceive (and experience) more resistance at slower concentric velocity settings. - Velocity of training - Task specificity - Pain 7. Arc of motion

- Disadvantages of Isokinetic Exercise

1. Dissimilar to natural performance 2. Stabilization - Misinterpretation - Optimizing resistance through ROM Example: A client who is just beginning resistive exercise through a full arc of motion 6 weeks after having pins removed from a surgically repaired patellar fix. This client may at first be better off with free weights, which create less torque in the most vulnerable portions of the range. 5. Panacea

Isometric-

Contraction of a muscle in which a muscle increases its tension without decreasing its length Force developed at a constant joint position. Isometric contractions are static and occur at zero velocity of motion.

- Isotonic exercise

Tension on a muscle is increased or maintained while the length is changed. (A lot of effort will accelerate the load, and a decreasing effort will decelerate or stop the movement.)